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Stephenson D, Nemkov T, Qadri SM, Sheffield WP, D’Alessandro A. Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Novel Insights From an Old Technology Into Stressed Red Blood Cell Physiology. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828087. [PMID: 35197866 PMCID: PMC8859330 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ion and metal homeostasis are critical to red blood cell physiology and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) is a decades old approach to pursue elemental analysis. Recent evolution of ICP has resulted in its coupling to mass spectrometry (MS) instead of atomic absorption/emission. METHODS Here we performed Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements of intra- and extra-cellular Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu in red blood cells undergoing ionic, heat, or starvation stress. Results were correlated with Ca measurements from other common platforms (e.g., fluorescence-based approaches) and extensive measurements of red blood cell metabolism. RESULTS All stresses induced significant intra- and extracellular alterations of all measured elements. In particular, ionomycin treatment or hypertonic stress significantly impacted intracellular sodium and extracellular potassium and magnesium levels. Iron efflux was observed as a function of temperatures, with ionic and heat stress at 40°C causing the maximum decrease in intracellular iron pools and increases in the supernatants. Strong positive correlation was observed between calcium measurements via ICP-MS and fluorescence-based approaches. Correlation analyses with metabolomics data showed a strong positive association between extracellular calcium and intracellular sodium or magnesium levels and intracellular glycolysis. Extracellular potassium or iron were positively correlated with free fatty acids (especially mono-, poly-, and highly-unsaturated or odd-chain fatty acid products of lipid peroxidation). Intracellular iron was instead positively correlated with saturated fatty acids (palmitate, stearate) and negatively with methionine metabolism (methionine, S-adenosylmethionine), phosphatidylserine exposure and glycolysis. CONCLUSION In the era of omics approaches, ICP-MS affords a comprehensive characterization of intracellular elements that provide direct insights on red blood cell physiology and represent meaningful covariates for data generated via other omics platforms such as metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Syed M. Qadri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - William P. Sheffield
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Garneau AP, Marcoux AA, Frenette-Cotton R, Mac-Way F, Lavoie JL, Isenring P. Molecular insights into the normal operation, regulation, and multisystemic roles of K +-Cl - cotransporter 3 (KCC3). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C516-C532. [PMID: 28814402 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long before the molecular identity of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters was uncovered in the mid-nineties, a Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport system was also known to exist. It was initially observed in sheep and goat red blood cells where it was shown to be ouabain-insensitive and to increase in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). After it was established between the early and mid-nineties, the expressed sequence tag (EST) databank was found to include a sequence that was highly homologous to those of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters. This sequence was eventually found to code for the Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport function that was described in red blood cells several years before. It was termed KCC1 and led to the discovery of three isoforms called KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4. Since then, it has become obvious that each one of these isoforms exhibits unique patterns of distribution and fulfills distinct physiological roles. Among them, KCC3 has been the subject of great attention in view of its important role in the nervous system and its association with a rare hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy (called Andermann syndrome) that affects many individuals in Quebec province (Canada). It was also found to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, the organ of Corti, and circulating blood cells. As will be seen in this review, however, there are still a number of uncertainties regarding the transport properties, structural organization, and regulation of KCC3. The same is true regarding the mechanisms by which KCC3 accomplishes its numerous functions in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A A Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - R Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - F Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - J L Lavoie
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
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Kahle KT, Khanna AR, Alper SL, Adragna NC, Lauf PK, Sun D, Delpire E. K-Cl cotransporters, cell volume homeostasis, and neurological disease. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:513-23. [PMID: 26142773 PMCID: PMC4834970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) were originally characterized as regulators of red blood cell (RBC) volume. Since then, four distinct KCCs have been cloned, and their importance for volume regulation has been demonstrated in other cell types. Genetic models of certain KCCs, such as KCC3, and their inhibitory WNK-STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) serine-threonine kinases, have demonstrated the evolutionary necessity of these molecules for nervous system cell volume regulation, structure, and function, and their involvement in neurological disease. The recent characterization of a swelling-activated dephosphorylation mechanism that potently stimulates the KCCs has pinpointed a potentially druggable switch of KCC activity. An improved understanding of WNK/SPAK-mediated KCC cell volume regulation in the nervous system might reveal novel avenues for the treatment of multiple neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Renal Division and Molecular and Vascular Medicine Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norma C Adragna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Peter K Lauf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Adragna NC, Lauf PK. K-Cl cotransport function and its potential contribution to cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:135-46. [PMID: 17949953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
K-Cl cotransport is the coupled electroneutral movement of K and Cl ions carried out by at least four protein isoforms, KCC1-4. These transporters belong to the SLC12A family of coupled cotransporters and, due to their multiple functions, play an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Significant information exists on the overall function of these transporters, but less is known about the role of the specific isoforms. Most functional studies were done on K-Cl cotransport fluxes without knowing the molecular details, and only recently attention has been paid to the isoforms and their individual contribution to the fluxes. This review summarizes briefly and updates the information on the overall functions of this transporter, and offers some ideas on its potential contribution to the pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease. By virtue of its properties and the cellular ionic distribution, K-Cl cotransport participates in volume regulation of the nucleated and some enucleated cells studied thus far. One of the hallmarks in cardiovascular disease is the inability of the organism to maintain water and electrolyte balance in effectors and/or target tissues. Oxidative stress is another compounding factor in cardiovascular disease and of great significance in our modern life styles. Several functions of the transporter are modulated by oxidative stress, which in turn may cause the transporter to operate in either "overdrive" with the purpose to counteract homeostatic changes, or not to respond at all, again setting the stage for pathological changes leading to cardiovascular disease. Intracellular Mg, a second messenger, acts as an inhibitor of K-Cl cotransport and plays a crucial role in regulating the activity of protein kinases and phosphatases, which, in turn, regulate a myriad of cellular functions. Although the role of Mg in cardiovascular disease has been dealt with for several decades, this chapter is evolving nowadays at a faster pace and the relationships between Mg, K-Cl cotransport, and cardiovascular disease is an area that awaits further experimentation. We envision that further studies on the role of K-Cl cotransport, and ideally on its specific isoforms, in mammalian cells will add missing links and help to understand the cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma C Adragna
- Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
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Rust MB, Alper SL, Rudhard Y, Shmukler BE, Vicente R, Brugnara C, Trudel M, Jentsch TJ, Hübner CA. Disruption of erythroid K-Cl cotransporters alters erythrocyte volume and partially rescues erythrocyte dehydration in SAD mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1708-17. [PMID: 17510708 PMCID: PMC1866252 DOI: 10.1172/jci30630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
K-Cl cotransport activity in rbc is a major determinant of rbc volume and density. Pathologic activation of erythroid K-Cl cotransport activity in sickle cell disease contributes to rbc dehydration and cell sickling. To address the roles of individual K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in rbc volume homeostasis, we disrupted the Kcc1 and Kcc3 genes in mice. As rbc K-Cl cotransport activity was undiminished in Kcc1(-/-) mice, decreased in Kcc3(-/-) mice, and almost completely abolished in mice lacking both isoforms, we conclude that K-Cl cotransport activity of mouse rbc is mediated largely by KCC3. Whereas rbc of either Kcc1(-/-) or Kcc3(-/-) mice were of normal density, rbc of Kcc1(-/-)Kcc3(-/-) mice exhibited defective volume regulation, including increased mean corpuscular volume, decreased density, and increased susceptibility to osmotic lysis. K-Cl cotransport activity was increased in rbc of SAD mice, which are transgenic for a hypersickling human hemoglobin S variant. Kcc1(-/-)Kcc3(-/-) SAD rbc lacked nearly all K-Cl cotransport activity and exhibited normalized values of mean corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mean, and K(+) content. Although disruption of K-Cl cotransport rescued the dehydration phenotype of most SAD rbc, the proportion of the densest red blood cell population remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B. Rust
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seth L. Alper
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - York Rudhard
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris E. Shmukler
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Brugnara
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Trudel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit and Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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