Hyperbaric reactions in organic synthesis. Progress from 2006 to 2020

This comprehensive review summarizes the published literature data concerning above 1 kbar reactions for the purposes of preparative organic synthesis (more then 50 mg of the initial substance) from 2006...

Recent applications of click chemistry for the functionalization of gold nanoparticles and their conversion to glyco-gold nanoparticles

Glycoscience, despite its myriad of challenges, promises to unravel the causes of, potential new detection methods for, and novel therapeutic strategies against, many disease states. In the last two decades, glyco-gold nanoparticles have emerged as one of several potential new tools for glycoscientists. Glyco-gold nanoparticles consist of the unique structural combination of a gold nanoparticle core and an outer-shell comprising multivalent presentation of carbohydrates. The combination of the distinctive physicochemical properties of the gold core and the biological function/activity of the carbohydrates makes glyco-gold nanoparticles a valuable tool in glycoscience. In this review we present recent advances made in the use of one type of click chemistry, namely the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, for the functionalization of gold nanoparticles and their conversion to glyco-gold nanoparticles.

Versatile strained alkyne modified water-soluble AuNPs for interfacial strain promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (I-SPAAC)

Versatile water-soluble AuNPs that incorporate an interfacial strained alkyne were synthesized and their reactivity towards the I-SPAAC reaction was demonstrated by using azide-decorated polymersomes as bioorthogonal reaction partners.

Michael addition reactions for the modification of gold nanoparticles facilitated by hyperbaric conditions

The chemical interfacial modification of organic solvent soluble 2.4 ± 0.5 nm maleimide-modified monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (2-C(12)AuNPs) with primary or secondary amines via Michael addition reactions is demonstrated. Michael addition reactions between 2-C(12)AuNPs and primary or secondary amines at ambient temperature and pressure and under the conditions where the AuNP is soluble and stable are possible albeit sluggish, often taking days to weeks to go to completion. The rates and efficacies of the these same reactions are drastically increased at hyperbaric pressure conditions (11 000 atm) with no observed adverse effect to the gold nanoparticle stability. The resulting Michael addition adducts (3-C(12)AuNPs) formed from 2-C(12)AuNPs and the corresponding amines were characterized by TEM and by comparison of the (1)H NMR spectra of the 3-C(12)AuNPs with those of model reactions of the same amines with N-dodecylmaleimide, 2. The Michael addition reactions occur more readily with 2 rather than 2-C(12)AuNPs, consistent with the local environment of the latter imposing additional steric or other barriers to the reaction. The use of hyperbaric conditions makes the reaction of the organic solvent soluble 2-C(12)AuNP via Michael addition a viable interfacial modification process that is otherwise impractical. The results also suggest that it is a useful protocol for facilitating Michael addition reactions generally in solution at low temperatures.

Diazirine-modified gold nanoparticle: template for efficient photoinduced interfacial carbene insertion reactions

Photolysis of a 3-aryl-3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirine-modified monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (2-C(12)MPNs), with a core size of 1.8 ± 0.3 nm, in the presence of model carbene trapping reagents leads to efficient, essentially quantitative, modification of the interface via carbene insertion reactions. The utility of carbene insertion reactions as a general approach for the modification of Au-MPNs to provide a breadth of new structures available was demonstrated using acetic acid, methanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, benzylamine, methyl acrylate, and styrene (10a-g, respectively) as electrophilic carbene trapping agents to form the corresponding modified 3a-g-C(12)MPNs. The 1.8 ± 0.3 nm gold nanoparticles bearing a diazirine group (2-C(12)MPNs) were synthesized using the ligand exchange reaction with the requisite 3-aryl-3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirinealkylthiol. The 2-C(12)MPNs and the resulting products of the reaction on the MPN (3a-g-C(12)MPN) were fully characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, and (19)F NMR spectroscopy and, when applicable, transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Verification for the 3a-g-C(12)MPNs was accomplished by comparison of the spectral data to those of obtained for the photoreactions of 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirine as a model with 10a-g.