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Kandappa SK, Valloli LK, Ahuja S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Taming the excited state reactivity of imines – from non-radiative decay to aza Paternò–Büchi reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1617-1641. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the excited state characteristics of imines and processes that govern their photochemical and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
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Thorn KA. 13C and 15N NMR identification of product compound classes from aqueous and solid phase photodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224112. [PMID: 31639172 PMCID: PMC6804990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolysis is one of the main transformation pathways for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) released into the environment. Upon exposure to sunlight, TNT is known to undergo both oxidation and reduction reactions with release of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium ions, followed by condensation reactions of the oxidation and reduction products. In this study, compound classes of transformation products from the aqueous and solid phase photodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been identified by liquid and solid state 13C and 15N NMR. Aqueous phase experiments were performed on saturated solutions of T15NT in deionized water, natural pond water (pH = 8.3, DOC = 3.0 mg/L), pH 8.0 buffer solution, and in the presence of Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM; pH = 3.7), using a Pyrex-filtered medium pressure mercury lamp. Natural sunlight irradiations were performed on TNT in the solid phase and dissolved in the pond water. In deionized water, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, aromatic amine, primary amide, azoxy, nitrosophenol, and azo compounds were formed. 15N NMR spectra exhibited major peaks centered at 128 to 138 ppm, which are in the range of phenylhydroxylamine and secondary amide nitrogens. The secondary amides are proposed to represent benzanilides, which would arise from photochemical rearrangement of nitrones formed from the condensation of benzaldehyde and phenylhydroxylamine derivatives of TNT. The same compound classes were formed from sunlight irradiation of TNT in the solid phase. Whereas carboxylic acids, aldehydes, aromatic amines, phenylhydroxylamines, and amides were also formed from irradiation of TNT in pond water and in pH 8 buffer solution, azoxy and azo compound formation was inhibited. Solid state 15N NMR spectra of photolysates from the lamp irradiation of unlabeled 2,6-dinitrotoluene in deionized water also demonstrated the formation of aromatic amine, phenylhydroxylamine/ 2° amide, azoxy, and azo nitrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Thorn
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Chen Y, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Visible Light-Promoted Beckmann Rearrangements: Separating Sequential Photochemical and Thermal Phenomena in a Continuous Flow Reactor. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:2163-2171. [PMID: 31423105 PMCID: PMC6686973 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Beckmann rearrangement of oximes to amides typically requires strong acids or highly reactive, hazardous electrophiles and/or elevated temperatures to proceed. A very attractive alternative is the in situ generation of Vilsmeier-Haack reagents, by means of photoredox catalysis, as promoters for the thermal Beckmann rearrangement. Investigation of the reaction parameters for this light-induced method using a one-pot strategy has shown that the reaction is limited by the different temperatures required for each of the two sequential steps. Using a continuous flow reactor, the photochemical and thermal processes have been separated by integrating a flow photoreactor unit at low temperature for the electrophile generation with a second reactor unit, at high temperature, where the rearrangement takes place. This strategy has enabled excellent conversions and yields for a diverse set of oximes, minimizing the formation of side products obtained with the original one-pot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
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Fréneau M, de Sainte Claire P, Hoffmann N, Vors JP, Geist J, Euvrard M, Richard C. Phototransformation of tetrazoline oxime ethers: photoisomerization vs. photodegradation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicides showing potent biological activity in green house may have poor activity in the field due to fast photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fréneau
- Equipe Photochimie CNRS
- UMR 6296
- ICCF
- F-63178 Aubière
- France
| | | | - Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- ICMR
- Equipe de Photochimie
- UFR Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Claire Richard
- Equipe Photochimie CNRS
- UMR 6296
- ICCF
- F-63178 Aubière
- France
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Wieszczycka K, Zembrzuska J. Photodegradation of Hydrophobic Pyridineketoximes in Toluene and Heptane. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:786-96. [PMID: 25763903 DOI: 10.1111/php.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the research was to study the reactivity of the hydrophobic 2- and 3-pyridineketoximes under exposure to UV-VIS light. The photodegradation was conducted in both toluene and heptane for 10 h under atmosphere of argon. Ten-hour irradiation experiments demonstrated that the pyridineketoximes underwent the facile E-Z photoisomerization, photo-Beckmann rearrangement, and to a lesser extent, the photosubstitution to the pyridine ring. From LC-MS and NMR analysis of the irradiated solutions, it was found that the photosubstitution proceeded to give the corresponding 6-substituted 2- or 3-pyridylketoxime via the replacement of the ring hydrogen by the benzyl or heptyl group. The photo-Beckmann rearrangement led to the formation of the corresponding amides, but also other products formed in the photo-decomposition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wieszczycka
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan, Poland
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Shiota D, Tadokoro Y, Noda K, Shida M, Fujii M. Photopolymerization Analysis by Isomerization for Oxime Derivatives. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2011. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.24.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Buys TSV, Cerfontain H, Geenevasen JAJ, Koppes MJCM, Stunnenberg F. Steric control in the photochemical (E
)-(Z
) isomerization of some (over)crowded α-oxo oxime ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19851040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Grzegorzek J, Mielke Z. Photochemistry of Salicylaldoxime in Solid Argon: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kitamura M, Mori Y, Narasaka K. Photochemical radical cyclization of γ,δ-unsaturated ketone oximes to 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Armengol M, Coll E, Reixach M, Ribalta JM, Repollés J, Bonet JJ. Photochemical reactions. VI. Photo-Beckmannrearrangement with vinyl migration. Preliminary communication. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19760590447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Giezendanner H, Rosenkranz HJ, Hansen HJ, Schmid H. Zur Photochemie von 3,5-Diaryl-2-isoxazolinen. 30. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19730560744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Sarvanselvi C, Somasundaram N, Vijaikumar S, Srinivasan C. Deoximation on irradiated TiO2: regeneration of ketones from ketoximes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:607-8. [PMID: 12659506 DOI: 10.1039/b203721c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of solutions of oximes in acetonitrile in the presence of oxygen and suspended photocatalyst, TiO2 effectively regenerates the ketone.
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Seniuk NA, Tatton WG, Cannon PD, Garber AT, Dixon GH. First expression of protamine message in trout testis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 637:277-88. [PMID: 1785777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridizations were performed using a biotinylated riboprobe complementary to protamine messenger RNA in order to directly examine the various cell types in the trout testis for the presence of protamine message. Computer-aided optical density measurements were used to provide estimates of transcript abundance for cells identified by their DAPI-labeled nuclei. Optically detectable protamine hybridization occurred only in spermatid cells. These findings are in accord with results obtained in other species which report protamine mRNA only in the post-meiotic spermatid cell; but they are in conflict with a previous study employing solution hybridization which noted that protamine message first appears in the spermatocytes of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Seniuk
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Badr MZA, Aly MM, Mahgoub SA, Fahmy AM, Atallah AA. Molecular Rearrangements. XXIX. Thermolysis of Aromatic Ketoximes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.61.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Rausch T, Helmlinger J, Hilgenberg W. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and some properties of (e)- and (z)-3-idoleacetaldoxime. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Takahashi H, Ito M. Synthesis of Some New Aza Tricyclic Compounds with a Cyclopropane RingviaPhotolysis of Dihydromayurone Oximes and the Related Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1983. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.56.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bös M, Fleischhacker W. Lichtinduzierte Reaktionen an Morphinderivaten, 31) Photo-Beckmann-Umlagerung 2. Art. European J Org Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198219820112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Nitta M, Kasahara I, Kobayashi T. Azadi-π-methane Rearrangement Involving an Oxime Group. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1981. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.54.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Sarantaus-Zimmermann RL, Eger K, Roth HJ. Untersuchungen zur Stabilität heterocyclischer α-Enaminonitrile. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19813140206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Kumagai T, Shimizu K, Kawamura Y, Mukai T. Photochemistry of 3-aryl-2-isoxazoline11Organic Photochemistry 50. Part 49: K. Okada, K. Hisamitsu and T. Mukai, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 941 (1980). Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Tada M, Hirano H, Suzuki A. Photochemistry of Host–Guest Complex. III. Effect of Guest Cation on the Photoreactivity of Acetophenone Oxime Derivatives Having Crown Ether Moiety. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1980. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.53.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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NASTASI MICHEL, STREITH JACQUES. Photochemical Rearrangements Involving Three-Membered Rings. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-481303-8.50014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Thermochromism and photochromism of aryl-substituted acyclic azines III: Investigations on the mechanism of photochemical isomerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(80)85067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nitta M, Inoue O, Tada M. A PHOTOREARRANGEMENT OF 6-METHYLENETRICYCLO[3.2.1.02,7]OCT-3-EN-8-ONE OXIME DERIVATIVES: DI-π-METHANE TYPE REARRANGEMENT INVOLVING AN OXIME MOIETY. CHEM LETT 1977. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1977.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Suginome H, Takahashi H. Stereochemical Aspects of the Photo-Beckmann Rearrangement. Stereochemical Integrity of the Terminus of the Migrating Carbon in the Photo-Beckmann Rearrangements of 5α- and 5β-Cholestan-6-one Oximes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1975. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.48.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Dargelos A, Liotard D, Chaillet M. Theoretical study of the photochemical isomerism of oximes. Theor Chem Acc 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01046559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Repollés J, Servera F, Bonet JJ. [Photochemical transformation of the oxime from 3-oxo-17 beta-acetoxy-delta-(1,5)-androstadiene]. Helv Chim Acta 1974; 57:2454-8. [PMID: 4443289 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19740570817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kobayashi Y. The Photolysis of 3,3-Pentamethyleneoxaziridine. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1973. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.46.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Suginome H, Takahashi H, Masamune T. The Photo-Beckmann Rearrangement of 3α,5-Cyclo-5α-cholestan-6-one Oxime. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1972. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.45.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Sato T, Inoue T, Yamamoto K. The Photochemical Reaction of Some Ketoximes and Their Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1972. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.45.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Just G, Cunningham M. Photochemistry of oximes IV. oxaziranes as intermediates in the formation of amides. Tetrahedron Lett 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)84532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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A microchemical study of the photodegradation of 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone oxime on silica gel. Microchem J 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(70)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Suginome H, Takahashi H. Stereochemical integrity of the terminus of the migrating carbon in photo-Beckmann rearrangements. Tetrahedron Lett 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Okada T, Kawanisi M, Nozaki H. Photolysis of Aromatic Oxime Benzoates. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1969. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.42.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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