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Cimmino C, Netti PA, Ventre M. A switchable light-responsive azopolymer conjugating protein micropatterns with topography for mechanobiological studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:933410. [PMID: 35935479 PMCID: PMC9355574 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.933410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell shape and mechanical properties in vitro can be directed by geometrically defined micropatterned adhesion substrates. However, conventional methods are limited by the fixed micropattern design, which cannot recapitulate the dynamic changes of the natural cell microenvironment. Current methods to fabricate dynamic platforms usually rely on complex chemical strategies or require specialized apparatuses. Also, with these methods, the integration of dynamic signals acting on different length scales is not straightforward, whereas, in some applications, it might be beneficial to act on both a microscale level, that is, cell shape, and a nanoscale level, that is, cell adhesions. Here, we exploited a confocal laser-based technique on a light-responsive azopolymer displaying micropatterns of adhesive islands. The laser light promotes a directed mass migration and the formation of submicrometric topographic relieves. Also, by changing the surface chemistry, the surfacing topography affects cell spreading and shape. This method enabled us to monitor in a non-invasive manner the dynamic changes in focal adhesions, cytoskeleton structures, and nucleus conformation that followed the changes in the adhesive characteristic of the substrate. Focal adhesions reconfigured after the surfacing of the topography, and the actin filaments reoriented to coalign with the newly formed adhesive island. Changes in cell morphology also affected nucleus shape, chromatin conformation, and cell mechanics with different timescales. The reported strategy can be used to investigate mechanotransduction-related events dynamically by controlling cell adhesion at cell shape and focal adhesion levels. The integrated technique enables achieving a submicrometric resolution in a facile and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cimmino
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ventre
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maurizio Ventre,
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2
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Ferrer-Garcia MF, Alvandi Y, Zhang Y, Karimi E. Theoretical analysis on spatially structured beam induced mass transport in azo-polymer films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19954-19965. [PMID: 32680064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The radiation force from paraxial beams possessing helical phase fronts causes twists on the surface of an azobenzene polymer sample, and leads to the formation of micro-scale structures. Here, we theoretically investigate the radiation force generated by spatially structured optical beams on a dispersive-absorptive substrate. We derive an analytical expression for the radiation force from spatially structured polarized beams, including, lemon, star, monstar and vector vortex beams in the paraxial regime. Finally, we extend our calculation for non-paraxial beams - optical beams under the tight-focusing regime - and simulate the transverse radiation forces numerically at the focal plane.
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3
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Cao Y, Cao J, Zhang J, Zhang D, Li M, Xu Y, He K, Chen G, Yuan C, Dai L. The research on multi‐responsive azobenzene block copolymer and its self‐assembly behavior. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jie Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jiatian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Meng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Kaibin He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐Retardant Materials, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen China
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Synthesis and Photoinduced Anisotropy of Polymers Containing Nunchaku-Like Unit with an Azobenzene and a Mesogen. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040600. [PMID: 30960583 PMCID: PMC6523569 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of polymers containing nunchaku-like unit with an azo chromophore and a mesogen group was successfully prepared and photoinduced anisotropy of the obtained polymers was minutely investigated. Firstly, monomers containing nunchaku-like unit with an azo chromophore and a mesogen group linked by flexible group were synthesized. The structure of the monomers was confirmed via NMR COSY spectra. Subsequently, the obtained monomers were polymerized into corresponding polymers through RAFT polymerization. The prepared polymer samples were characterized through NMR, FTIR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and UV-vis testing while the thermal properties of the samples were investigated through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements. The photoinduced isomerization of the polymers, which was researched in situ via measuring UV-vis spectra of the polymer solutions and spin-coated films under irradiation with 450 nm light or putting in darkness, demonstrated the rapid trans-cis-trans isomerization of the polymers. When irradiated with a linearly polarized light, significant photoinduced birefringence and dichroism were observed, suggesting photoinduced isomerization of azobenzene can drive orientation of mesogen in the system. This study blazes a way to design the optical materials with light-controllable birefringence and dichroism.
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Petris A, Gheorghe P, Rau I, Manea-Saghin AM, Kajzar F. All-optical spatial phase modulation in films of dye-doped DNA biopolymer. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Angelini A, Pirani F, Frascella F, Descrovi E. Reconfigurable elastomeric graded-index optical elements controlled by light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:7. [PMID: 30839590 PMCID: PMC6106995 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In many optical applications, there is an increasing need for dynamically tunable optical elements that are able to shape the wavefront of light 'on demand'. In this work, an elastomeric easy-to-fabricate optical element whose transmission functions can be reversibly phase configured by visible light is demonstrated. The light responsivity of proper azopolymers incorporated within an elastomeric matrix is exploited to induce a light-controlled graded refractive index (GRIN) distribution within the bulk compound. The induced refractive index distribution is continuous and conformal to the intensity profile of the illumination at moderate power. A 100 mW doubled-frequency Nd:YAG Gaussian beam focused to a 650 μm waist is shown to induce a maximum relative refractive index change of ~0.4% in the elastomeric matrix, with an approximately parabolic profile. The restoring characteristics of the elastomeric matrix enable full recovery of the initial homogeneous refractive index distribution within a few seconds when the incident laser is switched off. As an exemplary application, the configurable GRIN element is used in a microscope-based imaging system for light control of the effective focal length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Angelini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, IT-10129 Italy
| | - Federica Pirani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, IT-10129 Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, C.so Trento 21, Torino, IT-10129 Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, IT-10129 Italy
| | - Emiliano Descrovi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, IT-10129 Italy
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Xu Y, Cao J, Li Q, Li J, He K, Shen T, Liu X, Yuan C, Zeng B, Dai L. Novel azobenzene-based amphiphilic copolymers: synthesis, self-assembly behavior and multiple-stimuli-responsive properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16103-16113. [PMID: 35542192 PMCID: PMC9080269 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel azobenzene-based amphiphilic random copolymers P(POSSMA-co-AZOMA-co-DMAEMA) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. A light and reduction dual-responsive azo group, pH-responsive tertiary amine group and super hydrophobic POSS moiety were incorporated into the polymer chain to generate multi-stimuli-responsiveness. Self-assembly of these amphiphilic copolymers led to the formation of spherical micelles in aqueous solution. The light, pH and reduction responsive properties of the micelles were investigated systematically by DLS, TEM, UV-vis, FTIR and NMR. The azo groups can undergo trans–cis isomerization under UV light irradiation, thus causing a diameter change of the micelles. Owing to the large proportion of tertiary amine groups in amphiphiles, these micelles showed sensitive pH-response behavior. The hydrophobic azo pendant in the polymer chain completely reduced to a more hydrophilic substituted aniline in a reductive environment, resulting in the increase of overall hydrophilicity of amphiphiles and the disassembly of polymeric micelles. Owing to these multi-stimuli–responses, the polymeric micelles showed rapid and efficient release properties of hydrophobic molecules in response to pH and reductive stimuli. Polymeric micelles encapsulating and releasing hydrophobic guest molecules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jilu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiwei He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
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8
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Laventure A, Bourotte J, Vapaavuori J, Karperien L, Sabat RG, Lebel O, Pellerin C. Photoactive/Passive Molecular Glass Blends: An Efficient Strategy to Optimize Azomaterials for Surface Relief Grating Inscription. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:798-808. [PMID: 27976586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of azomaterials causes various photophysical and photomechanical effects that can be exploited for the preparation of functional materials such as surface relief gratings (SRGs). Herein, we develop and apply an efficient strategy to optimize the SRG inscription process by decoupling, for the first time, the important effects of the azo content and glass transition temperature (Tg). We prepare blends of a photoactive molecular glass functionalized with the azo Disperse Red 1 (gDR1) with a series of analogous photopassive molecular glasses. Blends with 10 and 40 mol % of gDR1 are completely miscible, present very similar optical properties, and cover a wide range of Tg from below to well above ambient temperature. SRG inscription experiments show that the diffraction efficiency (DE), residual DE, and initial inscription rate reach a maximum when Tg is 25-40 °C above ambient temperature for low to high azo content, respectively. Indeed, for a fixed 40 mol % azo content, choosing the optimal Tg enables doubling the SRG inscription rate and increasing DE 6-fold. Moreover, a higher azo content enables higher DE for a similar Tg. Spectroscopy measurements indicate that the photo-orientation of DR1 and its thermal stability are maximal with Tg around 70 °C, independent of the azo content. We conclude that the SRG potential of azomaterials depends on their capability to photo-orient but that the matrix rigidity eventually limits the inscription kinetics, leading to an optimal Tg that depends on the azo content. This study exposes clear material design guidelines to optimize the SRG inscription process and the photoactivity of azomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laventure
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jérémie Bourotte
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lucas Karperien
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Ribal Georges Sabat
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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9
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Mikulich VS, Murauski AA, Muravsky AA, Agabekov VE. Effect of temperature on the photoalignment of azo dyes in thin films. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Light-responsive azobenzene-based glycopolymer micelles for targeted drug delivery to melanoma cells. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Snell KE, Hou R, Ishow E, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Enhanced Rates of Photoinduced Molecular Orientation in a Series of Molecular Glassy Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7296-7305. [PMID: 26072966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced orientation in a series of molecular glasses made of small push-pull azo derivatives is dynamically investigated for the first time. Birefringence measurements at 632.8 nm are conducted with a temporal resolution of 100 ms to probe the fast rate of the azo orientation induced under polarized light and its temporal stability over several consecutive cycles. To better evaluate the influence of the azo chemical substituents and their electronic properties on the orientation of the whole molecule, a series of push-pull azo derivatives involving a triphenylaminoazo core substituted with distinct electron-withdrawing moieties is studied. All resulting thin films are probed using polarization modulation infrared spectroscopy that yields dynamical linear dichroism measurements during a cycle of orientation followed by relaxation. We show here in particular that the orientation rates of small molecule-based azo materials are systematically increased up to 7-fold compared to those of a reference polymer counterpart. For specific compounds, the percentage of remnant orientation is also higher, which makes these materials of great interest and promising alternatives to azobenzene-containing polymers for a variety of applications requiring a fast response and absolute control over the molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Snell
- †CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Eléna Ishow
- †CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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Petrova T, Toshchevikov V, Saphiannikova M. Light-induced deformation of polymer networks containing azobenzene chromophores and liquid crystalline mesogens. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3412-3423. [PMID: 25805596 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-component polymer networks containing liquid crystalline (LC) mesogens and azobenzene chromophores belong to a class of smart materials which combine uniquely the orientation order of liquid crystals and light-induced deformation of photosensitive polymers. In the present study we develop a theory of light-induced deformation of azobenzene-containing LC networks. It is shown that preferential reorientation of chromophores perpendicular to the polarization direction of the light E leads to the reorientation of the mesogens due to LC interactions between the components. Reorientation of the chromophores and mesogens results in the light-induced deformation of the polymer network. The sign of deformation (expansion/contraction with respect to the vector E) depends on the orientation distribution of the mesogens and chromophores inside the network strands. The magnitude of deformation increases with increase of the volume fraction of chromophores and the strength of LC interactions between the components. The influence of the dilution of azobenzene-containing networks by the bent cis-isomers of the chromophores on the light-induced deformation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Petrova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Sehnem A, Faita F, Cabrera F, Job A, Bechtold I. Inverse relaxation effect of azo-dye molecules: The role of the film anisotropy. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Spiridon MC, Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Vasilescu DS, Vuluga DM. 2-Oxazoline based photo-responsive azo-polymers. Synthesis, characterization and isomerization kinetics. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Nadtoka O, Yaroshchuk O. Investigation of Photoinduced Orientation Ordering in Polymethacrylates with Side-Chain Azobenzene Moieties. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht06.04.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Ye G, Wang X. Photoinduced orientation in nunchaku-like azo molecular glass studied by birefringence characterization and FT-IR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Audorff H, Walker R, Kador L, Schmidt HW. Holographic Investigations of Azobenzene-Containing Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds in Pure Materials and Binary Blends with Polystyrene. Chemistry 2011; 17:12722-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Holzwarth CW, Foulkes JE, Blaikie RJ. Increased process latitude in absorbance-modulated lithography via a plasmonic reflector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:17790-17798. [PMID: 21935147 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Absorbance-modulated lithography is a relatively new optical patterning method where a thin layer of photochromic molecules is placed between the far-field optics and photoresist. These molecules can be made transparent or opaque by illuminating with wavelengths λ1 or λ2, respectively. By simultaneously illuminating this layer with patterns of both wavelengths it is possible to create an absorption mask capable of subwavelength resolution. This resolution comes at the price of limited contrast and depth-of-focus resulting in poor process latitude. Here it is shown that by using TM polarization for λ1 and integrating a plasmonic reflector process latitude is increased by up to 66%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Holzwarth
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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19
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Tsai HY, Thomas SW, Menon R. Parallel scanning-optical nanoscopy with optically confined probes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:16014-16024. [PMID: 20720986 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the imaging of sub-diffraction limited features using an optical probe generated by focusing a round spot at one wavelength, lambda(1) = 405 nm, and a ring-shaped spot at a second wavelength, lambda(2) = 532 nm, onto a thin photochromic layer that coats the nanostructures. Illumination at lambda(2) turns the photochromic layer opaque to lambda(1) everywhere except at the centre of the ring, where the illumination at lambda(1) penetrates and probes the underlying nanostructure. We confirm that this optically confined probe increases image contrast and is able to resolve features smaller than the far-field diffraction limit. Furthermore, by using an array of dual-wavelength diffractive microlenses, we demonstrate the feasibility of parallelizing this approach. Compared to previous approaches, our technique is not limited to fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Chinnusamy S, Palaninathan K. Fluorine-substituted azobenzene destabilizes polar form of optically switchable fulgimide unit in copolymer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Savarino P, Montoneri E, Bottigliengo S, Boffa V, Guizzetti T, Perrone DG, Mendichi R. Biosurfactants from Urban Wastes As Auxiliaries for Textile Dyeing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801853x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Savarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Montoneri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Bottigliengo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Boffa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Guizzetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele G. Perrone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C. M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Raman spectroscopy is a convenient technique for the efficient evaluation of cyclodextrin inclusion molecular complexes of azo-dye colorants and largely polarisable guest molecules. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Angiolini L, Giorgini L, Mauriello F, Rochon P. Synthesis and Photoresponsive Properties of Optically Active Methacrylic Polymers Bearing Side-Chain Azocarbazole Moieties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Kim MJ, Lee J, Chun C, Kim DY, Higuchi S, Nakayama T. Control of Photodynamic Motions of Azobenzene-Derivative Polymers by Laser Excitation Wavelength. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Menon R, Tsai HY, Thomas SW. Far-field generation of localized light fields using absorbance modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:043905. [PMID: 17358771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.043905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report the confinement of a uniform beam of light (lambda(1) = 400 nm) at the nodes of a standing wave (lambda(2) = 532 nm) via absorbance modulation. In the present implementation of absorbance modulation, a thin polymer film containing a photochromic azobenzene side chain is exposed to a standing wave at lambda(2) and a uniform beam at lambda(1), resulting in alternate regions of high and low absorbance. Light at lambda(1) is localized around the low-absorbance regions. Using photoresist exposures, we mapped out the localized light intensity distribution, which agrees well with our theoretical model. Since the width of this distribution is primarily determined by the ratio of the intensities at the two wavelengths, this technique opens up the possibility of localizing light fields below the diffraction limit using far-field optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Menon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Narita M, Hoshino F, Mouri M, Tsuchimori M, Ikawa T, Watanabe O. Photoinduced Immobilization of Biomolecules on the Surface of Azopolymer Films and Its Dependence on the Concentration and Type of the Azobenzene Moiety. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061601z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Narita
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hoshino
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Mouri
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tsuchimori
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Taiji Ikawa
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Osamu Watanabe
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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Watanabe O, Narita M, Ikawa T, Tsuchimori M. Photo-induced deformation behavior depending on the glass transition temperature on the surface of urethane copolymers containing a push–pull type azobenzene moiety. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Viau L, Malkowsky I, Costuas K, Boulin S, Toupet L, Ishow E, Nakatani K, Maury O, Le Bozec H. Photoisomerizable Bipyridine Ligands and Macroligands: Absorption, Photoisomerization Properties and Theoretical Study. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:644-57. [PMID: 16514694 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two 2,2'-bipyridines, substituted at the 4,4'-positions by p-dialkylaminophenylazostyryl moieties p-R2N-C6H4-N=N-C6H4-CH=CH-[6 a, R2N=nBu2N; 6 b, R2N=(nBu)(C4H8OTHP)N; 6 c, R2N=(nBu)(C4H8OH)N], were successfully synthesized by using Wadworth-Emmons reactions. The X-ray structure of 6 a has been determined. Esterification of 6 c with 2-bromoisobutyroylbromide afforded 6 d. This ligand was used as an initiator for the living radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and gave rise to macroligand 6 e. Thin films of good optical quality were obtained by the spin-coating technique. Photoisomerization experiments were carried out on 6 a in solution and on 6 e in both solution and film, and the kinetics of photochemical (E/Z) and thermal (Z/E) isomerization were investigated. They were found to show Z-E back isomerization typical of aminoazobenzene-type rather than of push-pull-type molecules. Density functional theoretical (TD-DFT) calculations were performed on model compound 6 a' (R2N=Me2N) to understand the structural and electronic transitions of the corresponding E-E, E-Z and Z-Z isomers. It was found that the E-E isomer is almost planar as observed experimentally by X-ray diffraction, whereas the Z-Z isomer, which is 35.4 kcal mol(-1) less stable than the E-E isomer, is nonplanar. The theoretical studies also reveal that several transitions of pi-pi*, n-pi* and charge-transfer (CT) types, are involved in the long-wavelength transition of 6 a (E-E). The same observations can be made for the (Z-Z) isomer, and the TD-DFT simulated spectrum fits quite nicely to the experimental, reproducing and explaining the apparition of a blue-shifted charge-transfer band at 390 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Viau
- Organométalliques et Catalyse: Chimie et Electrochimie Moléculaires, UMR 6509 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Chimie de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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29
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Synthesis, chiroptical properties and photoinduced linear birefringence of the homopolymer of (R)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4′-cyano-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine and of the copolymers with the enantiomeric monomer. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Nishihara H. Multi-Mode Molecular Switching Properties and Functions of Azo-Conjugated Metal Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Yesodha SK, Sadashiva Pillai CK, Tsutsumi N. Stable polymeric materials for nonlinear optics: a review based on azobenzene systems. Prog Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Jin M, Xin Yang Q, Lu R, Hua Xu T, Ying Zhao Y. Syntheses of bisazo-containing polymethacrylates using atom transfer radical polymerization and the photoalignment behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rivera E, Belletête M, Natansohn A, Durocher G. Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of a novel azo-dye bearing an oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether side chain in solution and in the solid state. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel azobenzene compound bearing a short poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether side chain, N-methyl-N-{4-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}-N-(3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-octaoxapentacos-1-yl)amine (RED-PEGM-8) was synthesized and characterized. RED-PEGM-8 exhibits a thermal behavior similar to that of Disperse Red-1; however, its thermal stability, as well as its Tg and Tm values, are lower because of the presence of the PEGM segment. The optical properties of this compound in solution and in the solid state were studied by UVvis spectroscopy. The appearance of a blue-shifted band in aqueous solutions at high concentrations of the chromophore reveals the existence of H-type aggregates, resulting from ππ intermolecular interactions between the azobenzene units. Strong intermolecular interactions were also confirmed by 1H NMR measurements. Optical properties of RED-PEGM-8 in the solid state (thin film) also suggest the presence of H aggregates. However, a tail is also detected in the red region of the absorption spectrum, which could be because of the formation of J-type aggregates in the thin film.Key words: aggregation, azo-dye, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether.
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Abstract
AbstractPhotochromic properties of methylacrylate monomers and polymers containing azobenzene groups with heterocyclic sulfonamide functionalities viz sulfisomidyne (4-amino-N-[2,6-dimethylpyrimidyn-4-yl]benzenesulfonamide) and sulfamethoxazole (4-amino-N-[5-methylisoxazol-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide) substituents were investigated. On illumination with light the azobenzene group underwent trans-cis isomerisation, which was manifested by a drop in the absorbance of the maximum absorption peak at ca. 450 nm and by decrease in refractive index.Quantum chemical calculations showed significant differences in UV-VIS spectra, dipole moments, polarizability and refractive index between both cis and trans form of the chromophoric monomers.The illumination of spin-coated polymer films during ellipsometry measurements resulted in a change in refractive index within the range of 0.014 to 0.025. The dynamics of growth and decay of refractive index changes, was described by biexponential functions approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almeria Natansohn
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Zucolotto V, Mendonça C, dos Santos D, Balogh D, Zilio S, Oliveira O, Constantino C, Aroca R. The influence of electrostatic and H-bonding interactions on the optical storage of layer-by-layer films of an azopolymer. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Hasegawa M, Ikawa T, Tsuchimori M, Watanabe O. Photochemically induced birefringence in polyurethanes containing donor-acceptor azobenzenes as photoresponsive moieties. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Silva JR, Dall'Agnol F, Oliveira O, Giacometti JA. Temperature dependence of photoinduced birefringence in mixed Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of azobenzene-containing polymers. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Mendonça C, dos Santos D, Balogh D, Dhanabalan A, Giacometti J, Zilio S, Oliveira O. Optical storage in mixed Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of azopolymers and cadmium stearate. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Takase H, Natansohn A, Rochon P. Effect of crosslinking on the photoinduced orientation of azo groups in thin polymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Delaire JA, Nakatani K. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Photochromic Molecules and Materials. Chem Rev 2000; 100:1817-1846. [PMID: 11777422 DOI: 10.1021/cr980078m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques A. Delaire
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et de Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires (PPSM, UMR 8531 of CNRS), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
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43
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Iftime G, Fisher L, Natansohn A, Rochon P. Photoinduced birefringence in copolymers containing Disperse Red 1 and styrene. CAN J CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/v00-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of copolymers of 4'-[[[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]ethyl]amino]-4-nitroazobenzene (DR1M) and an optically "inert" styrene comonomer were tested for photoinduced birefringence. The level of saturated birefringence increased linearly with the content of DR1M in the copolymer. The birefringence per mole of azo chromophore was constant along the copolymer series.Key words: azobenzene, photoinduced birefringence, copolymers, trans-cis isomerization.
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Maertens C, Dubois P, J�r�me R, Blanche PA, Lemaire P. Synthesis and polarized light-induced birefringence of new polymethacrylates containing carbazolyl and azobenzene pendant groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(20000101)38:1<205::aid-polb23>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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47
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Mahler J, Rafler G, Stiller B. Modified melamines and melamine resins for E/Z-isomerization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(99)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Andruzzi L, Altomare A, Ciardelli F, Solaro R, Hvilsted S, Ramanujam PS. Holographic Gratings in Azobenzene Side-Chain Polymethacrylates. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Andruzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciardelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Solaro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - P. S. Ramanujam
- Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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49
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Buffeteau T, Lagugné Labarthet F, Pézolet M, Sourisseau C. Photoinduced Orientation of Azobenzene Chromophores in Amorphous Polymers As Studied by Real-Time Visible and FTIR Spectroscopies. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980843z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Buffeteau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Moléculaire (UMR 5803-CNRS), Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - F. Lagugné Labarthet
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Moléculaire (UMR 5803-CNRS), Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - M. Pézolet
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Moléculaire (UMR 5803-CNRS), Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - C. Sourisseau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Moléculaire (UMR 5803-CNRS), Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules, Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
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50
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Abstract
A series of amorphous azobenzene and carbazole-containing polymers was prepared, which incorporates both electrooptic activity and photoconductivity into a single multifunctional structural unit. The polymers were cast as thin films and were shown to be suitable for photoinducing birefringence reversibly with polarized light, as well as for the inscription of photorefractive diffraction gratings after electric field poling. Since the polymer series encompasses a range of spacer lengths (from 3 to 10 methylene groups) between the multifunctional side chains and the polymer backbone, these materials are suitable for study of the influence of chromophore mobility on these optical phenomena. The extent of orientational order which could be photoinduced in the films was found to decrease with increasing spacer length, as did the photoconductivity and the photorefractive two-beam optical coupling gain. In thin films of polymers with the highest glass transition temperature, a birefringence of 0.065 could be photoinduced, with a time constant of <0.8 s. A two-beam optical gain of 0.024 µm-1 was also demonstrated in films of the polymer with the highest glass transition temperature, although this gain was exceeded by absorption losses.
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