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Rungjindamai N, Jones EBG. Why Are There So Few Basidiomycota and Basal Fungi as Endophytes? A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:67. [PMID: 38248976 PMCID: PMC10820240 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A review of selected studies on fungal endophytes confirms the paucity of Basidiomycota and basal fungi, with almost 90% attributed to Ascomycota. Reasons for the low number of Basidiomycota and basal fungi, including the Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Mortierellomycota, are advanced, including isolation procedure and media, incubation period and the slow growth of basidiomycetes, the identification of non-sporulating isolates, endophyte competition, and fungus-host interactions. We compare the detection of endophytes through culture-dependent methods and culture-independent methods, the role of fungi on senescence of the host plant, and next-generation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Rungjindamai
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - E. B. Gareth Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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2
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Verrone V, Gupta A, Laloo AE, Dubey RK, Hamid NAA, Swarup S. Organic matter stability and lability in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: A chemical and microbial perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167757. [PMID: 37852479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have specific carbon fingerprints and sequestration potential, due to the intrinsic properties of the organic matter (OM), mineral content, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition and functions. A small variation in the OM pool can imbalance the carbon dynamics that ultimately affect the climate and functionality of each ecosystem, at regional and global scales. Here, we review the factors that continuously contribute to carbon stability and lability, with particular attention to the OM formation and nature, as well as the microbial activities that drive OM aggregation, degradation and eventually greenhouse gas emissions. We identified that in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, microbial attributes (i.e., carbon metabolism, carbon use efficiency, necromass, enzymatic activities) play a pivotal role in transforming the carbon stock and yet they are far from being completely characterised and not often included in carbon estimations. Therefore, future research must focus on the integration of microbial components into carbon mapping and models, as well as on translating molecular-scaled studies into practical approaches. These strategies will improve carbon management and restoration across ecosystems and contribute to overcome current climate challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Verrone
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrew Elohim Laloo
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rama Kant Dubey
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Nur Ashikin Abdul Hamid
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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3
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The impact of polyphenolic compounds on the in vitro growth of oak-associated foliar endophytic and saprotrophic fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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4
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Wei X, Zhang W, Zulfiqar F, Zhang C, Chen J. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for improving propagation and production of ericaceous plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027390. [PMID: 36466284 PMCID: PMC9709444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots is a widespread terrestrial symbiosis. The symbiosis enables plants to better adapt to adverse soil conditions, enhances plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and improves plant establishment and growth. Thus, mycorrhizal fungi are considered biostimulants. Among the four most common types of mycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EcM) have been more intensively studied than ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) and orchidaceous mycorrhiza (OrM). ErM fungi can form symbiotic relationships with plants in the family Ericaceae. Economically important plants in this family include blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, and rhododendron. ErM fungi are versatile as they are both saprotrophic and biotrophic. Increasing reports have shown that they can degrade soil organic matter, resulting in the bioavailability of nutrients for plants and microbes. ErM fungi can synthesize hormones to improve fungal establishment and plant root initiation and growth. ErM colonization enables plants to effective acquisition of mineral nutrients. Colonized plants are able to tolerate different abiotic stresses, including drought, heavy metals, and soil salinity as well as biotic stresses, such as pathogen infections. This article is intended to briefly introduce ErM fungi and document their beneficial effects on ericaceous plants. It is anticipated that the exploration of this special group of fungi will further improve our understanding of their value of symbiosis to ericaceous plants and ultimately result in the application of valuable species or strains for improving the establishment and growth of ericaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
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5
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Pristas P, Beck T, Piknova M, Gaperova S, Sebesta M, Gaper J. Intragenomic Variability of ITS Sequences in Bjerkandera adusta. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070654. [PMID: 35887411 PMCID: PMC9319410 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bjerkandera adusta is a species of common white rot polyporoid fungi found worldwide. Despite playing an important role in deadwood decay, the species strains are used in bioremediation due to its ability to degrade polycyclic hydrocarbons and some of them are important etiological agents of chronic coughs and are associated with lung inflammations. In our experiments, diversity within the species was investigated using molecular approaches and we found that sequence diversity seen at ITS sequence level is not due to cryptic speciation but to intragenomic variability of ITS sequences in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pristas
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Josef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 04101 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (M.P.)
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4–6, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Terezia Beck
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Piknova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Josef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 04101 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Svetlana Gaperova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia;
| | | | - Jan Gaper
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia;
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Estimation of Fungal Diversity and Identification of Major Abiotic Drivers Influencing Fungal Richness and Communities in Northern Temperate and Boreal Quebec Forests. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems and understanding fungal diversity is crucial to address essential questions about species conservation and ecosystems management. Changes in fungal diversity can have severe impacts on ecosystem functionality. Unfortunately, little is known about fungal diversity in northern temperate and boreal forests, and we have yet to understand how abiotic variables shape fungal richness and composition. Our objectives were to make an overview of the fungal richness and the community composition in the region and identify their major abiotic drivers. We sampled 262 stands across the northern temperate and boreal Quebec forest located in the region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie, and Haute-Mauricie. At each site, we characterized fungal composition using Illumina sequencing, as well as several potential abiotic drivers (e.g., humus thickness, soil pH, vegetation cover, etc.). We tested effects of abiotic drivers on species richness using generalized linear models, while difference in fungal composition between stands was analyzed with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and beta-diversity partitioning analyses. Fungi from the order Agaricales, Helotiales, and Russulales were the most frequent and sites from the north of Abitibi-Témiscamingue showed the highest OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) richness. Stand age and moss cover were the best predictors of fungal richness. On the other hand, the strongest drivers of fungal community structure were soil pH, average cumulative precipitation, and stand age, although much of community variance was left unexplained in our models. Overall, our regional metacommunity was characterized by high turnover rate, even when rare OTUs were removed. This may indicate strong environmental filtering by several unmeasured abiotic filters, or stronger than expected dispersal limitations in soil fungal communities. Our results show how difficult it can be to predict fungal community assembly even with high replication and efforts to include several biologically relevant explanatory variables.
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Graham EB, Yang F, Bell S, Hofmockel KS. High Genetic Potential for Proteolytic Decomposition in Northern Peatland Ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02851-18. [PMID: 30850433 PMCID: PMC6498154 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02851-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a scarce nutrient commonly limiting primary productivity. Microbial decomposition of complex carbon (C) into small organic molecules (e.g., free amino acids) has been suggested to supplement biologically fixed N in northern peatlands. We evaluated the microbial (fungal, bacterial, and archaeal) genetic potential for organic N depolymerization in peatlands at Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) in northern Minnesota. We used guided gene assembly to examine the abundance and diversity of protease genes and further compared them to those of N fixation (nifH) genes in shotgun metagenomic data collected across depths and in two distinct peatland environments (bogs and fens). Microbial protease genes greatly outnumbered nifH genes, with the most abundant genes (archaeal M1 and bacterial trypsin [S01]) each containing more sequences than all sequences attributed to nifH Bacterial protease gene assemblies were diverse and abundant across depth profiles, indicating a role for bacteria in releasing free amino acids from peptides through depolymerization of older organic material and contrasting with the paradigm of fungal dominance in depolymerization in forest soils. Although protease gene assemblies for fungi were much less abundant overall than those for bacteria, fungi were prevalent in surface samples and therefore may be vital in degrading large soil polymers from fresh plant inputs during the early stage of depolymerization. In total, we demonstrate that depolymerization enzymes from a diverse suite of microorganisms, including understudied bacterial and archaeal lineages, are prevalent within northern peatlands and likely to influence C and N cycling.IMPORTANCE Nitrogen (N) is a common limitation on primary productivity, and its source remains unresolved in northern peatlands that are vulnerable to environmental change. Decomposition of complex organic matter into free amino acids has been proposed as an important N source, but the genetic potential of microorganisms mediating this process has not been examined. Such information can inform possible responses of northern peatlands to environmental change. We show high genetic potential for microbial production of free amino acids across a range of microbial guilds in northern peatlands. In particular, the abundance and diversity of bacterial genes encoding proteolytic activity suggest a predominant role for bacteria in regulating productivity and contrasts with a paradigm of fungal dominance of organic N decomposition. Our results expand our current understanding of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern peatlands and indicate that understudied bacterial and archaeal lineages may be central in this ecosystem's response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sheryl Bell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Piechocki M, Giska F, Koczyk G, Grynberg M, Krzymowska M. An Engineered Distant Homolog of Pseudomonas syringae TTSS Effector From Physcomitrella patens Can Act as a Bacterial Virulence Factor. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1060. [PMID: 29973916 PMCID: PMC6019455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is the causative agent of halo blight in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Similar to other pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, it secrets a set of type III effectors into host cells to subvert defense mechanisms. HopQ1 (for Hrp outer protein Q) is one of these type III effectors contributing to virulence of bacteria. Upon delivery into a plant cell, HopQ1 undergoes phosphorylation, binds host 14-3-3 proteins and suppresses defense-related signaling. Some plants however, evolved systems to recognize HopQ1 and respond to its presence and thus to prevent infection. HopQ1 shows homology to Nucleoside Hydrolases (NHs), but it contains a modified calcium binding motif not found in the canonical enzymes. CLuster ANalysis of Sequences (CLANS) revealed that HopQ1 and alike proteins make a distinct group of putative NHs located distantly from the classical enzymes. The HopQ1 – like protein (HLP) group comprises sequences from plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and lower plants. Our data suggest that the evolution of HopQ1 homologs in bacteria, fungi, and algae was independent. The location of moss HopQ1 homologs inside the fungal clade indicates a possibility of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between those taxa. We identified a HLP in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Our experiments show that this protein (referred to as PpHLP) extended by a TTSS signal of HopQ1 promoted P. syringae growth in bean and was recognized by Nicotiana benthamiana immune system. Thus, despite the low sequence similarity to HopQ1 the engineered PpHLP acted as a bacterial virulence factor and displayed similar to HopQ1 virulence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechocki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (PAS), Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fabian Giska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (PAS), Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Koczyk
- Institute of Plant Genetics (PAS), Department of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (PAS), Department of Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzymowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (PAS), Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Debode J, De Tender C, Cremelie P, Lee AS, Kyndt T, Muylle H, De Swaef T, Vandecasteele B. Trichoderma-Inoculated Miscanthus Straw Can Replace Peat in Strawberry Cultivation, with Beneficial Effects on Disease Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:213. [PMID: 29515613 PMCID: PMC5826379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peat based growing media are not ecologically sustainable and often fail to support biological control. Miscanthus straw was (1) tested to partially replace peat; and (2) pre-colonized with a Trichoderma strain to increase the biological control capacity of the growing media. In two strawberry pot trials (denoted as experiment I & II), extruded and non-extruded miscanthus straw, with or without pre-colonization with T. harzianum T22, was used to partially (20% v/v) replace peat. We tested the performance of each mixture by monitoring strawberry plant development, nutrient content in the leaves and growing media, sensitivity of the fruit to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, rhizosphere community and strawberry defense responses. N immobilization by miscanthus straw reduced strawberry growth and yield in experiment II but not in I. The pre-colonization of the straw with Trichoderma increased the post-harvest disease suppressiveness against B. cinerea and changed the rhizosphere fungal microbiome in both experiments. In addition, defense-related genes were induced in experiment II. The use of miscanthus straw in growing media will reduce the demand for peat and close resource loops. Successful pre-colonization of this straw with biological control fungi will optimize crop cultivation, requiring fewer pesticide applications, which will benefit the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cremelie
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ana S. Lee
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
- Epigenetics & Defence Research Group, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Epigenetics & Defence Research Group, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom De Swaef
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandecasteele
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
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Martino E, Morin E, Grelet GA, Kuo A, Kohler A, Daghino S, Barry KW, Cichocki N, Clum A, Dockter RB, Hainaut M, Kuo RC, LaButti K, Lindahl BD, Lindquist EA, Lipzen A, Khouja HR, Magnuson J, Murat C, Ohm RA, Singer SW, Spatafora JW, Wang M, Veneault-Fourrey C, Henrissat B, Grigoriev IV, Martin FM, Perotto S. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics depict ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as versatile saprotrophs and plant mutualists. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1213-1229. [PMID: 29315638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Some soil fungi in the Leotiomycetes form ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) symbioses with Ericaceae. In the harsh habitats in which they occur, ERM plant survival relies on nutrient mobilization from soil organic matter (SOM) by their fungal partners. The characterization of the fungal genetic machinery underpinning both the symbiotic lifestyle and SOM degradation is needed to understand ERM symbiosis functioning and evolution, and its impact on soil carbon (C) turnover. We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae, and compared their gene repertoires with those of fungi with different lifestyles (ecto- and orchid mycorrhiza, endophytes, saprotrophs, pathogens). We also identified fungal transcripts induced in symbiosis. The ERM fungal gene contents for polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lipases, proteases and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism are closer to those of saprotrophs and pathogens than to those of ectomycorrhizal symbionts. The fungal genes most highly upregulated in symbiosis are those coding for fungal and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), lipases, proteases, transporters and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs). The ERM fungal gene repertoire reveals a capacity for a dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle. This may reflect an incomplete transition from saprotrophy to the mycorrhizal habit, or a versatile life strategy similar to fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Gwen-Aëlle Grelet
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Ecosystems and Global Change Team, Gerald Street, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Nicolas Cichocki
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Alicia Clum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Rhyan B Dockter
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille Université, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13288, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Rita C Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Erika A Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | | | - Jon Magnuson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Process Development Group, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Robin A Ohm
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508, TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W Singer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, BP 70239, Vandoeuvre les Nancy cedex, 54506, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille Université, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13288, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, 13288, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University - KSA, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Francis M Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Barapatre A, Jha H. Degradation of alkali lignin by two ascomycetes and free radical scavenging activity of the products. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1327953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Barapatre
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Harit Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
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12
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Grum-Grzhimaylo OA, Debets AJM, Bilanenko EN. The diversity of microfungi in peatlands originated from the White Sea. Mycologia 2016; 108:233-54. [PMID: 26742584 DOI: 10.3852/14-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of culturable filamentous microfungi in peat and sediments of four peatlands at the coastal zone of Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (Murmansk region, Russia) was studied by culture methods on standard and selective media. Annually 100 samples were collected from the bogs 2007-2010. Based on morphological, molecular markers and cultural features, 211 taxa were identified. Fungal communities observed at the peatlands were influenced mostly by their sea origin. We discovered a large difference between fungal communities from the peat and the sediments of the peatlands. In contrast to the sediments, the fungal community of the peat was found to be consistent throughout sampling sites. Fungi with specific ecophysiology, such as Sphagnum-decomposing species (Oidiodendron griseum, O. tenuissimum. Penicillium spinulosum, P. thomii, Talaromyces funiculosus), psychrotolerant and associated with insects species (Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, Tolypocladium spp.), typical marine species (Acremonium spp.) were found. In addition, different types of sterile mycelia were characteristic for the researched peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Grum-Grzhimaylo
- White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234, Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfons J M Debets
- Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Department of Mycology and Phycology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Artz RRE. Microbial Community Structure and Carbon Substrate use in Northern Peatlands. CARBON CYCLING IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Wurzburger N, Higgins BP, Hendrick RL. Ericoid mycorrhizal root fungi and their multicopper oxidases from a temperate forest shrub. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:65-79. [PMID: 22408727 PMCID: PMC3297179 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM) may specialize in capturing nutrients from their host's litter as a strategy for regulating nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. In spite of their potential significance, we know little about the structure of ERM fungal communities and the genetic basis of their saprotrophic traits (e.g., genes encoding extracellular enzymes). Rhododendron maximum is a model ERM understory shrub that influences the nutrient cycles of montane hardwood forests in the southern Appalachians (North Carolina, USA). We sampled ERM roots of R. maximum from organic and mineral soil horizons and identified root fungi by amplifying and sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) collected from cultures and clones. We observed 71 fungal taxa on ERM roots, including known symbionts Rhizoscyphus ericae and Oidiodendron maius, putative symbionts from the Helotiales, Chaetothyriales, and Sebacinales, ectomycorrhizal symbionts, and saprotrophs. Supporting the idea that ERM fungi are adept saprotrophs, richness of root-fungi was greater in organic than in mineral soil horizons. To study the genetic diversity of oxidative enzymes that contribute to decomposition, we amplified and sequenced a portion of genes encoding multicopper oxidases (MCOs) from ERM ascomycetes. Most fungi possessed multiple copies of MCO sequences with strong similarities to known ferroxidases and laccases. Our findings indicate that R. maximum associates with a taxonomically and ecologically diverse fungal community. The study of MCO gene diversity and expression may be useful for understanding how ERM root fungi regulate the cycling of nutrients between the host plant and the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia
| | - Brian P Higgins
- Department of Microbiology, University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia
- Georgia Health Sciences University - University of Georgia Medical PartnershipAthens, Georgia
| | - Ronald L Hendrick
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio
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15
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Dedysh SN. Cultivating uncultured bacteria from northern wetlands: knowledge gained and remaining gaps. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:184. [PMID: 21954394 PMCID: PMC3174395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Northern wetlands play a key role in the global carbon budget, particularly in the budgets of the greenhouse gas methane. These ecosystems also determine the hydrology of northern rivers and represent one of the largest reservoirs of fresh water in the Northern Hemisphere. Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs and fens are the most extensive types of northern wetlands. In comparison to many other terrestrial ecosystems, the bacterial diversity in Sphagnum-dominated wetlands remains largely unexplored. As demonstrated by cultivation-independent studies, a large proportion of the indigenous microbial communities in these acidic, cold, nutrient-poor, and water-saturated environments is composed of as-yet-uncultivated bacteria with unknown physiologies. Most of them are slow-growing, oligotrophic microorganisms that are difficult to isolate and to manipulate in the laboratory. Yet, significant breakthroughs in cultivation of these elusive organisms have been made during the last decade. This article describes the major prerequisites for successful cultivation of peat-inhabiting microbes, gives an overview of the currently captured bacterial diversity from northern wetlands and discusses the unique characteristics of the newly discovered organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Dedysh
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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16
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Pankratov TA, Ivanova AO, Dedysh SN, Liesack W. Bacterial populations and environmental factors controlling cellulose degradation in an acidic Sphagnum peat. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:1800-14. [PMID: 21564458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Northern peatlands represent a major global carbon store harbouring approximately one-third of the global reserves of soil organic carbon. A large proportion of these peatlands consists of acidic Sphagnum-dominated ombrotrophic bogs, which are characterized by extremely low rates of plant debris decomposition. The degradation of cellulose, the major component of Sphagnum-derived litter, was monitored in long-term incubation experiments with acidic (pH 4.0) peat extracts. This process was almost undetectable at 10°C and occurred at low rates at 20°C, while it was significantly accelerated at both temperature regimes by the addition of available nitrogen. Cellulose breakdown was only partially inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that bacteria participated in this process. We aimed to identify these bacteria by a combination of molecular and cultivation approaches and to determine the factors that limit their activity in situ. The indigenous bacterial community in peat was dominated by Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The addition of cellulose induced a clear shift in the community structure towards an increase in the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes. Increasing temperature and nitrogen availability resulted in a selective development of bacteria phylogenetically related to Cytophaga hutchinsonii (94-95% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), which densely colonized microfibrils of cellulose. Among isolates obtained from this community only some subdivision 1 Acidobacteria were capable of degrading cellulose, albeit at a very slow rate. These Acidobacteria represent indigenous cellulolytic members of the microbial community in acidic peat and are easily out-competed by Cytophaga-like bacteria under conditions of increased nitrogen availability. Members of the phylum Firmicutes, known to be key players in cellulose degradation in neutral habitats, were not detected in the cellulolytic community enriched at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey A Pankratov
- S.N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
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17
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Toberman H, Freeman C, Evans C, Fenner N, Artz RRE. Summer drought decreases soil fungal diversity and associated phenol oxidase activity in upland Calluna heathland soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:426-36. [PMID: 18662311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural moisture limitation during summer drought can constitute a stress for microbial communities in soil. Given globally predicted increases in drought frequency, there is an urgent need for a greater understanding of the effects of drought events on soil microbial processes. Using a long-term field-scale drought manipulation experiment at Clocaenog, Wales, UK, we analysed fungal community dynamics, using internal transcribed spacer-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), over a 1-year period in the 6th year of drought manipulation. Ambient seasonality was found to be the dominant factor driving variation in fungal community dynamics. The summer drought manipulation resulted in a significant decline in the abundance of dominant fungal species, both independently of, and in interaction with, this seasonal variation. Furthermore, soil moisture was significantly correlated with the changes in fungal diversity over the drought manipulation period. While the relationship between species diversity and functional diversity remains equivocal, phenol oxidase activity was decreased by the summer drought conditions and there was a significant correlation with the decline of DGGE band richness among the most dominant fungal species during the drought season. Climatically driven events such as droughts may have significant implications for fungal community diversity and therefore, have the potential to interfere with crucial ecosystem processes, such as organic matter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Toberman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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18
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Jaatinen K, Laiho R, Vuorenmaa A, del Castillo U, Minkkinen K, Pennanen T, Penttilä T, Fritze H. Responses of aerobic microbial communities and soil respiration to water-level drawdown in a northern boreal fen. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:339-53. [PMID: 17903215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On a global basis, peatlands are a major reserve of carbon (C). Hydrological changes can affect the decomposition processes in peatlands and in turn can alter their C balance. Since 1959, a groundwater extraction plant has generated a water-level gradient at our study site that has gradually changed part of the wet fen into a dry peatland forest. The average water-level drawdown of the gradient (from a pristine 9 cm to 26 cm in the dry end) is close to an estimate predicted by an increase in mean global temperature of 3 degrees C. We studied the total microbial community of the aerobic surface peat in four locations along the gradient through phospholipid fatty acid and PCR-DGGE methods. Additionally, field measurements of soil respiration showed a threefold increase in the C-emission rate at the driest location compared with the wettest one, indicating enhanced decomposition. Also, both fungal and bacterial biomass increased in the drier locations. At the species level, the fungal community changed due to water-level drawdown whereas actinobacteria were less sensitive to drying. The majority of fungal sequences were similar to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which dominated throughout the gradient. Our results indicate that ECM fungi might act as important facultative decomposers in organic-rich environments such as peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Jaatinen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland.
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19
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Artz RRE, Anderson IC, Chapman SJ, Hagn A, Schloter M, Potts JM, Campbell CD. Changes in fungal community composition in response to vegetational succession during the natural regeneration of cutover peatlands. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 54:508-22. [PMID: 17450394 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of peatlands as a major store of sequestered carbon and the role of fungi in releasing sequestered C, we know little about the community structure of fungi in peatlands. We investigated these across a gradient of naturally regenerating peatland vegetation using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries of fragments of the fungal rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Significant changes in the fungal community structure of peat samples at different stages of regeneration were observed, which relate to the composition of the vegetation recolonizing these sites. Cloning and sequence analysis also demonstrated a potential shift in the relative abundance of the main fungal phyla. Some of the clones identified to genus level were highly related to fungi known to play a role in the degradation of plant litter or wood in similar ecosystems and/or form mycorrhizal associations. In addition, several fungal isolates highly related to peat clones were obtained, and their enzymic capacity to degrade structural plant tissues was assessed. Together, these results suggest that the fungal community composition of peat may be an important indicator of the status of regeneration and potential carbon sequestration of cutover peatlands.
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20
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Niture SK, Pant A. Production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by a pH tolerant estuarine fungal isolate Fusarium moniliforme NCIM1276 in different culture conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Abstract
A taxonomically diverse suite of fungi interacts with bryophytes as pathogens, parasites, saprobes, and commensals. Necrotrophic pathogens such as Tephrocybe palustris (Peck) Donk and Nectria mnii Döbbeler form patches of moribund gametophytes in otherwise healthy mats of mosses. These pathogens exhibit different methods of host cell disruption; N. mnii appears to displace the host cell protoplast with intracellular hyphae, while T. palustris causes host protoplast degeneration. Host responses to infection by bryopathogens are also variable. Host–pathogen relationships can be highly evolved, as in Bryophytomyces sphagni (Navashin) Cif., in which fungal propagules replace the bryophyte spores, and exploit the explosive dispersal mechanisms of the Sphagnum host. Bryophilous parasites tend to exhibit high tissue or cellular specificity with varying host specificity. For example, Octospora similis (Kirchstein) Benkert infects the rhizoids of species of Bryum, and Discinella schimperi (Navashin) Redhead specifically colonizes the mucilage producing cells of stems of Sphagnum squarrosum Crome. Eocronartium muscicola (Pers.) Fitzp. demonstrates a highly evolved host–parasite relationship in which the basidiocarp displaces the sporophyte and is fed directly by the gametophyte through specialized transfer tissues. Fungi such as Oidiodendron maius Barron are capable of decomposing moss cell walls that are generally resistant to decomposition because of their polyphenolic component. Mycorrhizal fungi, including Glomus, Suillus, and Endogone, have not been observed to form functional, nutrient-exchanging mycorrhizal interfaces with bryophytes, rather, they function as saprobes on moribund and senescent gametophytes. Finally, endophytic fungi may provide bryophyte hosts with greater tolerance to extreme pH or promote vegetative growth. In vivo observation of bryophyte–fungus interactions has provided insight into the types of interactions that occur; however to further understand the physiology, anatomy, and etiology of these interactions, it is necessary to culture bryophilous fungi in vitro and create artificial axenic systems for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L. Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Randolph S. Currah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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22
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Rice AV, Tsuneda A, Currah RS. In vitro decomposition of Sphagnum by some microfungi resembles white rot of wood. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 56:372-82. [PMID: 16689870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities of some ascomycetes (Myxotrichaceae) from a Sphagnum bog in Alberta to degrade cellulose, phenolics, and Sphagnum tissue were compared with those of two basidiomycetes. Most Myxotrichaceae degraded cellulose and tannic acid, and removed cell-wall components simultaneously from Sphagnum tissues, whereas the basidiomycetes degraded cellulose and insoluble phenolics, and preferentially removed the polyphenolic matrix from Sphagnum cell walls. Mass losses from Sphagnum varied from up to 50% for some ascomycetes to a maximum of 35% for the basidiomycetes. The decomposition of Sphagnum by the Myxotrichaceae was analogous to the white rot of wood and indicates that these fungi have the potential to cause significant mineralization of carbon in bogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne V Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Nowadays, many researches have been made on gallotannin biodegradation and have gained great success in further utilization. Some of industrial applications of these findings are in the production of tannase, the biotransformation of tannic acid to gallic acid or pyrogallol and detannification of food and fodder. Although ellagitannins have the typical C-C bound which is more difficult to be degraded than gallotannins, concerted efforts are still in progress to improve ellagitannin degradation and utilization. Currently, more attention is mainly focused on intestinal microflora biodegradation of tannins especially ellagitannins which can contribute to the definition of their bioavailability for both human beings and ruminants. Also there have been endeavours to utilize the tannin-degrading activity of different fungi for ellagitannin-rich biomass, which will facilitate application of tannin-degrading enzymes in strategies for improving industrial and livestock production. Due to the complicated structures of complex tannins and condensed tannins, the biodegradation of them is much more difficult and there are fewer researches on them. Therefore, the researches on the mechanisms of gallotannin and ellagitannin biodegradation can result in the overall understanding to the biodegradation of complex tannins and condensed tannins. Biodegradation of tannins is in an incipient stage and further studies have to be carried out to exploit the potential of various tannins for largescale applications in food, fodder, medicine and tannery effluent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Li
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
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25
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Gilbert D, Mitchell E. Chapter 13 Microbial diversity in Sphagnum peatlands. DEVELOPMENTS IN EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-2025(06)09013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Rice AV, Currah RS. Oidiodendron: A survey of the named species and related anamorphs of Myxotrichum. Stud Mycol 2005. [DOI: 10.3114/sim.53.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Thormann MN, Bayley SE, Currah RS. Microcosm tests of the effects of temperature and microbial species number on the decomposition of Carex aquatilis and Sphagnum fuscum litter from southern boreal peatlands. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:793-802. [PMID: 15644893 DOI: 10.1139/w04-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased decomposition rates in boreal peatlands with global warming might increase the release of atmospheric greenhouse gases, thereby producing a positive feedback to global warming. How temperature influences microbial decomposers is unclear. We measured in vitro rates of decomposition of senesced sedge leaves and rhizomes (Carex aquatilis), from a fen, and peat moss (Sphagnum fuscum), from a bog, at 14 and 20 °C by the three most frequently isolated fungi and bacteria from these materials. Decomposition rates of the bog litter decreased (5- to 17-fold) with elevated temperatures, and decomposition of the sedge litters was either enhanced (2- to 30-fold) or remained unaffected by elevated temperatures. The increased temperature regime always favoured fungal over bacterial decomposition rates (2- to 3-fold). Different physiological characteristics of these microbes suggest that fungi using polyphenolic polymers as a carbon source cause greater mass losses of these litters. Litter quality exerted a stronger influence on decomposition at elevated temperatures, as litter rich in nutrients decomposed more quickly than litter poorer in nutrients at higher temperatures (8.0%–25.7% for the sedge litters vs. 0.2% for the bryophyte litter). We conclude that not all peatlands may provide a positive feedback to global warming. Cautious extrapolation of our data to the ecosystem level suggests that decomposition rates in fens may increase and those in bogs may decrease under a global warming scenario.Key words: fungi, bacteria, decomposition, temperature, Sphagnum fuscum, Carex aquatilis, peatlands, climate change, microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus N Thormann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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28
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Midgley DJ, Chambers SM, Cairney JWG. Utilisation of carbon substrates by multiple genotypes of ericoid mycorrhizal fungal endophytes from eastern Australian Ericaceae. MYCORRHIZA 2004; 14:245-251. [PMID: 12938028 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-003-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The abilities of six genotypes of two putative Helotiales ascomycete ericoid mycorrhizal fungal taxa from Woollsia pungens and Leucopogon parviflorus (Ericaceae) to utilise glucose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, carboxymethylcellulose, crystalline cellulose, starch and xylan as sole carbon sources were tested in axenic liquid culture. With the exception of all taxon II isolates on carboxymethylcellulose, all genotypes of both taxa produced measurable biomass on all substrates. Significant intraspecific variation was observed in biomass production on all substrates. While pooled data for all genotypes of each taxon revealed significant interspecific differences in biomass production on carboxymethylcellulose, glucose, cellobiose, and starch, mean biomass production for each taxon on the latter three substrates differed less than threefold, suggesting that the saprotrophic abilities of the two taxa are broadly similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Midgley
- Mycorrhiza Research Group, Centre for Horticulture and Plant Science, Parramatta Campus, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW, Australia
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29
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Robson TM, Pancotto VA, Ballaré CL, Sala OE, Scopel AL, Caldwell MM. Reduction of solar UV-B mediates changes in the Sphagnum capitulum microenvironment and the peatland microfungal community. Oecologia 2004; 140:480-90. [PMID: 15179579 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of near-ambient and reduced solar UV-B radiation on a peatland microfungal community was assessed by exposing experimental plots to UV-selective filtration. Replicate plots were covered with special plastic films to effect treatments of near-ambient and attenuated solar UV-B. The microfungal community from the top 1 cm of Sphagnum capitulum in a Tierra del Fuego peatland was censused throughout three growing seasons, between 1999 and 2002. Sphagnum capitula under near-ambient UV-B were more compressed and held more water than capitula under reduced UV-B. This water had a greater conductivity and was more acidic under near-ambient UV-B, as would be expected with increased leaching from the Sphagnum leaves. Nine regularly occurring hyphal fungi from the peatland were identified, at least to genus. Over three field seasons, no treatment effect on total fungal colony abundance was recorded, but individual species abundance was increased (Mortierella alpina), decreased (Penicillium frequentans), or was unaffected (P. thomii, Aureobasidium) by near-ambient UV-B. Species richness was also slightly lower under near-ambient UV-B. These treatment differences were smaller than seasonal or inter-annual fluctuations in abundance and species richness. In a growth chamber experiment, lamp UV-B treatments indicated that realistic fluxes of UV-B can inhibit fungal growth in some species. In addition to this direct UV-B effect, we suggest that changes in the peatland fungal community under near-ambient solar UV-B may also result from increased nutrient and moisture availability in the Sphagnum capitulum. The subtle nature of the responses of peatland fungi to solar UV-B suggests that most fungal species we encountered are well adapted to current solar UV-B fluxes in Tierra del Fuego.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matthew Robson
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5205, USA.
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