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Storey N, Rabiey M, Neuman BW, Jackson RW, Mulley G. Genomic Characterisation of Mushroom Pathogenic Pseudomonads and Their Interaction with Bacteriophages. Viruses 2020; 12:E1286. [PMID: 33182769 PMCID: PMC7696170 DOI: 10.3390/v12111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diseases of the edible white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus caused by Pseudomonas species cause a reduction in crop yield, resulting in considerable economic loss. We examined bacterial pathogens of mushrooms and bacteriophages that target them to understand the disease and opportunities for control. The Pseudomonastolaasii genome encoded a single type III protein secretion system (T3SS), but contained the largest number of non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes, multimodular enzymes that can play a role in pathogenicity, including a putative tolaasin-producing gene cluster, a toxin causing blotch disease symptom. However, Pseudomonasagarici encoded the lowest number of NRPS and three putative T3SS while non-pathogenic Pseudomonas sp. NS1 had intermediate numbers. Potential bacteriophage resistance mechanisms were identified in all three strains, but only P. agarici NCPPB 2472 was observed to have a single Type I-F CRISPR/Cas system predicted to be involved in phage resistance. Three novel bacteriophages, NV1, ϕNV3, and NV6, were isolated from environmental samples. Bacteriophage NV1 and ϕNV3 had a narrow host range for specific mushroom pathogens, whereas phage NV6 was able to infect both mushroom pathogens. ϕNV3 and NV6 genomes were almost identical and differentiated within their T7-like tail fiber protein, indicating this is likely the major host specificity determinant. Our findings provide the foundations for future comparative analyses to study mushroom disease and phage resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Storey
- School of Biological Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK; (N.S.); (R.W.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Mojgan Rabiey
- School of Biological Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK; (N.S.); (R.W.J.); (G.M.)
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benjamin W. Neuman
- Biology Department, College of Arts, Sciences and Education, TAMUT, Texarkana, TX 75503, USA;
| | - Robert W. Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK; (N.S.); (R.W.J.); (G.M.)
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Geraldine Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK; (N.S.); (R.W.J.); (G.M.)
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Azu Okorley B, Leo Sossah F, Dai D, Xu S, Liu Z, Song B, Sheng H, Fu Y, Li Y. Resistance Sources to Brown Blotch Disease ( Pseudomonas tolaasii) in a Diverse Collection of Pleurotus Mushroom Strains. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040227. [PMID: 31717568 PMCID: PMC6963638 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown blotch disease (BBD) caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is one of the most devastating diseases of Pleurotus spp. worldwide. Breeding for resistant strains is the most effective method for controlling BBD. To identify resistant germplasm for BBD management, 97 strains comprising 21 P. cf. floridanus, 20 P. ostreatus, and 56 P. pulmonarius were screened by two different methods; namely, inoculation of the pathogen on the mushroom pileus (IMP) and on the spawned substrate (IMSS) under controlled conditions. Out of the 97 strains screened, 22 P. pulmonarius, and four P. cf. floridanus were moderately resistant to BBD using the IMP method. Eleven P. pulmonarius, six P. cf. florida, and one P. ostreatus strains were highly resistant to BBD using the IMSS method. All of the 97 strains showed varying degrees of susceptibility using the IMP method, but eight strains were completely resistant using the IMSS method. Combining these two methods, five strains were highly resistant (four P. pulmonarius and one P. cf. floridanus) and 11 were moderately resistant (eight P. pulmonarius and three P. cf. floridanus). The resistance sources to P. tolaasii identified in P. pulmonarius and P. cf. floridanus could be used for further breeding of Pleurotus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Azu Okorley
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Frederick Leo Sossah
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dan Dai
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bing Song
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongyan Sheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Yongping Fu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Li
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm and Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
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Soler-Rivas C, Jolivet S, Arpin N, Olivier JM, Wichers HJ. Biochemical and physiological aspects of brown blotch disease of Agaricus bisporus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1999; 23:591-614. [PMID: 10525168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas tolaasii is a bacterium endemic to the compost beds where common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is cultivated. Under some environmental conditions still not well-determined, but influenced by temperature and relative humidity, the bacterium can become pathogenic and provoke the brown blotch disease. This review describes the interaction between P. tolaasii and A. bisporus that results in the appearance of brown spots on the mushroom caps, typical symptoms of the disease. Firstly, P. tolaasii is studied, the changes in pathogenicity are explained, the compounds that provoke the damage are enumerated as well as various experimental methods to identify the pathogenic form of the bacteria. Secondly, mechanisms involved in the formation of the brown colour on the A. bisporus caps upon infection are briefly mentioned, taking into account the enzymes that catalyse the reaction, their mechanism, substrates and reaction products. Afterwards, a detailed description of the infection process is presented step by step, starting by the chemotactical attraction, fixation, secretion of the toxins, membrane breakdown, effect of the toxin on mushroom polyphenol oxidases and on the discolouration reaction. A possible mechanism of infection is hypothesised at the molecular level. Finally, the strategies tested until now to control the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soler-Rivas
- Agrotechnological Research Institute (ATO-DLO), Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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