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Poulin P. First-in-Human Predictions of Hepatic Clearance for Drugs With the Well-Stirred Model: Comparative Assessment Between Models of Fraction Unbound Based Either on the Free Drug Hypothesis, Albumin-Facilitated Hepatic Uptake or Dynamic Binding Kinetics. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00193-X. [PMID: 38796154 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The well-stirred model (WSM) is commonly used to predict the hepatic clearance in vivo (CLH) of drugs. The necessary intrinsic clearance of the unbound drug (CLint-in vitro-unbound) is generated in the in vitro assays in the presence of microsomes or hepatocytes but in the absence of plasma proteins. The value of CLint-in vitro-unbound can be extrapolated with the fraction unbound determined in vitro in plasma (fup) only if the fraction unbound in vivo in liver is the same. However, this approach resulted to a systematic underprediction bias of CLH. With the goal of reducing this bias, two new models of fraction unbound were published in this journal. These models estimate the binding kinetics of the rates of association and dissociation of the drug-protein complex and propose that more dissociation in the liver compared to plasma will increase the fraction unbound available for the metabolism. Consequently, these two models generated higher values of fraction unbound, implying a lower underprediction bias of CLH with the WSM. The first model was developed by Poulin et al. and is referring to the value of fup that is adjusted (fu-adjusted) to quantify the effect of a full dissociation of the drug-protein complex at the hepatocyte membrane in accordance with the theory of the albumin-facilitated hepatic uptake. A second model was developed by Yan et al. who presented a dynamic fraction unbound (fu-dynamic) measuring the real dissociation kinetics of the drug-protein complex with a new in vitro assay in the presence and absence of a recombinant liver enzyme in plasma. Therefore, the objective of this study was to make the first comparative assessment between these two models. The results indicate that, in general, the WSM combined with the values of fu-adjusted was the most accurate approach for predicting CLH. The WSM combined with the values of fu-dynamic has underperformed particularly with the acidic and neutral drugs binding to the albumin and presenting a low metabolic turnover in vitro. Therefore, the new in vitro assay for fu-dynamic gave an underprediction bias of CLH for these drug properties. However, the values of fu-adjusted are significantly higher than those values of fu-dynamic, and, this resulted to no underprediction bias, which is reinforcing the theory of the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake. For the other neutral and acidic drugs, the models of fu-dynamic and fu-adjusted are in closer agreement. Finally, for the basic drugs, the models of fu-adjusted and fu-dynamic as well as a third model only considering a pH gradient effect on fup are almost accurately equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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3
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Graham GG, Scott KF. Limitations of drug concentrations used in cell culture studies for understanding clinical responses of NSAIDs. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1261-1278. [PMID: 34510275 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the in vitro cellular effects of six nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), salicylate, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, celecoxib and diclofenac, are examined. Inhibition of prostanoid synthesis in vitro generally occurs within the therapeutic range of plasma concentrations that are observed in vivo, consistent with the major action of NSAIDs being inhibition of prostanoid production. An additional probable cellular action of NSAIDs has been discovered recently, viz. decreased oxidation of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and arachidonyl ethanolamide. Many effects of NSAIDs, other than decreased oxidation of arachidonic acid and endocannabinoids, have been put forward but almost all of these additional processes are observed at supratherapeutic concentrations when the concentration of albumin, the major protein that binds NSAIDs, is taken into account. However, one exception is salicylate, a very potent inhibitor of the neutrophilic enzyme, myeloperoxidase, the inhibition of which leads to reduced production of the inflammatory mediator, hypochlorous acid, and inhibition of the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry G Graham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Kieran F Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia. .,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.
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4
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Miyauchi S, Kim SJ, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Consideration of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake for highly protein-bound anionic drugs: Bridging the gap of hepatic uptake clearance between in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107938. [PMID: 34171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy in predicting in vivo hepatic clearance of drugs from in vitro data (often termed as in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has improved in part by applying the extended-clearance concept that considers the interplay between hepatic metabolism and uptake/efflux processes. However, the IVIVE-based prediction performs poorly in predicting the hepatic uptake clearance of highly albumin-bound anionic drugs. Their hepatic uptake clearances tend to be much higher than expected based on the free-drug theory. Such observation can be attributable to a phenomenon called albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, for which various models have been thus far proposed. Our group has been applying a facilitated-dissociation model, which assumes the enhanced dissociation of the drug-albumin complex upon interaction with the cell surface. By considering the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake (using the facilitated-dissociation model or alternative kinetic models), a number of investigations demonstrated the improvement in the prediction accuracy for the hepatic clearance of highly protein-bound anionic drugs that are substrates for hepatic uptake transporters. This review summarizes the reported kinetic analyses of the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake of highly albumin-bound drugs concerning the IVIVE and the clinical and physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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5
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Przykaza K, Jurak M, Wiącek A, Mroczka R. Characteristics of hybrid chitosan/phospholipid-sterol, peptide coatings on plasma activated PEEK polymer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Impact of Extensive Plasma Protein Binding on the In Situ Hepatic Uptake and Clearance of Perampanel and Fluoxetine in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3190-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics by Improving Calculation Processes of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2718-2727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Bteich M, Poulin P, Haddad S. The potential protein-mediated hepatic uptake: discussion on the molecular interactions between albumin and the hepatocyte cell surface and their implications for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations of hepatic clearance of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:633-658. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1640679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bteich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Poulin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec city, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Choi GW, Lee YB, Cho HY. Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040168. [PMID: 30959827 PMCID: PMC6523982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapolation of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from in vitro or in vivo animal to human is one of the main tasks in the drug development process. Translational approaches provide evidence for go or no-go decision-making during drug discovery and the development process, and the prediction of human PKs prior to the first-in-human clinical trials. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling are the choice of method for projection to human situations. Although these methods are useful tools for the estimation of PK parameters, it is a challenge to apply these methods since underlying biochemical, mathematical, physiological, and background knowledge of PKs are required. In addition, it is difficult to select an appropriate methodology depending on the data available. Therefore, this review covers the principles of PK parameters pertaining to the clearance, volume of distribution, elimination half-life, absorption rate constant, and prediction method from the original idea to recently developed models in order to introduce optimal models for the prediction of PK parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
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10
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Koyanagi T, Yano K, Kim S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Tamai I. In vivo hepatic clearance of lipophilic drugs predicted by in vitro uptake data into cryopreserved hepatocytes suspended in sera of rats, guinea pigs, monkeys and humans. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:887-894. [PMID: 30124359 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1514476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of uptake of lipophilic acid compounds into hepatocytes was an unresolved drug development issue because of their adsorption to cells and materials and low analytical sensitivity and accuracy in assessment of protein bindings. Uptake assays of compounds using hepatocytes suspended in serum were expected to solve these problems for prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance. Here, for compounds with high protein binding (>99%), diflunisal, montelukast, cerivastatin, telmisartan, fluvastatin and six new drug candidates, in vivo hepatic clearance predicted based on hepatic depletion and uptake (CLh, uptake, predicted) data using hepatocytes in the absence and presence of sera was investigated. In vitro hepatic uptake results with hepatocytes suspended in serum improved prediction of human hepatic clearance values for highly lipophilic montelukast and telmisartan. In vivo CLh, uptake, predicted values of six new highly lipophilic acid drug candidates (protein binding >99.97%) and diflunisal, montelukast and cerivastatin predicted based on hepatocytes suspended in serum were within threefold differences of their total clearance in vivo in rats, guinea pigs or monkeys, except for montelukast in monkeys (5.8-fold). These results suggest that the human hepatic uptake in hepatocytes suspended in serum is useful for prediction of CLh, uptake, predicted, especially for highly lipophilic/protein binding acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyanagi
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Soonih Kim
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- c Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
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11
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Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Da-Silva F, Boulenc X, Vermet H, Compigne P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Klieber S, Poulin P. Improving Prediction of Metabolic Clearance Using Quantitative Extrapolation of Results Obtained From Human Hepatic Micropatterned Cocultures Model and by Considering the Impact of Albumin Binding. J Pharm Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524447 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare, with the same data set, the predictive performance of 3 in vitro assays of hepatic clearance (CL), namely, micropatterned cocultures (also referring to HepatoPac®) and suspension as well as monolayer hepatocytes to define which assay is the most accurate. Furthermore, existing in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods were challenged to verify which method is the most predictive (i.e., direct scaling method without binding correction, conventional method based either on the unbound fraction in plasma (fup) according to the free-drug hypothesis, or based on an fup value adjusted for the albumin [ALB]-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon). Accordingly, the role of ALB binding was specifically challenged, and consequently, the ALB production was monitored in parallel to the metabolic stability. The ALB concentration data were used to compare the in vitro assays and to adjust the value of fup of each drug to mimic the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon. The results confirmed that the direct and conventional IVIVE methods generally overpredicted and underpredicted the CL in vivo in humans, respectively. However, the underprediction of the conventional IVIVE method based on fup was significantly reduced from data generated with the HepatoPac® system compared with the 2 other in vitro assays, which is possibly because that system is producing ALB at a rate much closer to the in vivo condition in liver. Hence, these observations suggest that the presence of more ALB molecules per hepatocyte in that HepatoPac® system may have facilitated the hepatic uptake of several bound drugs because their intrinsic CL was increased instead of being decreased by the ALB binding effect. Accordingly, the IVIVE method based on the fup value adjusted for the ALB-facilitated uptake phenomenon gave the lowest prediction bias from the statistical analyses. This study indicated that the HepatoPac® system combined with the adjusted value of fup was the most reliable IVIVE method and revealed the importance of quantifying the in vitro-to-in vivo variation of ALB concentration to improve the CL predictions, which would help any future physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Da-Silva
- Sanofi R&D, Montpellier, France; Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Canada; Associate professor, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Canada
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13
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Miyauchi S, Masuda M, Kim SJ, Tanaka Y, Lee KR, Iwakado S, Nemoto M, Sasaki S, Shimono K, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama Y. The Phenomenon of Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake of Organic Anion Transport Polypeptide Substrates: Prediction of the In Vivo Uptake Clearance from the In Vitro Uptake by Isolated Hepatocytes Using a Facilitated-Dissociation Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:259-267. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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Poulin P, Burczynski FJ, Haddad S. The Role of Extracellular Binding Proteins in the Cellular Uptake of Drugs: Impact on Quantitative In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolations of Toxicity and Efficacy in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Research. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:497-508. [PMID: 26173749 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A critical component in the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for estimating target organ dosimetry in pharmacology and toxicology studies is the understanding of the uptake kinetics and accumulation of drugs and chemicals at the cellular level. Therefore, predicting free drug concentrations in intracellular fluid will contribute to our understanding of concentrations at the site of action in cells in PBPK/PD research. Some investigators believe that uptake of drugs in cells is solely driven by the unbound fraction; conversely, others argue that the protein-bound fraction contributes a significant portion of the total amount delivered to cells. Accordingly, the current literature suggests the existence of a so-called albumin-mediated uptake mechanism(s) for the protein-bound fraction (i.e., extracellular protein-facilitated uptake mechanisms) at least in hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes; however, such mechanism(s) and cells from other organs deserve further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this present study was to discuss further the implication of potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) on drug distribution in cells under in vivo conditions. The interplay between the protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) and the effects of a pH gradient, metabolism, transport, and permeation limitation potentially occurring in cells was also discussed, as this should violate the basic assumption on similar free drug concentration in cells and plasma. This was made because the published equations used to calculate drug concentrations in cells in a PBPK/PD model did not consider potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s). Consequently, we corrected some published equations for calculating the free drug concentrations in cells compared with plasma in PBPK/PD modeling studies, and we proposed a refined strategy for potentially performing more accurate quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVEs) of toxicity (efficacy) at the cellular level from data generated in cell assays. Overall, this present study may help to optimize the human dose prediction in preclinical and clinical studies, while prescribing drugs with narrow therapeutic windows that are highly bound to extracellular proteins and/or highly ionized at the physiological pH. This may facilitate building a more accurate safety (efficacy) profile for such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Québec city, Québec, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Frank J Burczynski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Poulin P, Haddad S. Albumin and Uptake of Drugs in Cells: Additional Validation Exercises of a Recently Published Equation that Quantifies the Albumin-Facilitated Uptake Mechanism(s) in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling Research. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4448-4458. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Morse BL, Cai H, MacGuire JG, Fox M, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Gu X, Shen H, Dierks EA, Su H, Luk CE, Marathe P, Shu YZ, Humphreys WG, Lai Y. Rosuvastatin Liver Partitioning in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Measurement In Vivo and Prediction Using In Vitro Monkey Hepatocyte Uptake. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1788-94. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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17
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Svennebring A. Visualization of plasma and tissue binding using dose fractions parameter. Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:425-37. [PMID: 25315512 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel concept of dose fractions, based on the distribution of total bioavailable dose between the six combinations of location and binding state in Øie-Tozer's model is suggested as a way to visualize the distribution pharmacokinetics of a drug. The concept of dose fractions provides a sharper terminology in discussions of drug distribution allowing for a more precise description of the state and location of a drug within a system. In medicinal chemistry literature, the free fraction of a drug in plasma is a commonly discussed factor affecting the exposure to free drug while tissue binding is less well addressed. The free dose fraction, defined as the fraction of the bioavailable dose existing in free form, is suggested as a potentially valuable term for such discussions. Presently, drugs with high (>95%) plasma protein binding are viewed with skepticism, the rational behind which is questioned. The plasma protein bound dose fraction defined as the fraction of the total available dose, which is bound to plasma proteins, is suggested as a measure of the risk for problems related to fluctuations in free drug exposure due to variations in the concentration of drug binding plasma protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Svennebring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 751 24, Sweden
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18
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Poulin P, Haddad S. Toward a new paradigm for the efficient in vitro–in vivo extrapolation of metabolic clearance in humans from hepatocyte data. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3239-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Poulin P. Prediction of Total Hepatic Clearance by Combining Metabolism, Transport, and Permeability Data in the In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Methods: Emphasis on an Apparent Fraction Unbound in Liver for Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2085-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mitchell SJ, Huizer-Pajkos A, Cogger VC, McLachlan AJ, Le Couteur DG, Jones B, de Cabo R, Hilmer SN. The influence of old age and poloxamer-407 on the hepatic disposition of diazepam in the isolated perfused rat liver. Pharmacology 2012; 90:233-41. [PMID: 23007459 DOI: 10.1159/000341724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The normal liver sinusoidal endothelium is thin and punctuated with fenestrations 50-200 nm in diameter that filter endobiotics and xenobiotics. Defenestration of the liver sinusoidal endothelium in old age and after pre-treatment with poloxamer-407 (P407) has been shown to prevent the transfer of small chylomicrons across the liver sinusoidal endothelium. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of liver sinusoidal endothelium fenestrations on the hepatic uptake of the highly protein-bound drug diazepam. We hypothesized that defenestration will reduce the hepatic extraction of drugs which are highly bound to albumin. METHODOLOGY The isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model and multiple indicator dilution technique were used to investigate the effect of fenestrations in the liver sinusoidal endothelium on the hepatic disposition of diazepam in old and young rats, and in young rats treated with P407 or vehicle. A bolus dose of (14)C-diazpeam and non-extracted tracers ((3)H-sucrose and Evans blue) was injected into the portal vein. The single-pass recovery of diazepam and markers and the apparent volume of distribution were determined. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy confirmed reduced porosity of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in P407-treated rats and old rats compared to young and control rats. The fractional recovery of diazepam was significantly increased in P407-treated rats compared to controls (0.20 ± 0.16, n = 12, P407; 0.08 ± 0.05, n = 8, controls; p = 0.0029), and in old rats compared to young rats (0.15 ± 0.03, n = 11, old; 0.10 ± 0.02, n = 11, young; p = 0.0004) following a single pass. CONCLUSION Defenestration due to age-related pseudocapillarization and treatment with P407 resulted in reduced hepatic extraction of diazepam after a single pass through the IPRL. These results highlight the importance of the liver sinusoidal endothelium in the ultrafiltration of highly protein-bound drugs, and may also provide an additional mechanism for reduced hepatic clearance of diazepam in conditions associated with defenestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Mitchell
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Poulin P, Hop CECA, Ho Q, Halladay JS, Haddad S, Kenny JR. Comparative assessment of In Vitro-In Vivo extrapolation methods used for predicting hepatic metabolic clearance of drugs. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4308-26. [PMID: 22890957 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of various in vitro--in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods used for predicting hepatic metabolic clearance (CL) of drugs on the basis of intrinsic CL data determined in microsomes. Five IVIVE methods were evaluated: the "conventional and conventional bias-corrected methods" using the unbound fraction in plasma (fu(p) ), the "Berezhkovskiy method" in which the fu(p) is adjusted for drug ionization, the "Poulin et al. method" using the unbound fraction in liver (fu(liver) ), and the "direct scaling method," which does not consider any binding corrections. We investigated the effects of the following scenarios on the prediction of CL: the use of preclinical or human datasets, the extent of plasma protein binding, the magnitude of CL in vivo, and the extent of drug disposition based on biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS) categorization. A large and diverse dataset of 139 compounds was collected, including those from the literature and in house from Genentech. The results of this study confirm that the Poulin et al. method is robust and showed the greatest accuracy as compared with the other IVIVE methods in the majority of prediction scenarios studied here. The difference across the prediction methods is most pronounced for (a) albumin-bound drugs, (b) highly bound drugs, and (c) low CL drugs. Predictions of CL showed relevant interspecies differences for BDDCS class 2 compounds; the direct scaling method showed the greatest predictivity for these compounds, particularly for a reduced dataset in rat that have unexpectedly high CL in vivo. This result is a reflection of the direct scaling method's natural tendency to overpredict the true metabolic CL. Overall, this study should facilitate the use of IVIVE correlation methods in physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, 4009 Sylvia Daoust, Québec City, Québec G1X 0A6, Canada.
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23
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Hallifax D, Houston JB. Evaluation of hepatic clearance prediction using in vitro data: emphasis on fraction unbound in plasma and drug ionisation using a database of 107 drugs. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2645-52. [PMID: 22700322 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Underprediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) of unbound drug from human hepatic in vitro systems using physiological extrapolation methodology is accepted as a common outcome. Poulin et al. (2012. J Pharm Sci 101:838-851) recently proposed an approach involving determination of effective fraction unbound in plasma (fu(p)) based on albumin-facilitated hepatic uptake of acidic/neutral drugs which improved prediction accuracy and precision for 25 drugs highly bound to plasma proteins. This approach includes correction of unbound drug according to the ionisation fraction either side of the plasma membrane based on pH difference. Here, we assessed the proposed method using a larger database of predictions of CL(int) for 107 drugs involving hepatocytes (89 drugs) and microsomes (64 drugs). The proposed method was similarly effective in minimising average prediction bias (to within twofold), unlike the conventional fu(p) correction method. However, precision was similar between methods and there was no evidence in the larger database that prediction bias was associated with fu(p). Prediction bias for hepatocytes was clearance dependent by either method, indicating important sources of bias from in vitro methodology. Therefore, to progress beyond empirical correction of bias, there is further need of mechanistic elucidation to improve prediction methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Poulin P, Kenny JR, Hop CECA, Haddad S. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of clearance: modeling hepatic metabolic clearance of highly bound drugs and comparative assessment with existing calculation methods. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:838-51. [PMID: 22009717 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is an important method for estimating the hepatic metabolic clearance (CL) of drugs. This study highlights a problematic area observed when using microsomal data to predict in vivo CL of drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins, and further explores mechanisms for human CL predictions by associating additional processes to IVIVE disconnect. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a novel IVIVE calculation method, which consists of adjusting the binding terms in a well-stirred liver model. A comparative assessment between the IVIVE method proposed here and previously published methods of Obach (1999. Drug Metab Dispos 27:1350-1359) and Berezhkovskiy (2010. J Pharm Sci 100:1167-1783) was also performed. The assessment was confined by the availability of measured in vitro and in vivo data in humans for 25 drugs highly bound to plasma proteins, for which it can be assumed that metabolism is the major route of elimination. Here, we argue that a difference in drug ionization and binding proteins such as albumin (AL) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in plasma and liver also needs to be considered in IVIVE based on mechanistic studies. Therefore, converting unbound fraction in plasma to liver essentially increased the predicted CL values, which resulted in much more accurate estimates of in vivo CL as compared with the other IVIVE methods tested. The impact on CL estimate was more apparent for drugs binding to AL than to AAG. This is a mechanistic rational for explaining a considerable proportion of the divergence between previously estimated and observed CL values. Human CL was predicted within 1.5-fold, twofold, and threefold of the observed CL for 84%, 96%, and 100% of the compounds, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant improvement in the mechanism-based prediction of metabolic CL for these 25 highly bound drugs from in vitro data determined with microsomes, which should facilitate the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, 4009 Sylvia Daoust, Québec City, Québec G1X 0A6, Canada.
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25
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Blanchard N, Hewitt NJ, Silber P, Jones H, Coassolo P, Lavé T. Prediction of hepatic clearance using cryopreserved human hepatocytes: a comparison of serum and serum-free incubations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:633-41. [PMID: 16640832 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cryopreserved human hepatocytes have been used to predict hepatic in-vivo clearance. Physiologically-based direct scaling methods generally underestimate human in-vivo hepatic clearance. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were incubated in 100% serum and in serum-free medium to predict the in-vivo hepatic clearance of six compounds (phenazone (antipyrine), bosentan, mibefradil, midazolam, naloxone and oxazepam). Monte Carlo simulations were performed in an attempt to incorporate the variability and uncertainty in the measured parameters to the prediction of hepatic clearance. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) and the associated variability of the six compounds decreased in the presence of serum and the values were reproducible across donors. The predicted CLhep, in-vivo obtained with hepatocytes from donors incubated in serum was more accurate than the prediction obtained in the absence of serum. For example, the CLhep, in-vivo of mibefradil in donor GNG was 4.27 mL min−1 kg−1 in the presence of serum and 0.46 mL min−1 kg−1 in the absence of serum (4.88 mL min−1 kg−1 observed in-vivo). Using the results obtained in this study together with an extended data set (26 compounds), the clearance of 77% of the compounds was predicted within a 2-fold error in the absence of serum. In the presence of serum, 85% of the compounds were successfully predicted within a 2-fold error. In conclusion, cryopreserved human hepatocyte suspensions represented a convenient and predictive model to assess human drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Blanchard
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Rajaraman G, Roberts MS, Hung D, Wang GQ, Burczynski FJ. Membrane binding proteins are the major determinants for the hepatocellular transmembrane flux of long-chain fatty acids bound to albumin. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1793-804. [PMID: 16091995 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-7248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hepatic transmembrane flux of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) occurs through passive and fatty acid transport protein facilitated processes from blood. The extent that these transport processes can be related to the unbound and protein-bound fractions of LCFA in blood is not clear. METHODS We used hepatocyte suspensions, hepatoma monolayers, and perfused rat livers to quantitate the transport of purified [(3)H]palmitate ([(3)H]PA) and 12-(N-methyl)-N-[(7-nitrobenz-2oxa-1,3-diazol-4yl-)amino]octadecanoicacid (12-NBDS) from solutions with a constant unbound LCFA concentration with varying bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations and in the presence and absence of antisera raised against cytosolic liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). RESULTS In the absence of L-FABP antisera, using an unbound ligand concentration that was adjusted to remain constant at each BSA concentration, hepatocyte [(3)H]PA and 12-NBDS uptake rates increased linearly with an increase in BSA concentration (p < 0.0001). In the presence of L-FABP antisera, [(3)H]PA uptake showed a greater reduction in the presence of 100 muM BSA than 5 muM BSA. The calculated permeability surface area product (PS) confirmed that both unbound and bound fractions of LCFA contributed to the overall flux, but only the PS for the protein-bound fraction was reduced in the presence of L-FABP antisera. In situ rat liver perfusion studies showed that the only rate process for the disposition of [(3)H]PA in the liver inhibited by L-FABP antisera was that for influx, as defined by PS, and that it reduced PS in the perfused liver by 42%. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, at physiological albumin concentrations, most of the LCFA uptake is mediated from that bound to albumin by a hepatocyte basolateral membrane transport protein, and uptake of unbound LCFA occurring by passive diffusion contributes a minor component.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajaraman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Blanchard N, Richert L, Notter B, Delobel F, David P, Coassolo P, Lavé T. Impact of serum on clearance predictions obtained from suspensions and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 23:189-99. [PMID: 15451007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare two configurations of the hepatocyte model namely suspensions (SH) and conventional primary cultures (CPC) for their ability to predict the hepatic clearance in vivo in the rat and, to investigate the impact of serum on the prediction accuracy. The metabolic competences of several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes were investigated both in CPC and SH in the presence or absence of serum. Under the same conditions, the in vitro intrinsic clearance of six test compounds metabolised by a variety of phase I and phase II enzymes (antipyrine, RO-X, mibefradil, midazolam, naloxone and oxazepam) were derived from Vmax/Km scaled up to the corresponding in vivo hepatic metabolic clearance. CYP activities were shown to be stable in both CPC and SH for up to 6 h of incubation, except for the CYP 3A1 activity that decreased in CPC even in the presence of serum. Moreover, the clearances predicted from SH in the presence of serum were closer to the in vivo values than those obtained from CPC. SH represent a convenient model to assess the hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics, the presence of serum in the incubation medium significantly improved in several instances the quality of the predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Blanchard
- Pharma Research Basel (70/131), F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse No. 124, CH 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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