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Propofol Upregulates MicroRNA-30b to Inhibit Excessive Autophagy and Apoptosis and Attenuates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vitro and in Patients. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2109891. [PMID: 35401922 PMCID: PMC8986434 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence reveals that propofol protects cells via suppressing excessive autophagy induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Previously, we found in a genome-wide microRNA profile analysis that several autophagy-related microRNAs were significantly altered during the process of H/R in the presence or absence of propofol posthypoxia treatment (P-PostH), but how these microRNAs work in P-PostH is still largely unknown. Here, we found that one of these microRNAs, microRNA-30b (miR-30b), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was downregulated by H/R treatment but significantly upregulated by 100 M propofol after H/R treatment. miR-30b showed similar changes in open heart surgery patients. By dual-luciferase assay, we found that Beclin-1 is the direct target of miR-30b. This conclusion was also supported by knockdown or overexpression of miR-30b. Further studies showed that miR-30b inhibited H/R-induced autophagy activation. Overexpression or knockdown of miR-30b regulated autophagy-related protein gene expression in vitro. To clarify the specific role of propofol in the inhibition of autophagy and distinguish the induction of autophagy from the damage of autophagy flux, we used bafilomycin A1. LC3-II levels were decreased in the group treated with propofol combined with bafilomycin A1 compared with the group treated with bafilomycin A1 alone after hypoxia and reoxygenation. Moreover, HUVECs transfected with Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3b confirmed the inhibitory effect of miR-30b on autophagy flux. Finally, we found that miR-30b is able to increase the cellular viability under the H/R condition, partially mimicking the protective effect of propofol which suppressed autophagy via enhancing miR-30b and targeting Beclin-1. Therefore, we concluded that propofol upregulates miR-30b to repress excessive autophagy via targeting Beclin-1 under H/R condition. Thus, our results revealed a novel mechanism of the protective role of propofol during anesthesia. Clinical Trial Registration Number. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-IPR-14005470. The name of the trial register: Propofol Upregulates MicroRNA-30b to Repress Beclin-1 and Inhibits Excessive Autophagy and Apoptosis.
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Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous hypnotic drug that is used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anaesthesia. It exerts its effects through potentiation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, and has gained widespread use due to its favourable drug effect profile. The main adverse effects are disturbances in cardiopulmonary physiology. Due to its narrow therapeutic margin, propofol should only be administered by practitioners trained and experienced in providing general anaesthesia. Many pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models for propofol exist. Some are used to inform drug dosing guidelines, and some are also implemented in so-called target-controlled infusion devices, to calculate the infusion rates required for user-defined target plasma or effect-site concentrations. Most of the models were designed for use in a specific and well-defined patient category. However, models applicable in a more general population have recently been developed and published. The most recent example is the general purpose propofol model developed by Eleveld and colleagues. Retrospective predictive performance evaluations show that this model performs as well as, or even better than, PK models developed for specific populations, such as adults, children or the obese; however, prospective evaluation of the model is still required. Propofol undergoes extensive PK and PD interactions with both other hypnotic drugs and opioids. PD interactions are the most clinically significant, and, with other hypnotics, tend to be additive, whereas interactions with opioids tend to be highly synergistic. Response surface modelling provides a tool to gain understanding and explore these complex interactions. Visual displays illustrating the effect of these interactions in real time can aid clinicians in optimal drug dosing while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the PK and PD of propofol in order to refresh readers' knowledge of its clinical applications, while discussing the main avenues of research where significant recent advances have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko M. Sahinovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel M. R. F. Struys
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-Operative Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anthony R. Absalom
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mechanism and Therapies of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Cell Death in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2910643. [PMID: 30034574 PMCID: PMC6035842 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2910643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Studying propofol-induced cardioprotection: from mechanism to clinical phenomenon and back again. Can J Anaesth 2015; 63:392-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Shravah J, Wang B, Pavlovic M, Kumar U, Chen DD, Luo H, Ansley DM. Propofol mediates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and crosstalk with phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e29554. [PMID: 25105067 PMCID: PMC4124059 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.29554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that propofol, an intravenous anesthetic with anti-oxidative properties, activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway to increase the expression of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and, therefore the anti-apoptotic potential on cardiomyocytes. Here, we wanted to determine if propofol can also activate the Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 pathway, another branch of cardioprotective signaling. The cellular response of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and STAT3 was also evaluated. Cardiac H9c2 cells were treated by propofol alone or in combination with pretreatment by inhibitors for JAK2/STAT3 or PI3K/AKT pathway. STAT3 and AKT phosphorylation, and STAT3 translocation were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Propofol treatment significantly increased STAT3 phosphorylation at both tyrosine 705 and serine 727 residues. Sustained early phosphorylation of STAT3 was observed with 25~75 μM propofol at 10 and 30 min. Nuclear translocation of STAT3 was seen at 4 h after treatment with 50 μM propofol. In cultured H9c2 cells, we further demonstrated that propofol-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was reduced by pretreatment with PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors wortmannin or API-2. Conversely, pretreatment with JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor AG490 or stattic inhibited propofol-induced AKT phosphorylation. In addition, propofol induced NFκB p65 subunit perinuclear translocation. Inhibition or knockdown of STAT3 was associated with increased levels of the NFκB p65 subunit. Our results suggest that propofol induces an adaptive response by dual activation and crosstalk of cytoprotective PI3K/AKT and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. Rationale to apply propofol clinically as a preemptive cardioprotectant during cardiac surgery is supported by our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Shravah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Baohua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Marijana Pavlovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - David Dy Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation/Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - David M Ansley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
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The anesthesia in abdominal aortic surgery (ABSENT) study: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing troponin T release with fentanyl-sevoflurane and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in major vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 2014; 119:802-12. [PMID: 23838709 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31829bd883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the basis of data indicating that volatile anesthetics induce cardioprotection in cardiac surgery, current guidelines recommend volatile anesthetics for maintenance of general anesthesia during noncardiac surgery in hemodynamic stable patients at risk for perioperative myocardial ischemia. The aim of the current study was to compare increased troponin T (TnT) values in patients receiving sevoflurane-based anesthesia or total intravenous anesthesia in elective abdominal aortic surgery. METHODS A prospective, randomized, open, parallel-group trial comparing sevoflurane-based anesthesia (group S) and total intravenous anesthesia (group T) with regard to cardioprotection in 193 patients scheduled for elective abdominal aortic surgery. Increased TnT level on the first postoperative day was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were postoperative complications, nonfatal coronary events and mortality. RESULTS On the first postoperative day increased TnT values (>13 ng/l) were found in 43 (44%) patients in group S versus 41 (43%) in group T (P = 0.999), with no significant differences in TnT levels between the groups at any time point. Although underpowered, the authors found no differences in postoperative complications, nonfatal coronary events or mortality between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In elective abdominal aortic surgery sevoflurane-based anesthesia did not reduce myocardial injury, evaluated by TnT release, compared with total intravenous anesthesia. These data indicate that potential cardioprotective effects of volatile anesthetics found in cardiac surgery are less obvious in major vascular surgery.
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Mao X, Wang T, Liu Y, Irwin MG, Ou JS, Liao XL, Gao X, Xu Y, Ng KFJ, Vanhoutte PM, Xia Z. N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol confer synergy in attenuating myocardial ischemia injury via restoring HIF-1α/HO-1 signaling in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68949. [PMID: 23874823 PMCID: PMC3715528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether or not the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and allopurinol (ALP) confer synergistic cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury by stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling in diabetic myocardium. METHODS Control or diabetic [streptozotocin (STZ)-induced] Sprague Dawley rats received vehicle or NAC, ALP or their combination for four weeks starting one week after STZ injection. The animals were then subjected to thirty minutes of coronary artery occlusion followed by two hours reperfusion in the absence or presence of the selective HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP-IX) or the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2). Cardiomyocytes exposed to high glucose were subjected to hypoxia/re-oxygenation in the presence or absence of HIF-1α and HO-1 achieved by gene knock-down with related siRNAs. RESULTS Myocardial and plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane, an index of oxidative stress, were significantly increased in diabetic rats while cardiac HO-1 protein and activity were reduced; this was accompanied with reduced cardiac protein levels of HIF-1α, and increased post-ischemic myocardial infarct size and cellular injury. NAC and ALP given alone and in particular their combination normalized cardiac levels of HO-1 and HIF-1α protein expression and prevented the increase in 15-F2t-isoprostane, resulting in significantly attenuated post-ischemic myocardial infarction. NAC and ALP also attenuated high glucose-induced post-hypoxic cardiomyocyte death in vitro. However, all the above protective effects of NAC and ALP were cancelled either by inhibition of HO-1 or HIF-1α with SnPP-IX and 2ME2 in vivo or by HO-1 or HIF-1α gene knock-down in vitro. CONCLUSION NAC and ALP confer synergistic cardioprotection in diabetes via restoration of cardiac HIF-1α and HO-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Mao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael G. Irwin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-long Liao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok F. J. Ng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul M. Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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Ma G, Chen J, Meng X, Deng L, Gao Y, Meng J. High-Dose Propofol Reduces S-100β Protein and Neuron-Specific Enolase Levels in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27:510-5. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Synergy of isoflurane preconditioning and propofol postconditioning reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:57-69. [PMID: 21291422 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Either isoflurane preconditioning or high-dose propofol treatment has been shown to attenuate myocardial IRI (ischaemia/reperfusion injury) in patients undergoing CABG (coronary artery bypass graft) surgery. It is unknown whether isoflurane and propofol may synergistically attenuate myocardial injury in patients. The present study investigated the efficacy of IsoPC (isoflurane preconditioning), propofol treatment (postconditioning) and their synergy in attenuating postischaemic myocardial injury in patients undergoing CABG surgery using CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass). Patients (n = 120) selected for CABG surgery were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 30 each). After induction, anaesthesia was maintained either with fentanyl and midazolam (control; group C); with propofol at 100 μg x kg(-1) of body weight x min(-1) before and during CPB followed by propofol at 60 μg x kg(-1) of body weight x min(-1) for 15 min after aortic declamping (group P); with isoflurane 1-1.5% end tidal throughout the surgery (group I) or with isoflurane 1-1.5% end tidal before CPB and switching to propofol at 100 μg x kg(-1) of body weight x min(-1) during CPB followed by propofol at 60 μg x kg(-1) of body weight x min(-1) for 15 min after aortic declamping (group IP, i.e. IsoPC plus propofol postconditioning). A joint isoflurane and propofol anaesthesia regimen synergistically reduced plasma levels of cTnI (cardiac troponin I) and CK-MB (creatine kinase MB) and f-FABP (heart-type fatty acid-binding protein) (all P < 0.05 compared with control, group P or group I) and facilitated postoperative myocardial functional recovery. During reperfusion, myocardial tissue eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) protein expression in group IP was significantly higher, whereas nitrotyrosine protein expression was lower than those in the control group. In conclusion, a joint isoflurane preconditioning and propofol anaesthesia regimen synergistically attenuated myocardial reperfusion injury in patients.
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Tao X, Lu LQ, Xu Q, Li SR, Lin MT. Cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury: propofol versus isoflurane. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 10:740-7. [PMID: 19816998 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0920119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compare the cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning by propofol and/or isoflurane in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Male adult Wistar rats were subjected to 60 min of anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Before the long ischemia, anesthetics were administered twice for 10 min followed by 5 min washout. Isoflurane was inhaled at 1 MAC (0.016) in I group, whereas propofol was inhaled intravenously at 37.5 mg/(kg(h) in P group. A combination of isoflurane and propofol was administered simultaneously in I+P group. RESULTS In control (without anesthetic preconditioning, C group), remarkable myocardial infarction and apoptosis accompanied by an increased level of cardiac troponin T were noted 120 min after ischemia-reperfusion. As compared to those of control group, I and P groups had comparable cardioprotection. In addition, I+P group shares with I and P groups the comparable cardioprotective effects in terms of myocardial infarction and cardiac troponin T elevation. CONCLUSION A combination of isoflurane and propofol produced no additional cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Veel T, Bugge J, Kirkebøen K, Pleym H. Anestesi ved åpen hjertekirurgi hos voksne. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:618-22. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.08.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Target-achieved propofol concentration during on-pump cardiac surgery: a pilot dose-finding study. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:658-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-009-9145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Frässdorf J, De Hert S, Schlack W. Anaesthesia and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:89-98. [PMID: 19502287 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaesthetists are confronted on a daily basis with patients with coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia, or both during the perioperative period. Therefore, prevention and ultimately adequate therapy of perioperative myocardial ischaemia and its consequences are the major challenges in current anaesthetic practice. This review will focus on the translation of the laboratory evidence of anaesthetic-induced cardioprotection into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frässdorf
- Departement of Anesthesiology, AMC-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhang R, Bai N, So J, Laher I, MacLeod KM, Rodrigues B. The ischemic metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine increases rat coronary arterial tone by endothelium-dependent mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:112-20. [PMID: 19374907 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a hydrolysis product of phospholipid degradation, accumulates in the ischemic myocardium. Using isolated hearts or rat coronary septal arteries, we tested the impact of LPC in modulating basal function or the responses to vasoactive agents. Sustained perfusion of hearts with LPC augmented coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and reduced left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP). By mechanisms that have yet to be identified, these effects on CPP and LVDP were exaggerated when LPC was removed from the perfusate. Although LPC (or its washout) had no direct effect on vascular tone in the isolated coronary artery, it selectively potentiated the receptor-coupled vasoconstrictor response to U-46619, a thromboxane A(2) mimetic. Interestingly, when LPC was washed out, the potentiation to U-46619 was even more pronounced. Both the immediate and residual effects of LPC were endothelium-dependent. EDHF was likely the sole mediator responsible for the direct effects of LPC on U-46619-vasoconstriction, whereas the augmented vasoconstrictor responses following LPC washout may in part be related to an increase in ET-1, and a striking reduction in the bioavailability of NO. Our data suggest that in addition to reducing the accumulation of LPC to prevent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage, efforts targeting an improved endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular tone could be an attractive approach to limit the cardiac damage induced by I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Nie R, Xia R, Zhong X, Xia Z. Salvia miltiorrhiza treatment during early reperfusion reduced postischemic myocardial injury in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 85:1012-9. [PMID: 18066102 DOI: 10.1139/y07-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may play a causative role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, it is a relatively understudied aspect regarding an optimal timing of antioxidant intervention during ischemia-reperfusion. The present study investigates the effect of different treatment regimens of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) herb extracts containing phenolic compounds that possess potent antioxidant properties on postischemic myocardial functional recovery in the setting of global myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to 40 min of global ischemia at 37 degrees C followed by 60 min of reperfusion, and were randomly assigned into the untreated control and 2 SM-treated groups (n = 7 per group). In treatment 1 (SM1), 3 mg/mL of water soluble extract of SM was given for 10 min before ischemia and continued during ischemia through the aorta at a reduced flow rate of 60 microL/min, but not during reperfusion. In treatment 2 (SM2), SM (3 mg/mL) was given during the first 15 min of reperfusion. During ischemia, hearts in the control and SM2 groups were given physiological saline at 60 microL/min. The SM1 treatment reduced the production of 15-F2t-isoprostane, a specific index of oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation, during ischemia (94 +/- 20, 43 +/- 6, and 95 +/- 15 pg/mL in the coronary effluent in control, SM1, and SM2 groups, respectively; p < 0.05, SM1 vs. control or SM2) and postponed the onset of ischemic contracture. However, SM2, but not the SM1 regimen, significantly reduced 15-F2t-isoprostane production during early reperfusion and led to optimal postischemic myocardial functional recovery (left ventricular developed pressure 51 +/- 4, 46 +/- 4, and 60 +/- 6 mmHg in the control, SM1, and SM2 groups, respectively, at 60 min of reperfusion; p < 0.05, SM2 vs. control or SM1) and reduced myocardial infarct size as measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (26% +/- 2%, 22% +/- 2%, and 20% +/- 2% of the total area in the control, SM1, and SM2 groups, respectively, p < 0.05, SM2 vs. control). It is concluded that S. miltiorrhiza could be beneficial in the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury and the timing of administration seems important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Propofol attenuation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocytes involves haeme oxygenase-1. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25:395-402. [PMID: 18289444 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021508003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the cytoprotective effect of propofol against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated injury and the effects on the haeme oxygenase-1 system, which is a possible new cytoprotective pathway of propofol. METHODS Primary cultured newborn rat cardiomyocytes were divided into five groups: (1) untreated (Group control); (2) treated with 200 micromol L(-1) H2O2 (Group H) and treated with 200 micromol L(-1) H2O2 in the presence of propofol (25, 50 and 100 micromol L(-1), (3) Group 25P + H, (4) Group 50P + H and (5) Group 100P + H, respectively); added with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) (10 micromol L(-1)), a potent inhibitor of haeme oxygenase activity, or SC-3060 (0.2 micromol L(-1)), a specific synthetic inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB. All were incubated for 6 h. The protective effects of propofol were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay, the concentration of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase activity and cell apoptosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect haeme oxygenase-1 expression. RESULTS Compared with H2O2, propofol concentrations (ranging from 50 to 100 micromol L(-1)) significantly increased haeme oxygenase-1 expression and decreased cardiomyocytes apoptosis, accompanied with a decrease in malondialdehyde, but with an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and cell activity (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The protective effects of propofol were mitigated by the addition of ZnPPIX. The addition of SC-3060 reversed propofol-induced haeme oxygenase-1 expression. CONCLUSION Propofol can protect cardiomyocytes against H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and increase haeme oxygenase-1 expression, which may partly mediate the cytoprotective effects of propofol.
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Xia Z, Huang Z, Ansley DM. Large-dose propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass decreases biochemical markers of myocardial injury in coronary surgery patients: a comparison with isoflurane. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:527-32. [PMID: 16931656 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000230612.29452.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if increasing propofol's dosage to augment its antioxidant capacity during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could confer cardiac protection. Fifty-four coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients were randomly assigned to small-dose propofol (Group P; n = 18), large-dose propofol (Group HiP; n = 18), or isoflurane Group (Group I; n = 18). After the induction, anesthesia was maintained with an inspired concentration of isoflurane 1%-3.5% (Group I) or a continuous infusion of propofol 60 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (Group P) throughout the surgery. In Group HiP, this dose of propofol was increased to 120 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 10 min before the onset of CPB until 15 min after aortic unclamping and then decreased to 60 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) until the end of surgery. The duration of aortic cross-clamping was 83 +/- 24, 88 +/- 22, and 81 +/- 20 min in Group P, Group HiP, and Group I, respectively (P > 0.1). Plasma malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly lower at 8 h after CPB, and Troponin I was lower at 24 h after CPB in Group HiP compared with Group P and Group I (P < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in inotropic requirements for separation from CPB in Group HiP compared with Group I. Postoperative systemic vascular resistance was significantly reduced in Group HiP as compared with Group I. Mean cardiac index was significantly higher at 24 h after CPB in Group HiP compared with Group P and Group I (P < 0.05) (Group I, 2.2 +/- 0.1; Group P, 2.3 +/- 0.2; and Group HiP, 2.8 +/- 0.3 L x min(-1) x m(-2), respectively). The duration of intensive care unit stay was significantly shorter in Group Hi-P compared with Group I. We conclude that administration of a large dose of propofol during CPB attenuates postoperative myocardial cellular damage as compared with isoflurane or small-dose propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Xia
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan, 430060, PR China.
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Luo T, Xia Z. A Small Dose of Hydrogen Peroxide Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Toxicity in Inducing Human Vascular Endothelial Cell Apoptosis: Reversal with Propofol. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:110-6, table of contents. [PMID: 16790636 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000221183.02244.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We designed the present study to test the hypothesis that oxygen free radicals can enhance tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha cellular toxicity, which might be reversed by propofol, an anesthetic with antioxidant properties, in human vascular endothelial cell line ECV304. Cultured ECV304 were either not treated, treated with 10 muM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), treated with TNF-alpha (40 ng/mL) alone, TNF-alpha in the presence of 10 microM of H2O2 (H+T), or propofol plus H2O2 for 24 h. Cell viability was measured by lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end-labeling. The antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax protein expressions were measured by immunocytochemical analysis. Increases in apoptosis, Bax, lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde, LDH, and decreases in Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in TNF-alpha-treated cells. H2O2 10 microM did not cause significant lipid peroxidation (0.75 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg of malondialdehyde protein) as compared with control (0.70 +/- 0.04 nmol/mg of malondialdehyde protein) (P > 0.05) but further enhanced TNF-alpha-induced lipid peroxidation, upregulated Bax, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and enhanced TNF-alpha-induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Propofol 50 microM attenuated TNF-alpha and H2O2-induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by decreases in malondialdehyde and LDH production and restoration of Bcl-2 expression. Propofol exerts protective effects against H2O2-enhanced TNF-alpha cell toxicity by reducing oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
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