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Braun JL, Fajardo VA. Spaceflight increases sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ leak and this cannot be counteracted with BuOE treatment. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:78. [PMID: 39030182 PMCID: PMC11271499 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spending time in a microgravity environment is known to cause significant skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness via muscle unloading, which can be partly attributed to Ca2+ dysregulation. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump is responsible for bringing Ca2+ from the cytosol into its storage site, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), at the expense of ATP. We have recently demonstrated that, in the soleus of space-flown mice, the Ca2+ uptake ability of the SERCA pump is severely impaired and this may be attributed to increases in reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS), to which SERCA is highly susceptible. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate whether treatment with the antioxidant, Manganese(III) meso-tetrakis(N-n-butoxyethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BuOE), could attenuate muscle atrophy and SERCA dysfunction. We received soleus muscles from the rodent research 18 mission which had male mice housed on the international space station for 35 days and treated with either saline or BuOE. Spaceflight significantly reduced the soleus:body mass ratio and significantly increased SERCA's ionophore ratio, a measure of SR Ca2+ leak, and 4-HNE content (marker of RONS), none of which could be rescued by BuOE treatment. In conclusion, we find that spaceflight induces significant soleus muscle atrophy and SR Ca2+ leak that cannot be counteracted with BuOE treatment. Future work should investigate alternative therapeutics that are specifically aimed at increasing SERCA activation or reducing Ca2+ leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Braun
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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2
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Ferreira RP, Duarte JA. Protein Turnover in Skeletal Muscle: Looking at Molecular Regulation towards an Active Lifestyle. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:763-777. [PMID: 36854391 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, able to change its mass and functional properties in response to several stimuli. Skeletal muscle mass is influenced by the balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, which is regulated by several signaling pathways. The relative contribution of Akt/mTOR signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, autophagy among other signaling pathways to protein turnover and, therefore, to skeletal muscle mass, differs depending on the wasting or loading condition and muscle type. By modulating mitochondria biogenesis, PGC-1α has a major role in the cell's bioenergetic status and, thus, on protein turnover. In fact, rates of protein turnover regulate differently the levels of distinct protein classes in response to atrophic or hypertrophic stimuli. Mitochondrial protein turnover rates may be enhanced in wasting conditions, whereas the increased turnover of myofibrillar proteins triggers muscle mass gain. The present review aims to update the knowledge on the molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle, focusing on how distinct muscle proteins may be modulated by lifestyle interventions with emphasis on exercise training. The comprehensive analysis of the anabolic effects of exercise programs will pave the way to the tailored management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinho Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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3
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Melnikov IY, Tyganov SA, Sharlo KA, Ulanova AD, Vikhlyantsev IM, Mirzoev TM, Shenkman BS. Calpain-dependent degradation of cytoskeletal proteins as a key mechanism for a reduction in intrinsic passive stiffness of unloaded rat postural muscle. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1171-1183. [PMID: 35931829 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in passive stiffness of postural muscles. The nature of this phenomenon remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible causes for a reduction in rat soleus passive stiffness after 7 and 14 days of unloading (hindlimb suspension, HS). We hypothesized that HS-induced decrease in passive stiffness would be associated with calpain-dependent degradation of cytoskeletal proteins or a decrease in actomyosin interaction. Wistar rats were subjected to HS for 7 and 14 days with or without PD150606 (calpain inhibitor) treatment. Soleus muscles were subjected to biochemical analysis and ex vivo measurements of passive tension with or without blebbistatin treatment (an inhibitor of actomyosin interactions). Passive tension of isolated soleus muscle was significantly reduced after 7- and 14-day HS compared to the control values. PD150606 treatment during 7- and 14-day HS induced an increase in alpha-actinin-2 and -3, desmin contents compared to control, partly prevented a decrease in intact titin (T1) content, and prevented a decrease in soleus passive tension. Incubation of soleus muscle with blebbistatin did not affect HS-induced reductions in specific passive tension in soleus muscle. Our study suggests that calpain-dependent breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins, but not a change in actomyosin interaction, significantly contributes to unloading-induced reductions in intrinsic passive stiffness of rat soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Melnikov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Tyganov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - K A Sharlo
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A D Ulanova
- Laboratory of Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - I M Vikhlyantsev
- Laboratory of Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - T M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - B S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
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4
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Vilchinskaya N, Altaeva E, Lomonosova Y. Gaining insight into the role of FoxO1 in the progression of disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 85:100903. [PMID: 35947892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Expression of FoxO transcription factors increases during certain forms of atrophy. In a dephosphorylated state, FoxOs participate in ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation through the transcriptional activation of E3-ubiquitin ligases such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1. There is exhaustive research demonstrating that FoxO3a is sufficient to induce MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expressions. In contrast, the data are conflicting on the requirement of FoxO1 signaling in the activation of the E3-ubiquitin ligases. Moreover, no reports currently exist on the particular role of FoxO1 in the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of physiological muscle wasting. Here, we have applied the most extensively used rodent model of microgravity/functional unloading to stimulate disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy such as rat hindlimb suspension (HS). We showed that inhibition of FoxO1 activity by a selective inhibitor AS1842856 completely reversed an increase in expression of MuRF-1, but not MAFbx/atrogin-1, observed upon HS. Furthermore, we demonstrated that FoxO1 induced upregulation of another E3-ubiquitin-ligase of a MuRF protein family MuRF-2 in skeletal muscle subjected to disuse. Prevention of the MuRF increase upon HS impeded upregulation of transcript expression of a negative regulator of NFATc1 pathway calsarcin-2, which was associated with a partial reversion of MyHC-IId/x and MyHC-IIb mRNA expressions. Importantly, FoxO1 inhibition induced a marked increase in p70S6k phosphorylation, an important stage in the initiation of protein translation, concomitant with the restoration of global protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of the HS rats. Examination of eIF3f expression and the eEF2k/eEF2 pathway, other factors controlling translation initiation and elongation respectively, did not reveal any impact of FoxO1 on their activity. Lastly, we observed a decrease in transcript levels of Sesn3, but not Sesn1 and Sesn2, upon disuse, which was completely reversed by FoxO1 inhibition. These data demonstrate that FoxO1 signaling contributes to the development of disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, including slow to fast MyHC isoform shift, mostly through upregulation of MuRF-1 and MuRF-2 expression. Furthermore, FoxO1 inhibition is required to recover Sesn3 mRNA expression in atrophic conditions, which likely contributes to the enhanced p70S6k activity and restoration of the protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilchinskaya
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
| | - Erzhena Altaeva
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
| | - Yulia Lomonosova
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Roosevelt Dr, IMS-Tetsuya Nakamura Building, Oxford, OX3 7TY, UK; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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5
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Characterizing SERCA Function in Murine Skeletal Muscles after 35-37 Days of Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111764. [PMID: 34769190 PMCID: PMC8584217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that microgravity exposure causes significant muscle weakness and atrophy via muscle unloading. On Earth, muscle unloading leads to a disproportionate loss in muscle force and size with the loss in muscle force occurring at a faster rate. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, a role for Ca2+ dysregulation has been suggested. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump actively brings cytosolic Ca2+ into the SR, eliciting muscle relaxation and maintaining low intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). SERCA dysfunction contributes to elevations in [Ca2+]i, leading to cellular damage, and may contribute to the muscle weakness and atrophy observed with spaceflight. Here, we investigated SERCA function, SERCA regulatory protein content, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) protein adduction in murine skeletal muscle after 35–37 days of spaceflight. In male and female soleus muscles, spaceflight led to drastic impairments in Ca2+ uptake despite significant increases in SERCA1a protein content. We attribute this impairment to an increase in RONS production and elevated total protein tyrosine (T) nitration and cysteine (S) nitrosylation. Contrarily, in the tibialis anterior (TA), we observed an enhancement in Ca2+ uptake, which we attribute to a shift towards a faster muscle fiber type (i.e., increased myosin heavy chain IIb and SERCA1a) without elevated total protein T-nitration and S-nitrosylation. Thus, spaceflight affects SERCA function differently between the soleus and TA.
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6
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Shenkman BS, Tsaturyan AK, Vikhlyantsev IM, Kozlovskaya IB, Grigoriev AI. Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Tone Impairment under Conditions of Real and Simulated Space Flight. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:85-97. [PMID: 34377559 PMCID: PMC8327152 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kozlovskaya et al. [1] and Grigoriev et al. [2] showed that enormous loss of muscle stiffness (atonia) develops in humans under true (space flight) and simulated microgravity conditions as early as after the first days of exposure. This phenomenon is attributed to the inactivation of slow motor units and called reflectory atonia. However, a lot of evidence indicating that even isolated muscle or a single fiber possesses substantial stiffness was published at the end of the 20th century. This intrinsic stiffness is determined by the active component, i.e. the ability to form actin-myosin cross-bridges during muscle stretch and contraction, as well as by cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins, capable of resisting muscle stretch. The main facts on intrinsic muscle stiffness under conditions of gravitational unloading are considered in this review. The data obtained in studies of humans under dry immersion and rodent hindlimb suspension is analyzed. The results and hypotheses regarding reduced probability of cross-bridge formation in an atrophying muscle due to increased interfilament spacing are described. The evidence of cytoskeletal protein (titin, nebulin, etc.) degradation during gravitational unloading is also discussed. The possible mechanisms underlying structural changes in skeletal muscle collagen and its role in reducing intrinsic muscle stiffness are presented. The molecular mechanisms of changes in intrinsic stiffness during space flight and simulated microgravity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Shenkman
- State Scientific Center of Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, 123007 Russia
| | - A. K. Tsaturyan
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Research Institute of Mechanics, Moscow, 119192 Russia
| | - I. M. Vikhlyantsev
- Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Biophysics, Moscow Region, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| | - I. B. Kozlovskaya
- State Scientific Center of Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, 123007 Russia
| | - A. I. Grigoriev
- State Scientific Center of Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, 123007 Russia
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7
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Kantserova NP, Churova MV, Lysenko LA, Tushina ED, Rodin MA, Krupnova MY, Sukhovskaya IV. Effect of Hyperthermia on Proteases and Growth Regulators in the Skeletal Muscle of Cultivated Rainbow Trout O. mykiss. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Mirzoev TM. Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217940. [PMID: 33114683 PMCID: PMC7663166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have a unique capacity to adjust their metabolism and phenotype in response to alternations in mechanical loading. Indeed, chronic mechanical loading leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is dependent on the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. While molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis during mechanical unloading have been relatively well studied, signaling events implicated in protein turnover during skeletal muscle recovery from unloading are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular events that underpin muscle mass recovery following disuse-induced atrophy is of significant importance for both clinical and space medicine. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the activation of protein synthesis and subsequent restoration of muscle mass after a period of mechanical unloading. In addition, the efficiency of strategies proposed to improve muscle protein gain during recovery is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow 123007, Russia
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9
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Shenkman BS. How Postural Muscle Senses Disuse? Early Signs and Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5037. [PMID: 32708817 PMCID: PMC7404025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mammalian soleus muscle along with other "axial" muscles ensures the stability of the body under the Earth's gravity. In rat experiments with hindlimb suspension, zero-gravity parabolic flights as well as in human dry immersion studies, a dramatic decrease in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus muscle has been repeatedly shown. Most of the motor units of the soleus muscle convert from a state of activity to a state of rest which is longer than under natural conditions. And the state of rest gradually converts to the state of disuse. This review addresses a number of metabolic events that characterize the earliest stage of the cessation of the soleus muscle contractile activity. One to three days of mechanical unloading are accompanied by energy-dependent dephosphorylation of AMPK, accumulation of the reactive oxygen species, as well as accumulation of resting myoplasmic calcium. In this transition period, a rapid rearrangement of the various signaling pathways occurs, which, primarily, results in a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis (primarily via inhibition of ribosomal biogenesis and activation of endogenous inhibitors of mRNA translation, such as GSK3β) and an increase in proteolysis (via upregulation of muscle-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Krylov VV, Kantserova NP, Lysenko LA, Osipova EA. A simulated geomagnetic storm unsynchronizes with diurnal geomagnetic variation affecting calpain activity in roach and great pond snail. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:241-246. [PMID: 30680619 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that geomagnetic storms could be perceived by organisms via disruption of naturally occurring diurnal geomagnetic variation. This variation, in turn, is viewed by way of a zeitgeber for biological circadian rhythms. The biological effects of a geomagnetic storm, therefore, could depend on the local time of day when its main phase occurs. We have assessed calpain activity in tissues of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and great pond snail (Limnaea stagnalis) after exposure to a simulated geomagnetic storm, reproduced at different times of day, in order to evaluate this hypothesis. Significant decrease in calpain activity was observed in organisms exposed to the simulated geomagnetic storm whose main phase, and initial period of a recovery phase, did not coincide with the expected peak of diurnal geomagnetic variation. The results obtained are considered an experimental confirmation of the aforementioned hypothesis. Improvement of a correlative approach for the assessment of biological effects of geomagnetic activity can be achieved by considering information on the synchronization of geomagnetic storm's main phase with diurnal geomagnetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 109, Nekouz, Yaroslavl oblast, Russian Federation, 152742.
| | - N P Kantserova
- The Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya, 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - L A Lysenko
- The Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya, 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - E A Osipova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 109, Nekouz, Yaroslavl oblast, Russian Federation, 152742
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11
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Mirzoev TM, Tyganov SA, Petrova IO, Shenkman BS. Acute recovery from disuse atrophy: the role of stretch-activated ion channels in the activation of anabolic signaling in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E86-E95. [PMID: 30457911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00261.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to 1) measure time-course alternations in the rate of protein synthesis (PS) and phosphorylation status of the key anabolic markers, and 2) find out the role of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in the activation of anabolic signaling in the rat soleus during an acute reloading following disuse atrophy. Wistar rats were subjected to 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS) followed by 6, 12, and 24 h of reloading. To examine the role of SAC in the reloading-induced activation of anabolic signaling, the rats were treated with gadolinium (Gd3+), a SAC blocker. The content of signaling proteins was determined by Western blot. c-Myc mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR. After 24-h reloading, the PS rate was elevated by 44% versus control. After 6-h reloading, the p-70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6k) and translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) did not differ from control; however, 12-h reloading resulted in an upregulation of both p70s6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation versus control. The phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser9) was reduced after HS and then completely restored by 12-h reloading. c-Myc was significantly upregulated during the entire reloading. Gd3+ treatment during reloading (12 h) prevented a full phosphorylation of p70S6k, rpS6, 4E-BP1, as well as PS activation. The results of the study suggest that 1) enhanced PS during the acute recovery from HS may be associated with the activation of ribosome biogenesis as well as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent signaling pathways, and 2) functional SACs are necessary for complete activation of mTORC1 signaling in rat soleus during acute recovery from HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Sergey A Tyganov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina O Petrova
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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12
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Kantserova NP, Krylov VV, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Calpain Family Calcium-Dependent Proteases of Some Invertebrate and Fish Species. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP, Kaivarainen EI, Krupnova MY, Nemova NN. Skeletal muscle protease activities in the early growth and development of wild Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 211:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Kantserova NP, Lysenko LA, Veselov AE, Nemova NN. Protein degradation systems in the skeletal muscles of parr and smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and brown trout Salmo trutta L. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1187-1194. [PMID: 28343271 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although protein degradation limits the rate of muscle growth in fish, the role of proteolytic systems responsible for degrading myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscle is not well defined. The study herein aims to evaluate the role of calpains (calcium-activated proteases) and proteasomes (ATP-dependent proteases) in mediating muscle protein turnover at different life stages in wild salmonids. Protease activities were estimated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) parr and smolts from the Indera River (Kola Peninsula, Russia). Calpain and proteasome activities in Atlantic salmon skeletal muscles were lower in smolts as compared with parr. Reduced muscle protein degradation accompanying Atlantic salmon parr-smolt transformation appeared to provide intense muscle growth essential for a minimum threshold size achievement that is required for smoltification. Calpain and proteasome activities in brown trout parr and smolts at age 3+ did not significantly differ. However, calpain activity was higher in smolts brown trout 4+ as compared with parr, while proteasome activity was lower. Results suggest that brown trout smoltification does not correspond with intense muscle growth and is more facultative and plastic in comparison with Atlantic salmon smoltification. Obtained data on muscle protein degradation capacity as well as length-weight parameters of fish reflect differences between salmon and trout in growth and smoltification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda P Kantserova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910.
| | - Liudmila A Lysenko
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - Alexey E Veselov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - Nina N Nemova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
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15
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Kantserova NP, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. Protein degradation in the skeletal muscles of parrs and smolts of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359017010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Mirzoev TM, Tyganov SA, Shenkman BS. Akt-dependent and Akt-independent pathways are involved in protein synthesis activation during reloading of disused soleus muscle. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:393-399. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timur M. Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Bio-Medical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 123007 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Tyganov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Bio-Medical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 123007 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Boris S. Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Bio-Medical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 123007 Moscow Russian Federation
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Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP, Krupnova MY, Veselov AE, Nemova NN. [Intracellular Protein Degradation in Growth of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016; 41:717-24. [PMID: 27125026 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A brief review on the common characteristics and specific features of proteolytic machinery in fish skeletal muscles (based on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., Salmonidae) has been given. Among a variety of proteases in the muscle tissue, those determining protein degradation level in developing and intensively growing muscles in salmon young and by this way regulating protein retention intensity and growth at all namely lysosomal cathepsins B and D and calcium-dependent proteases (calpains) were comprehensively studied. Revealed age-related differences in intracellular protease activity in salmon skeletal muscles indicate the role of proteolysis regulation in growth in general and a specific role of the individual proteolytic enzymes in particular. The data on negative correlation of cathepsin D and calpain activity levels in muscles and the rate of weight increase in juvenile salmon were obtained. A revealed positive correlation of cathepsin B activity and morphometric parameters in fish young presumably indicates its primary contribution to non-myofibrillar protein turnover.
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Yoshihara T, Sugiura T, Yamamoto Y, Shibaguchi T, Kakigi R, Naito H. The response of apoptotic and proteolytic systems to repeated heat stress in atrophied rat skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/10/e12597. [PMID: 26508739 PMCID: PMC4632963 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of repeated heat stress on muscle atrophy, and apoptotic and proteolytic regulation in unloaded rat slow- and fast-type skeletal muscles. Forty male Wistar rats (11 week-old) were divided into control (CT), hindlimb unweighting (HU), intermittent weight-bearing during HU (HU + IWB), and intermittent weight-bearing with heat stress during HU (41–41.5°C for 30 min; HU + IWB + HS) groups. The HU + IWB + HS and HU + IWB groups were released from unloading for 1 h every second day, during which the HU + IWB + HS group underwent the heating. Our results revealed that repeated bouts of heat stress resulted in protection against disuse muscle atrophy in both soleus and plantaris muscles. This heat stress–induced protection against disuse-induced muscular atrophy may be partially due to reduced apoptotic activation in both muscles, and decreased ubiquitination in only the soleus muscle. We concluded that repeated heat stress attenuated skeletal muscle atrophy via suppressing apoptosis but the response to proteolytic systems depend on the muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiura
- Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shibaguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP, Rendakov NL, Sel'verova NB, Nemova NN. [Calpain system dysregulation in rat brain at beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 39:572-8. [PMID: 25702415 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences of calcium-dependent proteolysis dysregulation in brain of murine model of Alzheimer disease were obtained. Experimental treatment consisted in intra-hippocampal injection of amyloid beta-peptide (AP1-40) promoted activation of main calpain forms in murine brain along with decrease incontent of natural calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. As a result of prognostic experiment on the correction of neurodegeneration induced in murine the neuroprotective properties of steroid hormone estradiol were confirmed and one of the possible protective action mechanisms was suggested. Obtained results allow considering both biochemical modifications in protein facilities of pathology-affected brain and the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Kantserova NP, Ushakova NV, Krylov VV, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. [Modulation of Ca(2+)-dependent proteinase activity in invertebrates and fish under the action of weak low-frequency magnetic fields]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014; 39:418-23. [PMID: 24707722 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of weak low-frequency magnetic field on intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent proteinases (calpains) of fish and invertebrates was studied in in vivo and in vitro experiments. It has been found that intravital effect of weak low-frequency magnetic field tuned to the parametric resonance for Ca2+ ions led to a significant decrease in calpain activity in examined animals. It was shown that preparations of Ca(2+)-dependent proteinases from invertebrates and fish have been also substantially inactivated at the effect of indicated factor. Observed phenomenon is in the correspondence with an interference model of the impact of weak low-frequency magnetic field on the biological objects.
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Kantserova NP, Ushakova NV, Krylov VV, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. The effect of weak low-frequency magnetic fields on the intracellular calcium-dependent proteinases of fish. BIOL BULL+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359013060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Laser capture microdissection of metachromatically stained skeletal muscle allows quantification of fiber type specific gene expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23196635 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contains various myofiber types closely associated with satellite stem cells, vasculature, and neurons, thus making it difficult to perform genetic or proteomic expression analysis with sufficient cellular specificity to resolve differences at the individual cell or myofiber type level. Here, we describe the combination of a simple histochemical method capable of simultaneously identifying Type I, IIA, IIB, and IIC myofibers followed by laser capture micro-dissection (LCM) to compare the expression profiles of individual fiber types, myonuclear domains, and satellite cells in frozen muscle sections of control and atrophied muscle. Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) was used to verify the integrity of the cell-specific RNAs harvested after histologic staining, while qPCR for specific genes of interest was used to quantify atrophy-associated changes in mRNA. Our data demonstrate that the differential myofiber atrophy previously described by histologic means is related to differential expression of atrophy-related genes, such as MuRF1 and MAFbx (a.k.a. Atrogin-1), within different myofiber type populations. This spatially resolved molecular pathology (SRMP) technique allowed quantitation of atrophy-related gene products within individual fiber types that could not be resolved by expression analysis of the whole muscle. The present study demonstrates the importance of fiber type specific expression profiling in understanding skeletal muscle biology especially during muscle atrophy and provides a practical method of performing such research.
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Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP, Ushakova NV, Nemova NN. [Proteases of calpain family in water invertebrates and fish]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:324-32. [PMID: 22997704 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activity of Ca2+-dependent proteases, or calpains (EC 3.4.22.17), in a wide range of aquatic invertebrates (Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Crustacea, Insecta, Gastropoda, Bivalvia) and vertebrates (Osteichthyes) was estimated. Detected molecular properties ofcalpains from the tissues of different species allow considering the complication of their structural organization and regulatory mechanisms between invertebrates and vertebrates in comparative-evolutionary aspect. Certain conclusions can be drawn about changes in the functional role of this proteolytic system in the cell metabolism.
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Various jobs of proteolytic enzymes in skeletal muscle during unloading: facts and speculations. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:493618. [PMID: 22496611 PMCID: PMC3303694 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles, namely, postural muscles, as soleus, suffer from atrophy under disuse. Muscle atrophy development caused by unloading differs from that induced by denervation or other stimuli. Disuse atrophy is supposed to be the result of shift of protein synthesis/proteolysis balance towards protein degradation increase. Maintaining of the balance involves many systems of synthesis and proteolysis, whose activation leads to muscle adaptation to disuse rather than muscle degeneration. Here, we review recent data on activity of signaling systems involved in muscle atrophy development under unloading and muscle adaptation to the lack of support.
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Kantserova NP, Fokina NN, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. Correlation between the activity of intracellular Ca2+-dependent proteinase and the content of membrane lipid components in mussel, Mytilus edulis, upon accumulation of heavy metals. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:86-91. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bakhmet IN, Kantserova NP, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. Effect of copper and cadmium ions on heart function and calpain activity in blue mussel Mytilus edulis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1528-1535. [PMID: 22702812 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.680393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The heart rate and calpain activity of blue mussels Mytilus edulis from the sublittoral zone, exposed to different levels of water-borne copper and cadmium, was investigated in a long-term experiment. The content of cadmium and copper in the blue mussel was determined using flame and graphite Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The observed concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 89.1 μg/g dry weight for cadmium and from 6.1 to 51.0 μg/g dry weight for copper in the control and highest concentration, respectively. Initially, increase in cardiac activity in response to copper and Cadmium exposure was observed under all pollutant concentrations (5-250 and 10-500 μg/L, respectively). The calpain-like activity in gills and hepatopancreas of the mussels treated with metals changed in dose- and time-dependent manner: from a sharp rise at the 250 μg/L concentration of copper on the first day to a significant decrease under the effect of Cadmium in the concentration of 500 μg/L on the third day of the experiment. These results suggest that: (i) heart rate oscillation may reflect active adaptation of blue mussels to contamination and (ii) animals have different sensitivity to copper and Cadmium according to the role of the metals in the mussels' life activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Bakhmet
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of RAS, Laboratory of Ecology of Fish and Water Invertebrates, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
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Ohira T, Terada M, Kawano F, Nakai N, Ogura A, Ohira Y. Region-specific responses of adductor longus muscle to gravitational load-dependent activity in Wistar Hannover rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21044. [PMID: 21731645 PMCID: PMC3120817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of adductor longus (AL) muscle to gravitational unloading and reloading was studied. Male Wistar Hannover rats (5-wk old) were hindlimb-unloaded for 16 days with or without 16-day ambulation recovery. The electromyogram (EMG) activity in AL decreased after acute unloading, but that in the rostral region was even elevated during continuous unloading. The EMG levels in the caudal region gradually increased up to 6th day, but decreased again. Approximately 97% of fibers in the caudal region were pure type I at the beginning of experiment. Mean percentage of type I fibers in the rostral region was 61% and that of type I+II and II fiber was 14 and 25%, respectively. The percent type I fibers decreased and de novo appearance of type I+II was noted after unloading. But the fiber phenotype in caudal, not rostral and middle, region was normalized after 16-day ambulation. Pronounced atrophy after unloading and re-growth following ambulation was noted in type I fibers of the caudal region. Sarcomere length in the caudal region was passively shortened during unloading, but that in the rostral region was unchanged or even stretched slightly. Growth-associated increase of myonuclear number seen in the caudal region of control rats was inhibited by unloading. Number of mitotic active satellite cells decreased after unloading only in the caudal region. It was indicated that the responses of fiber properties in AL to unloading and reloading were closely related to the region-specific neural and mechanical activities, being the caudal region more responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohira
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan.
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Tetanic contractions impair sarcomeric Z-disk of atrophic soleus muscle via calpain pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kachaeva EV, Turtikova OV, Leinsoo TA, Shenkman BS. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and the key markers of proteolysis during the acute period of reloading of the muscle atrophied under disuse. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350910060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Kantserova NP, Ushakova NV, Lysenko LA, Nemova NN. Calcium-dependent proteinases of some invertebrates and fish. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093010060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Altaeva EG, Lysenko LA, Kantserova NP, Nemova NN, Shenkman BS. The basal calcium level in fibers of the rat soleus muscle under gravitational unloading: the mechanisms of its increase and the role in calpain activation. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 433:241-3. [PMID: 20711866 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Altaeva
- Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Salazar JJ, Michele DE, Brooks SV. Inhibition of calpain prevents muscle weakness and disruption of sarcomere structure during hindlimb suspension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:120-7. [PMID: 19892928 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01080.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unloading skeletal muscle results in atrophy and weakness. Inhibition of calpain activity during unloading reduced atrophy, but the impact on force generation has not been determined. Our hypothesis was that inhibition of calpain, through muscle-specific overexpression of calpastatin, would prevent the disruption of sarcomere structure and decreased specific force (kN/m(2)) observed during unloading. Calpastatin-overexpressing (cp) and wild-type (wt) mice were subjected to 3, 9, or 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS). Compared with soleus muscles of non-suspended control mice, soleus muscles of wt mice showed a 25% decline in mass after 14 days of HS while maximum isometric force (P(o)) decreased by 40%, resulting in a specific P(o) that was 35% lower than control values. Over the same time period, muscles of cp mice demonstrated 25% declines in both mass and P(o) but no change in specific P(o). Consistent with the preservation of specific force during HS, soleus muscles of cp mice also maintained a high degree of order in sarcomere structure, in contrast to wt muscles that demonstrated misalignment of z-lines and decreased uniformity of thick filament lengths. Susceptibility to lengthening contraction-induced injury increased with the duration of HS and was not different for muscles of cp and wt mice. We conclude that inhibition of calpain activity during unloading preserves sarcomere structure such that the isometric force-generating capability is not diminished, while the effects of unloading on lengthening contraction-induced injury likely occur through calpain-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Salazar
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Shenkman BS, Nemirovskaya TL. Calcium-dependent signaling mechanisms and soleus fiber remodeling under gravitational unloading. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2009; 29:221-30. [PMID: 19130271 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-008-9164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The decrease in postural muscle fiber size, diminishing of their contractile properties, slow-to-fast shift in myosin heavy chain expression pattern are known to be the main consequences of gravitational unloading. The Ca(2+) role in these processes has been studied for about 20 years. Ingalls et al. [J Appl Physiol 87(1):382-390, 1999] found the resting Ca(2+) level increase in soleus fibers of hindlimb unloaded mice. Results obtained in our laboratory showed that systemic or local application of nifedipine (L-type Ca(2+) channels' blocker) prevents Ca(2+) accumulation in fibers. Thus, activation of dihydropyridine calcium channels can be supposed to promote resting Ca(2+) loading under disuse. So, calcium-dependent signaling pathways may play an important role in the development of some key events observed under unloading. Since 90th the increased activities of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases (calpains) were considered as the crucial effect of hypogravity-induced muscle atrophy, which was proved later. We observed maintenance of titin and nebulin relative content in soleus muscle under unloading combined with Ca(2+) chelators administration. Nifedipine administration was shown to considerably restrict the slow-to-fast transition of myosin heavy chains (MHC) under unloading (at the RNA level and at the protein level as well). To clarify the role of calcineurin/NFAT signaling system in MHC pattern transition under unloading, we blocked this pathway by cyclosporine A application. Hereby, we demonstrated that calcineurin/NFAT pathway possesses a stabilizing function counteracting the myosin phenotype transformation under gravitational unloading.
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Enns DL, Raastad T, Ugelstad I, Belcastro AN. Calpain/calpastatin activities and substrate depletion patterns during hindlimb unweighting and reweighting in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100:445-55. [PMID: 17429681 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unloading of skeletal muscle by hindlimb unweighting (HU) is characterized by atrophy, protein loss, and an elevation in intracellular Ca(2+) levels that may be sufficient to activate Ca(2+)-dependent proteases (calpains). In this study, we investigated the time course of calpain activation and the depletion pattern of a specific structural protein (desmin) with unloading and subsequent reweighting. Rats underwent 12 h, 24 h, 72 h or 9 days of HU, followed by reweighting for either 0, 12 or 24 h. Total calpain-like activity was elevated with HU in skeletal muscle (P < 0.05) and was further enhanced with reweighting (P < 0.05). The increases in calpain-like activity were associated with a proportional increase in activity of the particulate fraction (P < 0.05). Activity of the mu-calpain isoform was elevated with 12 and 24 h of HU (P < 0.05) and returned to control levels thereafter. With reweighting, activities of mu-calpain were elevated above control levels for all HU groups except 9 days (P < 0.05). In contrast, minimal changes in m-calpain and calpastatin activity were observed with HU and reweighting. Although desmin depletion levels did not reach statistical significance, a significant inverse relationship was found between the mu-calpain/calpastatin ratio and the amount of desmin in isolated myofibrils (R = -0.83, P < 0.001). The results suggest that calpain activation is an early event during unloading in skeletal muscle, and that the majority of the increase in calpain activity can be attributed to the micro-isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Enns
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
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Vermaelen M, Sirvent P, Raynaud F, Astier C, Mercier J, Lacampagne A, Cazorla O. Differential localization of autolyzed calpains 1 and 2 in slow and fast skeletal muscles in the early phase of atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1723-31. [PMID: 17182728 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00398.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpains have been proposed to be involved in the cytoskeletal remodeling and wasting of skeletal muscle. However, limited data are available about the specific involvement of each calpain in the early stages of muscle atrophy. The aims of this study were to determine whether calpains 1 and 2 are autolyzed after a short period of muscle disuse, and, if so, where in the myofibers the autolyzed products are localized. In the rat soleus muscle, 5 days of immobilization increased autolyzed calpain 1 in the particulate and not the soluble fraction. Conversely, autolyzed calpain 2 was not found in the particulate fraction, whereas it was increased in the soluble fraction after immobilization. In the less atrophied plantaris muscle, no difference was noted between the control and immobilized groups whatever the fraction or calpain. Other proteolytic pathways were also investigated. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was activated in both skeletal muscles, and caspase 3 was activated only in the soleus muscle. Taken together, our data suggest that calpains 1 and 2 are involved in atrophy development in slow type muscle exclusively and that they have different regulation and protein targets. Moreover, the activation of proteolytic pathways appears to differ in slow and fast muscles, and the proteolytic mechanisms involved in fast-type muscle atrophy remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Vermaelen
- INSERM, ERI 25, Hôpitol Arnaud de Villneuve, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Stifanese R, Averna M, Salamino F, Cantoni C, Mingari MC, Prato C, Pontremoli S, Melloni E. Characterization of the calpain/calpastatin system in human hemopoietic cell lines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 456:48-57. [PMID: 17084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As previously suggested by PCR analysis [R. DeTullio, R. Stifanese, F. Salamino, S. Pontremoli, E. Melloni, Characterization of a new p94-like calpain form in human lymphocytes, Biochem. J. 375 (2003) 689-696], a p94-like calpain was now established to be present in six different human cells resembling the various peripheral blood cell types. This protease resulted to be the predominant calpain isoforms whereas the conventional mu- and m-calpains are also expressed although at lower or almost undetectable amounts. The p94-like calpain has been identified by a specific mAb and displays unique features such as: Ca2+ requirement for half maximum activity around 30 microM; no autolytic conversion to a low Ca2+ requiring form and lower sensitivity to calpastatin inhibition. Following cell stimulation, the p94-like calpain undergoes inactivation, a process indicating that the protease is activated and participates in the cell responses to stimuli. The involvement of this protease isoform in immunocompetent cell activation is further supported by its partial recruitment on plasma membranes, the site of action of the conventional calpain forms. The amount of calpain translocated to the membranes correlates to the level of calpastatin which has been shown to control this process through the formation of a complex with calpain, which maintains the protease in the cytosol. These results provide new information on the calpain/calpastatin system expressed in immunocompetent cells and on the functional relationship between the p94-like calpain and the biological function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stifanese
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1-16132 Genova, Italy
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