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Shao H, Li S. A new perspective on HIV: effects of HIV on brain-heart axis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1226782. [PMID: 37600062 PMCID: PMC10436320 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1226782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can cause damage to multiple systems within the body, and the interaction among these various organ systems means that pathological changes in one system can have repercussions on the functions of other systems. However, the current focus of treatment and research on HIV predominantly centers around individual systems without considering the comprehensive relationship among them. The central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system play crucial roles in supporting human life, and their functions are closely intertwined. In this review, we examine the effects of HIV on the CNS, the resulting impact on the cardiovascular system, and the direct damage caused by HIV to the cardiovascular system to provide new perspectives on HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sijun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
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2
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Kustova MV, Prokofiev II, Perfilova VN, Muzyko EA, Zavadskaya VE, Varlamova SV, Kucheryavenko AS, Tyurenkov IN, Vasilyeva OS. The role of iNOS inhibition in the mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of new GABA and glutamic acid derivatives in the model of acute alcoholic myocardial injury in rats. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:112-124. [PMID: 37132493 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236902112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of new derivatives of glutamic acid (glufimet) and GABA (mefargin) were studied in rats exposed to acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) under conditions of selective blockade of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS). AAI induced a pronounced decrease in the contractile function of the myocardium during exercise tests (load by volume, test for adrenoreactivity, isometric exercise), caused mitochondrial dysfunction and increased processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in heart cells. A decrease in NO production during iNOS inhibition and AAI improved the respiratory function of mitochondria, a decreased the level of LPO products, and increased mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity of heart cells. This led to an increase in myocardial contractility. The studied compounds, glufimet and mefargin, caused a statistically significant increase in the rates of myocardial contraction and relaxation, left ventricular pressure, and also reduced NO production. This was accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of LPO processes and an increase in the respiratory control ratio (RCR), reflecting the coupling between respiration and phosphorylation processes during activation of the respiratory chain complexes I and II. The decrease in NO concentration during selective blockade of iNOS and administration of the studied substances was less pronounced than without blockade of the enzyme. This suggests the putative effect of new derivatives of neuroactive amino acids on the NO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kustova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - I I Prokofiev
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - V N Perfilova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - E A Muzyko
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - S V Varlamova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - I N Tyurenkov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - O S Vasilyeva
- Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Hamidovic A, Davis J, Soumare F, Naveed A, Ghani Y, Semiz S, Khalil D, Wardle M. Allopregnanolone Is Associated with a Stress-Induced Reduction of Heart Rate Variability in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041553. [PMID: 36836088 PMCID: PMC9967763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human survival and wellbeing require appropriate responses to stress, including a highly coordinated and efficient nervous system control of the heart rhythm. During stress, a greater disinhibition of the vagal nerve is reflective of poor stress adaptability, which may be relevant in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)-a debilitating affective condition thought to be marked by dysregulated stress processing and sensitivity to allopregnanolone. In the present study, women with PMDD (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 18), who did not take medication, smoke, or consume illicit drugs, and who were free of other psychiatric conditions, participated in the Trier Social Stress Test, during which we measured the high frequency of the heart rate (HF-HRV) and allopregnanolone using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to their baseline, women who have PMDD, but not the healthy controls, experienced a reduction in HF-HRV during stress anticipation (p ≤ 0.05) and stress (p ≤ 0.01). Their recovery from stress was significantly delayed (p ≤ 0.05). Absolute peak HF-HRV change from baseline was significantly predicted by baseline allopregnanolone only in the PMDD group (p ≤ 0.01). The present study shows how an interaction between stress and allopregnanolone-which have both been separately implicated in PMDD-underlies PMDD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - John Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fatimata Soumare
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Aamina Naveed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yaseen Ghani
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, 355 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Selma Semiz
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Rapenburg 70, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Khalil
- Education Development Center, 300 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2010, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Margaret Wardle
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison St., 1009 BSB, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Kustova MV, Perfilova VN, Prokofiev II, Musyko EA, Kucheryavenko AS, Kusnetsova EE, Tsetsera DE, Tyurenkov IN. Pharmacological correction of the sequelae of acute alcohol-induced myocardial damage with new derivatives of neuroactive amino acids coupled with the blockade of the neuronal NO synthase isoform. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.90241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) induces a number of myocardial disorders, which result in mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes, oxidative stress, and decreased cardiac contractility. Nitric oxide produced by the nNOS is one of the major modulators of cardiac activity. New derivatives of GABA (RSPU-260 compound) and glutamate (glufimet) can be potentially regarded as such agents as the interaction between the NO system and the GABA and glutamatergic systems has been proved.
Materials and methods: All the studies were performed on female white Wistar rats, aged 10 months, whose weight was 280–320g AAI intoxication was modeled of 32% ethanol (gavage, 4g/kg).
Results and discussion: Glufimet and the RSPU-260 compound caused a significant improvement in myocardial contractility, increased oxygen consumption in the V3 state according to Chance, raised the respiratory control ratio and decreased the intensity of LPO intensity. Their effectiveness exceeded that of mildronate, their comparator. nNOS inhibition resulted in a pronounced aggravation of oxidative stress implicated in MDA accumulation in cardiac mitochondria and decreased activity of SOD; myocardial contractility and mitochondrial function indicators did not show a significant difference from the control group. The compounds under study coupled with nNOS inhibition had a cardioprotective effect.
Conclusion: Glufimet and the RSPU-260 compound, derivatives of neuroactive amino acids, have a pronounced cardioprotective effect, restrict LPO processes, enhance SOD activity, improve the mitochondrial respiratory function after acute alcohol intoxication when coupled with neuronal NO-synthase inhibition, the expression of which persists after AAI.
Graphical abstract:
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5
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Rescue of Vasopressin Synthesis in Magnocellular Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus Normalises Acute Stress-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Secretion and Unmasks an Effect on Social Behaviour in Male Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031357. [PMID: 35163282 PMCID: PMC8836014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of vasopressin (AVP) of magnocellular origin to the regulation of the endocrine stress axis and related behaviour is still under discussion. We aimed to obtain deeper insight into this process. To rescue magnocellular AVP synthesis, a vasopressin-containing adeno-associated virus vector (AVP-AAV) was injected into the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats (di/di). We compared +/+, di/di, and AVP-AAV treated di/di male rats. The AVP-AAV treatment rescued the AVP synthesis in the SON both morphologically and functionally. It also rescued the peak of adrenocorticotropin release triggered by immune and metabolic challenges without affecting corticosterone levels. The elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary of di/di-rats were diminished by the AVP-AAV-treatment. The altered c-Fos synthesis in di/di-rats in response to a metabolic stressor was normalised by AVP-AAV in both the SON and medial amygdala (MeA), but not in the central and basolateral amygdala or lateral hypothalamus. In vitro electrophysiological recordings showed an AVP-induced inhibition of MeA neurons that was prevented by picrotoxin administration, supporting the possible regulatory role of AVP originating in the SON. A memory deficit in the novel object recognition test seen in di/di animals remained unaffected by AVP-AAV treatment. Interestingly, although di/di rats show intact social investigation and aggression, the SON AVP-AAV treatment resulted in an alteration of these social behaviours. AVP released from the magnocellular SON neurons may stimulate adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to defined stressors and might participate in the fine-tuning of social behaviour with a possible contribution from the MeA.
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Tumanova TS, Кokurina TN, Rybakova GI, Aleksandrov VG. Dexamethasone attenuates the modulatory effect of the insular cortex on the baroreflex in anesthetized rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:334-340. [PMID: 34644509 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The arterial baroreflex (BR) is an important neural mechanism for the stabilization of arterial pressure (AP). It is known that the insular cortex (IC) and other parts of the central autonomic network (CAN) are able to modulate the BR arc, altering baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). In addition, the sensitivity of the BR changes under the influence of hormones, in particular glucocorticoids (GC). It has been suggested that GC may influence BRS by altering the ability of the IC to modulate the BR. This hypothesis has been tested in experiments on rats anesthetized with urethane. It was found that microelectrostimulation of the visceral area in the left IC causes a short-term drop in AP, which is accompanied by bradycardia, and impairs BRS. The synthetic GC dexamethasone (DEX) did not significantly affect the magnitude of depressor responses but increased BRS and impaired the effect of IC stimulation on the BR. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis put forward and suggest that GC can attenuate the inhibitory effects of the IC on the BR arc, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sergeevna Tumanova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, 68594, Sankt Peterburg, Russian Federation.,Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 104720, Biology, Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation;
| | | | | | - Viacheslav G Aleksandrov
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, 68594, 6, nab. Makarova, Sankt Peterburg, Russian Federation, 199034;
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Perfilova VN, Kustova MV, Popova TA, Khusainova GH, Prokofiev II, Nesterova KI, Tyurenkov IN. Cardioprotective effects of a new glutamic acid derivative in chronic alcohol intoxication. Alcohol 2021; 93:1-10. [PMID: 33737055 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for heart damage and deterioration of its inotropic function. Currently, there is no pathogenetic pharmacological treatment for alcohol-induced myocardial injury. Therefore, the study of drugs with cardioprotective action is of current interest. Our earlier studies of stress-induced heart damage showed that a new derivative of glutamic acid - glufimet - protects the myocardium's inotropic function and limits lipid peroxidation. Additionally, we found that it increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improves mitochondrial respiration. The purpose of our study was to assess the effect of glufimet on the heart after chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI). The comparison drug was mildronate, which possesses cardioprotective properties and is used to treat alcohol withdrawal. We conducted our study using female Wistar rats (10 months old, 280-320 g). CAI was simulated by replacing drinking water with a 10% ethanol solution sweetened with sucrose (50 g/L) over a period of 24 weeks. The day after the animals stopped ethanol solution drinking, the control group was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a saline solution once a day for 14 days, while the experimental groups received glufimet (28.7 mg/kg) and the drug of comparison mildronate (50 mg/kg), respectively. After that, we studied the heart contractility by measuring volume load, adrenergic reactivity, and maximum isometric load. Under CAI, the control group showed significantly lower growth in left ventricular pressure (LVP), myocardium contraction rate, and relaxation rate during functional tests. Higher concentrations of LPO products (malondialdehyde) and low activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), indicating a disturbance in mitochondrial respiration compared to the control group, were registered. While being treated with glufimet and mildronate, the animals demonstrated higher growth rates of myocardial contraction, myocardial relaxation, and LVP, compared to the control group. Mitochondrial functioning and activity of the antioxidant enzymes increased in the same group as well.
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Rasia-Filho AA, Guerra KTK, Vásquez CE, Dall’Oglio A, Reberger R, Jung CR, Calcagnotto ME. The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:616607. [PMID: 33776739 PMCID: PMC7991104 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.616607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical and subcortical areas integrate emotion, memory, and cognition when interpreting various environmental stimuli for the elaboration of complex, evolved social behaviors. Pyramidal neurons occur in developed phylogenetic areas advancing along with the allocortex to represent 70-85% of the neocortical gray matter. Here, we illustrate and discuss morphological features of heterogeneous spiny pyramidal neurons emerging from specific amygdaloid nuclei, in CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions, and in neocortical layers II/III and V of the anterolateral temporal lobe in humans. Three-dimensional images of Golgi-impregnated neurons were obtained using an algorithm for the visualization of the cell body, dendritic length, branching pattern, and pleomorphic dendritic spines, which are specialized plastic postsynaptic units for most excitatory inputs. We demonstrate the emergence and development of human pyramidal neurons in the cortical and basomedial (but not the medial, MeA) nuclei of the amygdala with cells showing a triangular cell body shape, basal branched dendrites, and a short apical shaft with proximal ramifications as "pyramidal-like" neurons. Basomedial neurons also have a long and distally ramified apical dendrite not oriented to the pial surface. These neurons are at the beginning of the allocortex and the limbic lobe. "Pyramidal-like" to "classic" pyramidal neurons with laminar organization advance from the CA3 to the CA1 hippocampal regions. These cells have basal and apical dendrites with specific receptive synaptic domains and several spines. Neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V display heterogeneous dendritic branching patterns adapted to the space available and the afferent inputs of each brain area. Dendritic spines vary in their distribution, density, shapes, and sizes (classified as stubby/wide, thin, mushroom-like, ramified, transitional forms, "atypical" or complex forms, such as thorny excrescences in the MeA and CA3 hippocampal region). Spines were found isolated or intermingled, with evident particularities (e.g., an extraordinary density in long, deep CA1 pyramidal neurons), and some showing a spinule. We describe spiny pyramidal neurons considerably improving the connectional and processing complexity of the brain circuits. On the other hand, these cells have some vulnerabilities, as found in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease and in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kétlyn T. Knak Guerra
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escobar Vásquez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dall’Oglio
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roman Reberger
- Medical Engineering Program, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cláudio R. Jung
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Miyazaki S, Fujita Y, Oikawa H, Takekoshi H, Soya H, Ogata M, Fujikawa T. Combination of syringaresinol-di-O-β-D-glucoside and chlorogenic acid shows behavioral pharmacological anxiolytic activity and activation of hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18177. [PMID: 33097741 PMCID: PMC7584579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental stress, such as anxiety and conflict, causes physiological changes such as dysregulation of autonomic nervous activity, depression, and gastric ulcers. It also induces glucocorticoid production and changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. We previously reported that Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS (ASH) exhibited anxiolytic activity. Thus, we attempted to identify the anxiolytic constituents of ASH and investigated its influence on hippocampal BDNF protein expression in male Sprague Dawley rats administered chlorogenic acid (CHA), ( +)-syringaresinol-di-O-β-D-glucoside (SYG), or a mixture of both (Mix) for 1 week using the open field test (OFT) and improved elevated beam walking (IEBW) test. As with ASH and the benzodiazepine anxiolytic cloxazolam (CLO), Mix treatment significantly increased locomotor activity in the OFT. CHA and Mix increased the time spent in the open arm in the IEBW test. SYG and Mix treatment inhibited the significant increase in normalized low-frequency power, indicative of sympathetic nervous activity, and significant decrease in normalized high-frequency power, indicative of parasympathetic nervous activity, as observed in the IEBW test. SYG and Mix treatment significantly increased hippocampal BDNF protein expression. The combination of CHA and SYG possibly induces anxiolytic behavior and modulates autonomic regulation, activates hippocampal BDNF signaling as with ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Prophylaxis and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Oikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Hideo Takekoshi
- Production and Development Department, Sun Chlorella Corp., 369 Osaka-cho, Karasuma-dori Gojo-sagaru, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8177, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Masato Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry and Proteomics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiko Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Prophylaxis and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Mie, 513-8670, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Mie, 513-8670, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Proteomics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Fogazzi DV, Neary JP, Sonza A, Reppold CT, Kaiser V, Scassola CM, Casali KR, Rasia-Filho AA. The prefrontal cortex conscious and unconscious response to social/emotional facial expressions involve sex, hemispheric laterality, and selective activation of the central cardiac modulation. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112773. [PMID: 32544509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human prefrontal cortex (PFC) processes complex sensory information for the elaboration of social behaviors. The non-invasive neuroimaging technique near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) identifies hemodynamic changes and concentration of oxygenated (HbO2) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin in the cerebral cortex. We studied the responses detected by NIRS in the right and left PFC activation of 28 participants (n = 14 adult young females and males) while processing social/emotional facial expressions, i.e., in conscious perception of different expressions (neutral, happy, sad, angry, disgust, and fearful) and in unconscious/masked perception of negative expressions (fearful and disgust overlapped by neutral). The power spectral analysis from concomitant ECG signals revealed the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of cardiac responses. We found higher HbO2 values in the right PFC of females than in males during, and in the left PFC after, following the conscious perception of the happy face. In males, the left PFC increased and the right PFC decreased HbO2 while viewing the happy expression. In both sexes, HHb values were higher during the masked presentation of disgust than fearful expression, and after the masked presentation of fearful expression than during it. Higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic activity (LF/ HF components) occurred in females when consciously and unconsciously processing negative emotions (p < 0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate that the human PFC displays a selective activation depending on sex, hemispheric laterality, attention, time for responding to conscious and unconscious emotionally loaded stimuli with simulataneous centrally modulated cardiovascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora V Fogazzi
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Graduation Program in Biosciences, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J Patrick Neary
- University of Regina, Centre for Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Anelise Sonza
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Graduation Program in Physiotherapy, Florianópolis,SC, Brazil
| | - Caroline T Reppold
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Department of Psychology, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kaiser
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Department of Psychology, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil
| | - Catharina M Scassola
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina R Casali
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Graduation Program in Biosciences, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Koenig J. Neurovisceral regulatory circuits of affective resilience in youth. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13568. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koenig
- Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Centre for Psychosocial Medicine University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- KOENIG Group University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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12
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Costa-Ferreira W, Gomes-de-Souza L, Crestani CC. AT2 and MAS (but not AT1) angiotensinergic receptors in the medial amygdaloid nucleus modulate the baroreflex activity in rats. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1173-1182. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Calegari L, Mozzaquattro BB, Rossato DD, Quagliotto E, Ferreira JB, Rasia-Filho A, Dal Lago P. Exercise training attenuates the pressor response evoked by peripheral chemoreflex in rats with heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:979-86. [PMID: 27295522 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise training (ExT) on the pressor response elicited by potassium cyanide (KCN) in the rat model of ischemia-induced heart failure (HF) are unknown. We evaluated the effects of ExT on chemoreflex sensitivity and its interaction with baroreflex in rats with HF. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: trained HF (Tr-HF), sedentary HF (Sed-HF), trained sham (Tr-Sham), and sedentary sham (Sed-Sham). Trained animals underwent to a treadmill running protocol for 8 weeks (60 m/day, 5 days/week, 16 m/min). After ExT, arterial pressure (AP), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), peripheral chemoreflex (KCN: 100 μg/kg body mass), and cardiac function were evaluated. The results demonstrate that ExT induces an improvement in BRS and attenuates the pressor response to KCN relative to the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The improvement in BRS was associated with a reduction in the pressor response following ExT in HF rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, ExT induced a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary congestion compared with the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The pressor response to KCN in the hypotensive state is decreased in sedentary HF rats. These results suggest that ExT improves cardiac function and BRS and attenuates the pressor response evoked by KCN in HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calegari
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,b Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, University of Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Mozzaquattro
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Quagliotto
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaina B Ferreira
- d Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Rasia-Filho
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,e Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Jouett NP, Watenpaugh DE, Dunlap ME, Smith ML. Interactive effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and lung volume on sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1018-29. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Jouett
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Donald E. Watenpaugh
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Fort Worth TX USA
- Sleep Consultants of Texas; Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Mark E. Dunlap
- Department of Medicine; Metro Health System; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Fort Worth TX USA
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15
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Fortaleza EAT, Ferreira-Junior NC, Lagatta DC, Resstel LBM, Corrêa FMA. The medial amygdaloid nucleus modulates the baroreflex activity in conscious rats. Auton Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26213356 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) is involved in cardiovascular control. In the present study we report the effect of MeA pharmacological ablations caused by bilateral microinjections of the nonselective synaptic blocker CoCl2 on cardiac baroreflex responses in rats. MeA synaptic inhibition evoked by local bilateral microinjection of 100 nL of CoCl2 (1 mM) did not affect blood pressure or heart rate baseline, suggesting no tonic MeA influence on resting cardiovascular parameters. However, 10 min after CoCl2 microinjection into the MeA of male Wistar rats, the reflex bradycardic response evoked by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine was significantly enhanced when compared with the reflex bradycardic response observed before CoCl2. The treatment did not affect the tachycardic responses to the intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Baroreflex activity returned to control values 60 min after CoCl2 microinjections, confirming a reversible blockade. The present results indicate an involvement of the MeA in baroreflex modulation, suggesting that synapses in the MeA have an inhibitory influence on the bradycardic component of the baroreflex in conscious rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilson Carlos Ferreira-Junior
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Davi Campos Lagatta
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Moraes Resstel
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgan Aguiar Corrêa
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil.
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16
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Lima JW, Hentschke VS, Rossato DD, Quagliotto E, Pinheiro L, Almeida E, Dal Lago P, Lukrafka JL. Chronic electroacupuncture of the ST36 point improves baroreflex function and haemodynamic parameters in heart failure rats. Auton Neurosci 2015; 193:31-7. [PMID: 26032957 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used to treat many diseases, including heart failure (HF). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic stimulation in the ST36 acupuncture point on haemodynamic parameters and baroreflex function in rats with HF. Cardiovascular parameters assessed were heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and the reflex cardiovascular response of HR triggered by stimulation of baroreceptors in animals with HF subsequent to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham Control - animals without HF and without EA; HF Control group - animals with HF and without EA; and HF EA group - animals with HF that received the EA protocol. Six weeks after surgical induction of AMI, the EA protocol (8 weeks, 5 times a week) was performed. The protocol was applied with EA at the ST36 point, frequency of 2 Hz, pulse of 0.3 ms and intensity of 1-3 mA for 30 min. Haemodynamic parameters and baroreceptor function were assessed. There was no difference between groups in the variables HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), which were evaluated with awake animals (p>0.05). There was an increase in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the HF EA group compared to the HF Control group (p<0.05). The maximum gain of the baroreflex heart rate response (Gain) was higher in the HF EA group than the HF Control and Sham Control groups. Chronic EA in the ST36 point increased the MAP and baroreflex sensitivity in rats with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lima
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - V S Hentschke
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - D D Rossato
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil; Centro Universitário Franciscano, Brazil
| | - E Quagliotto
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - L Pinheiro
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - E Almeida
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - P Dal Lago
- Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - J L Lukrafka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil.
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17
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Quagliotto E, Casali KR, Dal Lago P, Rasia-Filho AA. Neuropeptides in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate central cardiovascular reflex responses in awake male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:128-39. [PMID: 25424367 PMCID: PMC4321218 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) links emotionally charged sensory stimuli to social behavior, and is part of the supramedullary control of the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of microinjections of neuroactive peptides markedly found in the MePD, namely oxytocin (OT, 10 ng and 25 pg; n=6/group), somatostatin (SST, 1 and 0.05 μM; n=8 and 5, respectively), and angiotensin II (Ang II, 50 pmol and 50 fmol; n=7/group), on basal cardiovascular activity and on baroreflex- and chemoreflex-mediated responses in awake adult male rats. Power spectral and symbolic analyses were applied to pulse interval and systolic arterial pressure series to identify centrally mediated sympathetic/parasympathetic components in the heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV). No microinjected substance affected basal parameters. On the other hand, compared with the control data (saline, 0.3 µL; n=7), OT (10 ng) decreased mean AP (MAP50) after baroreflex stimulation and increased both the mean AP response after chemoreflex activation and the high-frequency component of the HRV. OT (25 pg) increased overall HRV but did not affect any parameter of the symbolic analysis. SST (1 μM) decreased MAP50, and SST (0.05 μM) enhanced the sympathovagal cardiac index. Both doses of SST increased HRV and its low-frequency component. Ang II (50 pmol) increased HRV and reduced the two unlike variations pattern of the symbolic analysis (P<0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate neuropeptidergic actions in the MePD for both the increase in the range of the cardiovascular reflex responses and the involvement of the central sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on HRV and APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quagliotto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde/Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - K R Casali
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil
| | - P Dal Lago
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - A A Rasia-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde/Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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18
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Hernandez ME, Hayward LF. Effect of DOCA/salt hypertension on CRF expression in the amygdala and the autonomic stress response in conscious rats. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Brain metabolites in autonomic regulatory insular sites in heart failure. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:271-5. [PMID: 25248953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic, pain, and neuropsychologic comorbidities appear in heart failure (HF), likely resulting from brain changes, indicated as loss of structural integrity and functional deficits. Among affected brain sites, the anterior insulae are prominent in serving major regulatory roles in many of the disrupted functions commonly seen in HF. Metabolite levels, including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (MI), could indicate the nature of anterior insula tissue injury in HF. The study aim was to assess anterior insular metabolites to determine processes mediating autonomic, pain, and neuropsychologic disruptions in HF. We performed magnetic resonance spectroscopy in bilateral anterior insulae in 11 HF and 53 controls, using a 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Peaks for NAA at 2.02 ppm, Cr at 3.02 ppm, Cho at 3.2 ppm, and MI at 3.56 ppm were assigned, peak areas were calculated, and metabolites were expressed as ratios, including NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and MI/Cr. HF patients showed significantly increased Cho/Cr ratios, indicative of glial proliferation or injury, on the left anterior insula, and reduced NAA/Cr levels, suggesting neuronal loss/dysfunction, on the right anterior insula over controls. No differences in MI/Cr ratios appeared between groups. Right anterior insular neuronal loss and left glial alterations may contribute to distorted autonomic, pain, and neuropsychologic functions found in HF.
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Yadav SK, Kumar R, Macey PM, Woo MA, Yan-Go FL, Harper RM. Insular cortex metabolite changes in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2014; 37:951-8. [PMID: 24790274 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show significant autonomic and neuropsychologic deficits, which may derive from damage to insular regions that serve those functions. The aim was to assess glial and neuronal status from anterior insular metabolites in OSA versus controls, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PMRS), and thus to provide insights for neuroprotection against tissue changes, and to reduce injury consequences. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University-based medical center. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six patients with OSA, 53 controls. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We performed PMRS in bilateral anterior insulae using a 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner, calculated N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr), choline/creatine (Cho/Cr), myo-inositol/creatine (MI/Cr), and MI/NAA metabolite ratios, and examined daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), and neuropsychologic status (Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI-II] and Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]). Body mass index, BAI, BDI-II, PSQI, and ESS significantly differed between groups. NAA/ Cr ratios were significantly reduced bilaterally, and left-sided MI/Cr and MI/NAA ratios were increased in OSA over controls. Significant positive correlations emerged between left insular MI/Cr ratios and apnea-hypopnea index values, right insular Cho/Cr ratios and BDI-II and BAI scores, and negative correlations appeared between left insular NAA/Cr ratios and PSQI scores and between right-side MI/Cr ratios and baseline and nadir change in O2 saturation. CONCLUSIONS Adults with obstructive sleep apnea showed bilaterally reduced N-acetylaspartate and left-side increased myo-inositol anterior insular metabolites, indicating neuronal damage and increased glial activation, respectively, which may contribute to abnormal autonomic and neuropsychologic functions in the condition. The activated glial status likely indicates increased inflammatory action that may induce more neuronal injury, and suggests separate approaches for glial and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Yadav
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA ; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA ; the Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul M Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA ; the Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary A Woo
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frisca L Yan-Go
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Ronald M Harper
- the Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA ; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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Jackson KL, Palma-Rigo K, Nguyen-Huu TP, Davern PJ, Head GA. Major Contribution of the Medial Amygdala to Hypertension in BPH/2J Genetically Hypertensive Mice. Hypertension 2014; 63:811-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Jackson
- From the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., K.P.-R., T.-P.N.-H., P.J.D., G.A.H.); and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., G.A.H.)
| | - Kesia Palma-Rigo
- From the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., K.P.-R., T.-P.N.-H., P.J.D., G.A.H.); and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., G.A.H.)
| | - Thu-Phuc Nguyen-Huu
- From the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., K.P.-R., T.-P.N.-H., P.J.D., G.A.H.); and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., G.A.H.)
| | - Pamela J. Davern
- From the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., K.P.-R., T.-P.N.-H., P.J.D., G.A.H.); and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., G.A.H.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Head
- From the Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., K.P.-R., T.-P.N.-H., P.J.D., G.A.H.); and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (K.L.J., G.A.H.)
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