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B Chromosomes’ Sequences in Yellow-Necked Mice Apodemus flavicollis—Exploring the Transcription. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010050. [PMID: 35054443 PMCID: PMC8781039 DOI: 10.3390/life12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are highly polymorphic additional chromosomes in the genomes of many species. Due to the dispensability of Bs and the lack of noticeable phenotypic effects in their carriers, they were considered genetically inert for a long time. Recent studies on Bs in Apodemus flavicollis revealed their genetic composition, potential origin, and spatial organization in the interphase nucleus. Surprisingly, the genetic content of Bs in this species is preserved in all studied samples, even in geographically distinct populations, indicating its biological importance. Using RT-PCR we studied the transcription activity of three genes (Rraga, Haus6, and Cenpe) previously identified on Bs in A. flavicollis. We analysed mRNA isolated from spleen tissues of 34 animals harboring different numbers of Bs (0–3).The products of transcriptional activity of the analysed sequences differ in individuals with and without Bs. We recorded B-genes and/or genes from the standard genome in the presence of Bs, showing sex-dependent higher levels of transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of Cenpe varied with the age of the animals differently in the group with and without Bs. With aging, the amount of product was only found to significantly decrease in B carriers. The potential biological significance of all these differences is discussed in the paper.
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Stelzer CP, Pichler M, Hatheuer A. Linking genome size variation to population phenotypic variation within the rotifer, Brachionus asplanchnoidis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:596. [PMID: 34011946 PMCID: PMC8134563 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms usually contain much more genomic DNA than expected from their biological complexity. In explaining this pattern, selection-based hypotheses suggest that genome size evolves through selection acting on correlated life history traits, implicitly assuming the existence of phenotypic effects of (extra) genomic DNA that are independent of its information content. Here, we present conclusive evidence of such phenotypic effects within a well-mixed natural population that shows heritable variation in genome size. We found that genome size is positively correlated with body size, egg size, and embryonic development time in a population of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus asplanchnoidis. The effect on embryonic development time was mediated partly by an indirect effect (via egg size), and a direct effect, the latter indicating an increased replication cost of the larger amounts of DNA during mitosis. Our results suggest that selection-based change of genome size can operate in this population, provided it is strong enough to overcome drift or mutational change of genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pichler
- University of Innsbruck, Mondseestr. 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Anita Hatheuer
- University of Innsbruck, Mondseestr. 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria
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Dhar MK, Kour J, Kaul S. Origin, Behaviour, and Transmission of B Chromosome with Special Reference to Plantago lagopus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E152. [PMID: 30781667 PMCID: PMC6410184 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes have been reported in many eukaryotic organisms. These chromosomes occur in addition to the standard complement of a species. Bs do not pair with any of the A chromosomes and they have generally been considered to be non-essential and genetically inert. However, due to tremendous advancements in the technologies, the molecular composition of B chromosomes has been determined. The sequencing data has revealed that B chromosomes have originated from A chromosomes and they are rich in repetitive elements. In our laboratory, a novel B chromosome was discovered in Plantago lagopus. Using molecular cytogenetic techniques, the B chromosome was found to be composed of ribosomal DNA sequences. However, further characterization of the chromosome using next generation sequencing (NGS) etc. revealed that the B chromosome is a mosaic of sequences derived from A chromosomes, 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 45S rDNA, and various types of repetitive elements. The transmission of B chromosome through the female sex track did not follow the Mendelian principles. The chromosome was found to have drive due to which it was perpetuating in populations. The present paper attempts to summarize the information on nature, transmission, and origin of B chromosomes, particularly the current status of our knowledge in P. lagopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Dhar
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
| | - Jasmeet Kour
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India.
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Host B chromosomes as potential sex ratio distorters of intestinal nematode infrapopulations in the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). J Helminthol 2018; 93:552-558. [PMID: 30001752 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, can be considered as a model for genetic polymorphism produced by the frequent presence of supernumerary or B chromosomes (Bs). Host genetic background is rarely taken into account in studies of parasite sex ratio. The main aim of this study was to investigate the range of infrapopulation sex ratios for nematode parasites of the yellow-necked mouse and to determine which factors most influence variation in parasite sex ratios. Six nematode species found in the collected yellow-necked mice were analysed. We confirmed the predominant pattern of female-biased sex ratios in vertebrate parasite infrapopulations. The presence of B chromosomes in host genomes played an important role in infrapopulations of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia stroma and Trichuris muris, as hosts with B chromosomes carried a higher proportion of males. The relative increase of males in infrapopulations could result from a shift in parasite life history strategy, induced by adaptation to the specific host genotypes (Bs present). In a meta-analysis with previously published data, the sex determination system was demonstrated to play a significant role in nematode sex ratio variation, as well as specific life history patterns, such as the place of egg hatching.
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Yalkovskaya LE, Sibiryakov PA, Zykov SV. Genetic Variability in the Yellow-Necked Field Mouse (Sylvaemus flavicollis Melch., 1834, Muridae, Rodentia) at the Eastern Border of the Range. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rajičić M, Romanenko SA, Karamysheva TV, Blagojević J, Adnađević T, Budinski I, Bogdanov AS, Trifonov VA, Rubtsov NB, Vujošević M. The origin of B chromosomes in yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis)-Break rules but keep playing the game. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172704. [PMID: 28329013 PMCID: PMC5362141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are known for more than hundred years but their origin, structure and pattern of evolution are not well understood. In the past few years new methodological approaches, involving isolation of Bs followed by whole DNA amplification, DNA probe generation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or the B chromosome DNA sequencing, has allowed detailed analysis of their origin and molecular structure in different species. In this study we explored the origin of Bs in the yellow-necked wood mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, using generation of microdissected DNA probes followed by FISH on metaphase chromosomes. Bs of A. flavicollis were successfully isolated and DNA was used as the template for B-specific probes for the first time. We revealed homology of DNA derived from the analyzed B chromosomes to the pericentromeric region (PR) of sex chromosomes and subtelomeric region of two pairs of small autosomes, but lower homology to the rest of the Y chromosome. Moreover, all analysed Bs had the same structure regardless of their number per individual or the great geographic distance between examined populations from the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia) and Eastern Europe (south region of Russia and central Belarus). Therefore, it was suggested that B chromosomes in A. flavicollis have a unique common origin from the PR of sex chromosomes, and/or similar evolutionary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajičić
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - S A Romanenko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - T V Karamysheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - J Blagojević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - T Adnađević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - I Budinski
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
| | - A S Bogdanov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, RAS, Moscow Russia
| | - V A Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - N B Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Russia
| | - M Vujošević
- Department for Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia
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Ploskaya-Chaibi M, Voitovich AM, Novitsky RV, Bouhadad R. B-chromosome and V-shaped spot asymmetry in the common frog (Rana temporaria L.) populations. C R Biol 2015; 338:161-8. [PMID: 25601641 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The common frog Rana temporaria is characterised by a large variety of colorations and dorsal patterns manifested by a V-shaped spot, which differs in the form, the number of elements and in the regularity. Some populations of R. temporaria are polymorphic for B-chromosome. V-shaped spot asymmetry and B-chromosome occurrence was studied in seven R. temporaria populations inventoried from Belarus country. The analysis of the dorsal V-shaped spot pattern asymmetry in brown frog populations implies that the persistence of additional chromosomes in populations may be one of the factors disturbing the developmental stability of some individuals. Although, Bs may confer some selective advantage to their carriers, which makes them react differently to environmental changes from do non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ploskaya-Chaibi
- Laboratory of biodiversity and environment: interaction, genome, Algiers University (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Algiers, Algeria; Faculty of biological and agronomical sciences, Tizi-Ouzou University (UMMTO), Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria.
| | - Alexander M Voitovich
- State Enterprise "Republican scientific practical centre of hygiene", ul. Akademicheskaya 27, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Ruslan V Novitsky
- Wild-life conservation department, Centre for bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB), ul. Akademicheskaja 27, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Rachid Bouhadad
- Laboratory of biodiversity and environment: interaction, genome, Algiers University (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Algiers, Algeria
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Adnađević T, Jovanović VM, Blagojević J, Budinski I, Čabrilo B, Bijelić-Čabrilo O, Vujošević M. Possible influence of B chromosomes on genes included in immune response and parasite burden in Apodemus flavicollis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112260. [PMID: 25372668 PMCID: PMC4221283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic background underlying wild populations immune response to different parasites is still not well understood. We studied immune response to multiple infections and to competition between different parasite species at different developmental stages in population of yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate associations of MHC II-DRB, IL-10 and Tgf-β genes expressions with presence of intestinal parasites at different developmental stages. Furthermore, we were interested whether the host related characteristics (sex, age, body condition, presence of B chromosomes or expression of other genes) or characteristics of present parasites (number of adult parasites of each identified species, egg count of each parasite genus, total number of nematode individuals) affect differential expression of the studied genes. A significant invert association between the expression of MHC II-DRB and Tgf-β gene was found, which together with absence of IL-10 association confirmed modified Th2 as the main type of immune response to nematode infections. Effect of recorded parasites and parasite life-cycle stage on expression levels of MHC II-DRB gene was detected only through interactions with host-related characteristics such as sex, age, and the presence of B chromosomes. The presence of B chromosomes is associated with lower expression level of Tgf-β gene. Although the influence of host genetic background on parasite infection has already been well documented, this is the first study in mammals that gave presence of B chromosomes on immune response full consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Adnađević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | - Vladimir M. Jovanović
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Budinski
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Borislav Čabrilo
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Olivera Bijelić-Čabrilo
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mladen Vujošević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Rosetti N, Remis MI. Latitudinal clines in the grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus: coevolution of the A genome and B chromosomes? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:719-32. [PMID: 23517446 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Argentine populations of Dichroplus elongatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are polymorphic for B chromosomes. Previous studies showed that B chromosomes affect body size and some fitness components in Northwestern populations. We studied phenotype and B's variation patterns along a latitudinal cline as well as the relationship between karyotype and body size related traits in 17 populations from East. Body size related traits showed a 'saw tooth' pattern of variation being small at low and high latitudes and large at intermediate latitudes in most of the analysed populations. Analyses of variance and principal components demonstrated that in most analysed populations B carrier males are associated with a decrease in body size related traits with respect to individuals with standard karyotype. Accordingly with the relationship between karyotype and body size, an opposite pattern of latitudinal variation in the frequencies of B's with respect to body size variation was observed in this area. i.e. smaller individuals tend to have a higher frequency of B chromosomes. The comparison of the differentiation of both karyotype and body size traits with molecular neutral markers demonstrated the relative importance of selection moulding chromosome and phenotype variation. The observed pattern of phenotypic variation is likely to be the result of local adaptation to season length along the latitudinal gradient. The observed contrary pattern of B's clinal variation may reflect the population ability to maintain this chromosome in relation to the local adaptation. The available evidence indicates that the distribution of B chromosome frequency was shaped by selective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rosetti
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Aires, Argentina
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Ljubljana BK. Preface. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v61.i3.a2.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Genetic differentiation in populations of the yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, harbouring B chromosomes in different frequencies. POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jojić V, Blagojević J, Vujošević M. B chromosomes and cranial variability in yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicollis). J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-158.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Distribution of B chromosomes in age categories of the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Mammalia, Rodentia). ARCH BIOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0904653v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of B chromosomes (Bs) is frequently found in populations of yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis. Differences in frequencies of Bs in age categories were analyzed in 717 animals in order to clarify the mechanisms of their maintenance in populations of A. flavicollis. The absence of statistically significant differences in the frequency of Bs between six age categories indicates that the maintenance of Bs in populations can be explained by in terms of their contribution to overall genetic diversity of the species rather than by parasitic behavior.
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Do B chromosomes affect fecundity in yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis (Rodentia, Mammalia)? ARCH BIOL SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0604221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the presence of B chromosomes on fecundity of the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis were studied in 46 females without and 28 with Bs from four localities in Serbia. Uterine inspection showed that there was no significant difference in the mean number of scars and embryos between females with and those without Bs. Thus, B chromosomes do not appear to affect the fecundity of females carrying them, indicating that the presence of Bs does not affect fitness characteristics.
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Wójcik JM, Wójcik AM, Macholán M, Piálek J, Zima J. The mammalian model for population studies of B chromosomes: the wood mouse (Apodemus). Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 106:264-70. [PMID: 15292601 DOI: 10.1159/000079297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of B chromosomes was reported in six species of the genus Apodemus (A. peninsulae, A. agrarius, A. sylvaticus, A. flavicollis, A. mystacinus, A. argenteus). High frequencies of Bs were recorded particularly in A. peninsulae and A. flavicollis. The origin of Bs in Apodemus seems to be rather ancient, and it is possible that the supernumerary elements, and/or a tendency for their appearance, were inherited from the common ancestor of the extant species. We have not found any correlated changes between frequencies of Bs and the level of protein polymorphism and/or heterozygosity assessed in electrophoretic studies. No measurable effect of Bs on overall genetic variability was thus revealed in studied populations. The pattern of evolutionary dynamics of Bs can be distinctly different between geographical populations, and both the parasitic and the heterotic models can be applied to explain the maintenance of Bs in different populations. Further studies are desirable to improve our understanding of the complicated evolutionary dynamics of Bs in the Apodemus species. An essential condition for success in this respect is much more detailed information on inheritance and the molecular structure of Bs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wójcik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Białowieza, Poland
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Vujosević M, Blagojević J. B chromosomes in populations of mammals. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 106:247-56. [PMID: 15292599 DOI: 10.1159/000079295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) have been found in 55 out of 4629 living species of mammals. The summarized data show great variability in types of mammalian Bs, including differences in size, shape and molecular composition. This variability extends to the origin, mode of transmission and population dynamics. In general, B chromosomes in mammals do not differ from Bs found in other animal or plant species, but some peculiarities do exist. Most species in which Bs are found are widespread. Some data support the view that Bs may contribute to the successful expansion of some of these species, but it is possible that Bs are just more easily scored in them due to their frequent occurrence. Most of these species are also characterized by cycling fluctuations of abundance and characteristic social organization that produce conditions favorable for Bs to spread. All areas of research on Bs in mammals suffer from lack of data, emphasizing the necessity for intensified research on the molecular structure and ways of maintenance of Bs in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vujosević
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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