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Denisova SA, Shchenkov SV, Lebedenkov VV. Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the nervous system of adult Renicola parvicaudatus (Digenea: Renicolidae). J Morphol 2024; 285:e21672. [PMID: 38361267 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The digenean complex life cycle includes various morphological forms with different locomotory and behavioral activities, and the functional specialization of their nervous system is of importance for the transmission of these parasites. Adult digeneans acquire many adaptive features associated with the final settlement in a vertebrate host. Our study describes the general morphology and ultrastructure of the nervous system of the adult renicolid digenean Renicola parvicaudatus parasitizing the renal tubules of herring gulls. Using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods, we identified the distinctive characteristics of ganglia and synapses in the studied species. A comparative analysis of the organization of the nervous system of adult individuals and their continuously-swimming stylet cercariae revealed a number of stage-related differences in the composition of ganglia, the distribution of serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons, the cytomorphology of neuron somata and free sensory endings. Thus, in adults, the presence of FMRFamide-positive neuron somata, accessory muscle bundles in the ganglionic cortex, and eight types of neuronal vesicles was detected, but no glia-like elements were identified. Their neurons are characterized by a larger volume of cytoplasm and also show greater ultrastructural diversity. Although the sensory papillae of adults do not vary in their external morphology as much as those of larvae, their sensory bulbs are more diverse in cytomorphology. Following our previous data on the "support" cell processes related to various tissues of the larvae and considered as glia-like structures, we also briefly present the identified features of the parenchyma, attachment organs and excretory system of adult individuals. The excretory system of adult R. parvicaudatus is characterized by the presence of unique terminal cells with several flame tufts, which are not typical either for the larvae of this species or for other digeneans studied so far. We also used molecular phylogenetic analysis to clarify species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Denisova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei V Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Lebedenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA, Saitov VR, Kolesnikov IA. The neuro-exocrine secretion: A new type of gland in tapeworms? ZOOLOGY 2023; 160:126119. [PMID: 37683517 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of exocrine secretion via nervous cells into the host tissue has been discovered in cestodes. In five cestode species of different orders specialized "cup-shaped" free nerve endings located in the tegument have been found. Their ultrastructure is characterized by the presence of a septate junction, a thin support ring and neurosecretory vesicles 90-110 nm in diameter, which are secreted onto the surface of the tegument through a thin pore. The phenomenon is referred to in this article as the neuro-exocrine secretion. We observed a direct relationship between neurosecretory processes in the deep subtegument and free endings in a series of ultrathin sections in two species. The peripheral neurosecretory neurons of species studied are characterized by similar ultrastructural features: size and location; diameter of neurosecretory granules; absence of microtubules and mitochondria in the neurites. The size of neurosecretory granules has been found to decrease from perikaryon towards neurosecretory terminals that lead to the tegument. In two species, we examined the neurosecretion during incubation in the host's blood serum. Depending on the time of incubation we have shown the changes a) in the diameter of the cup-shaped endings, b) in the number of secretory vesicles in the endings; c) changes in number and diameter of neurosecretory vesicles in the processes of neurosecretory neurons in the subtegument. The detected changes differ in D.dendriticus and L.interrupta and, taken together, indirectly confirm the secretory specialization of the cup-shaped endings. Supposed targets for the neurosecretory neurons in the studied cestodes are the following: (a) eccrine frontal gland ducts, especially their terminal regions involved in the release of secretory products; (b) longitudinal and circular muscles in the subtegument region; (c) the basal membrane of the tegument. Besides the discovered secretion vesicles through the cup-shaped terminals, we observed vacuoles derived from the basal membrane of the tegument containing extracellular substances released into the host tissue. Their possible role in the release of neurosecretory substances is discussed. Considering the data acquired via immunocytochemical methods, an assumption about involvement of FMRFamide-like related peptides (FaRPs) in the neuro-exocrine secretion is proposed. Possible functions of the neuro-exocrine secretion are discussed in the context of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Biserova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow 119234, Russia; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Kutyrev
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Vadim R Saitov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ivan A Kolesnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow 119234, Russia
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3
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Kreshchenko N, Terenina N, Mochalova N, Movsesyan S. Neuromuscular system of the causative agent of dicrocoeliosis, Dicrocoelium lanceatum. II. Neuropeptide FMRFamide immunoreactivity in nervous system. ZOOLOGY 2022; 155:126054. [PMID: 36335805 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2022.126054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic flatworm, trematoda Dicrocoelium lanceatum or lancet fluke is the causative agent of a widespread parasite disease of grazing ruminants, dicrocoeliosis. The aim of this work is the study of the presence and localization of neuropeptide FMRFamide immunoreactive elements in the nervous system of D. lanceatum using immunocytochemical technique and confocal scanning laser microscopy. For the first time the data on the presence and distribution of the FMRFamide-immunopositive components in the central and peripheral departments of the nervous system of D. lanceatum has been obtained. FMRFamidergic neurons and neurites were identified in paired brain ganglia, in the brain commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and connective nerve commissures. The innervation of the oral and ventral suckers by peptidergic nerve structures was revealed. The distal part of the reproductive system is innervated by FMRFamide immunopositive neurites. The data obtained suggest that the neuropeptides of FMRFamide family can be involved in the regulation of functions of the attachment organs and the reproductive system in D. lanceatum. The study of neurotransmitters and their functions in flatworms expand our knowledge on the structure and function of the nervous system of trematodes of various taxonomic groups. The results obtained on the morphological organization of D. lanceatum nervous system support the exploitation of the FMRFamidergic components as an anthelmintic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda Terenina
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Natalia Mochalova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey Movsesyan
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia; Institute of Zoology of Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, P. Sevaka str.,7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
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4
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Petrov AA, Dmitrieva EV, Plaksina MP. Neuromuscular organization and haptoral armament of Polyclithrum ponticum (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae). J Helminthol 2022; 96:e74. [PMID: 36226664 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most gyrodactylids have a haptor armed with a pair of hamuli, two connecting bars and 16 marginal hooks. In some gyrodactylids, however, the haptor is disc-shaped and reinforced by additional sclerites. The genus Polyclithrum has arguably the most elaborate haptor in this group. This study aimed to gain better understanding of the anatomy of Polyclithrum by examining neuromusculature and haptoral armament of Polyclithrum ponticum, a species parasitizing Mugil cephalus in the Black Sea, with emphasis on haptoral sclerites and musculature in connection with host-attachment mechanisms. Musculature was stained by phalloidin, the nervous system by anti-serotonin and anti-FMRFamide antibodies, and haptoral sclerites were visualized in reflected light. The study provided new information on sclerites: in addition to previously described supplementary sclerites (A1-6), ear-shaped sclerites (ESSs) and two paired groups of ribs, reflected light revealed a rod-shaped process on the ESSs and a pair of small posterior sclerites. The sclerites were shown to be operated by 16 muscles, the most prominent of which were two transverse muscles connecting the hamular roots, three muscles attached to sclerite A2, the muscle fibres of anterior ribs and a set of extrinsic muscles. The nervous system consists of a pair of cerebral ganglia connected by a commissure and three pairs of nerve cords that unite in the haptor to form a loop between the opposite cords. The arrangement of sclerites and muscles suggests that Polyclithrum initiates the attachment by clamping a host's surface with longitudinally folded haptor and then secures its position with marginal hooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Petrov
- Zoological Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E V Dmitrieva
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Moscow, Russia
| | - M P Plaksina
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Murmansk, Russia
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Terenina NB, Kreshchenko ND, Mochalova NV, Nikoghosyan MA, Petrosyan RA, Movsesyan SO. Neuromuscular system of the causative agent of dicrocoeliosis, Dicrocoelium lanceatum. I. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the nervous system. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109768. [PMID: 35914354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum known as lancet fluke, is a causative agent of dicrocoeliosis, a widespread parasitic disease of the grazing ruminants. The investigation of the major neurotransmitters and their functions are an important step in the development of a new pharmacological strategy of the struggle against the dicrocoeliosis affecting the neuronal signal substances and the functions of its nervous system. The aim of this work was to study the presence and localization of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT, 5-Hydroxytryptamine) in the nervous system of D. lanceatum using immunocytochemical technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy. For the first time the data on the presence and distribution of serotonin-immunopositive components in the central and peripheral compartments of the nervous system of D. lanceatum has been obtained. Serotonin-immunopositive neurons and neurites were identified in paired brain ganglia, in the brain commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and connective nerve commissures. The innervation of the oral and ventral suckers by serotonergic nerve structures was revealed. The distal part of the reproductive system and the region of the reproductive pore were intensively innervated by serotonergic neurites. Serotonin-immunopositive neurons and neurites were also revealed in the proximal region of the reproductive system. The data obtained suggest that the serotonergic nervous system is involved in the regulation of the attachment organs and the reproductive system functions in D. lanceatum. The new results on the morphological and functional organization of the D. lanceatum nervous system increase our knowledge of the structure and function of nervous system of trematodes of various taxonomic groups and support the possibility of the exploitation of the serotonergic system of the parasite as a target for anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Terenina
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N D Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - N V Mochalova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Nikoghosyan
- Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, P. Sevaka str., 7, Erevan 0014, Armenia
| | - R A Petrosyan
- Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, P. Sevaka str., 7, Erevan 0014, Armenia
| | - S O Movsesyan
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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Preza M, Van Bael S, Temmerman L, Guarnaschelli I, Castillo E, Koziol U. Global analysis of neuropeptides in cestodes identifies Attachin, a SIFamide homolog, as a stimulant of parasite motility and attachment. J Neurochem 2022; 162:467-482. [PMID: 35689626 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many anthelmintics target the neuromuscular system, in particular by interfering with signaling mediated by classical neurotransmitters. Although peptidergic signaling has been proposed as a novel target for anthelmintics, current knowledge of the neuropeptide complement of many helminth groups is still limited, especially for parasitic flatworms (cestodes, trematodes, and monogeneans). In this work, we have characterized the neuropeptide complement of the model cestode Hymenolepis microstoma. Peptidomic characterization of adults of H. microstoma validated many of the neuropeptide precursor (npp) genes previously predicted in silico, and identified novel neuropeptides that are conserved in parasitic flatworms. Most neuropeptides from parasitic flatworms lack significant similarity to those from other animals, confirming the uniqueness of their peptidergic signaling. Analysis of gene expression of ten npp genes by in situ hybridization confirmed that all of them are expressed in the nervous system and identified cryptic features, including the first evidence of dorsoventral asymmetry, as well as a new population of peripheral peptidergic cells that appears to be conserved in the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Finally, we characterized in greater detail Attachin, an SIFamide homolog. Although its expression is largely restricted to the longitudinal nerve cords and cerebral commissure in H. microstoma, it shows widespread localization in the larval nervous system of Echinococcus multilocularis and Mesocestoides corti. Exogenous addition of a peptide corresponding to the highly conserved C-terminus of Attachin stimulated motility and attachment of M. corti larvae. Altogether, this work provides a robust experimental foothold for the characterization of peptidergic signaling in parasitic flatworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Preza
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sven Van Bael
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inés Guarnaschelli
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Parasitaria, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Uriel Koziol
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Biserova NM, Mustafina AR, Raikova OI. The neuro-glandular brain of the Pyramicocephalus phocarum plerocercoid (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidea): immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. ZOOLOGY 2022; 152:126012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2022.126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Terenina N, Kreshchenko N, Movsesyan S. Musculature and neurotransmitters of internal organs of trematodes (the digestive, reproductive and excretory systems). ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125986. [PMID: 34929537 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The article analyzes the results on the presence and organization of the muscle elements in the visceral organs of parasitic flatworms, trematodes, as well as their innervations. The different regions of the digestive, reproductive and excretory systems of trematodes contain circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscle fibers. The results of immunocytochemical investigations and confocal scanning laser microscopy show the presence of serotonin and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system elements in various parts of the digestive, reproductive and excretory systems of trematodes. The data suggest that serotonergic and FMRFamide-immunopositive components of parasite's nervous system are involved in the regulation of the muscle activity of the digestive, reproductive and excretory systems. Comparative analysis of the results presented for trematodes from different taxonomic groups indicates that the organization of muscle elements in the visceral organs in trematodes and their innervation by serotonergic and peptidergic components are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Terenina
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Natalia Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Sergey Movsesyan
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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Serotonin Signalling in Flatworms: An Immunocytochemical Localisation of 5-HT 7 Type of Serotonin Receptors in Opisthorchis felineus and Hymenolepis diminuta. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081212. [PMID: 34439878 PMCID: PMC8394519 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is dedicated to the investigation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-HT7 type serotonin receptor of localisation in larvae of two parasitic flatworms Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) Blanchard, 1895 and Hymenolepis diminuta Rudolphi, 1819, performed using the immunocytochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Using whole mount preparations and specific antibodies, a microscopic analysis of the spatial distribution of 5-HT7-immunoreactivity(-IR) was revealed in worm tissue. In metacercariae of O. felineus 5-HT7-IR was observed in the main nerve cords and in the head commissure connecting the head ganglia. The presence of 5-HT7-IR was also found in several structures located on the oral sucker. 5-HT7-IR was evident in the round glandular cells scattered throughout the larva body. In cysticercoids of H. diminuta immunostaining to 5-HT7 was found in flame cells of the excretory system. Weak staining to 5-HT7 was observed along the longitudinal and transverse muscle fibres comprising the body wall and musculature of suckers, in thin longitudinal nerve cords and a connective commissure of the central nervous system. Available publications on serotonin action in flatworms and serotonin receptors identification were reviewed. Own results and the published data indicate that the muscular structures of flatworms are deeply supplied by 5-HT7-IR elements. It suggests that the 5-HT7 type receptor can mediate the serotonin action in the investigated species and is an important component of the flatworm motor control system. The study of the neurochemical basis of parasitic flatworms can play an important role in the solution of fundamental problems in early development of the nervous system and the evolution of neuronal signalling components.
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Nefedova D, Terenina N, Mochalova N, Poddubnaya L, Movsesyan S, Gordeev I, Kuchin A, Kreshchenko N. The neuromuscular system in flatworms: serotonin and FMRFamide immunoreactivities and musculature in Prodistomum alaskense (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae), an endemic fish parasite of the northwestern Pacific. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using the immunocytochemical method and confocal scanning laser microscopy, we obtained pioneering data on the muscle system organization and presence and localization of biogenic amine serotonin and FMRFamide-related peptides in the nervous system of the trematode Prodistomum alaskense (Ward and Fillingham, 1934) Bray and Merrett 1998 (family Lepocreadiidae). This flatworm is an intestinal parasite of endemic representatives of the marine fauna of the northwestern Pacific Ocean — the prowfish (Zaprora silenus Jordan, 1896) and the lumpfish (Aptocyclus ventricosus (Pallas, 1769)). We provide data of scanning electron microscopy on the tegumental topography of P. alaskense. The body wall musculature of P. alaskense has three layers of muscle fibres — the outer circular, intermediate longitudinal, and inner diagonal. The muscle system elements are well developed in the attachment organs, digestive and reproductive systems, and in the excretory sphincter. Serotonin– and FMRFamide–immunopositive neurons and neurites are found in the head ganglia, circular commissure, longitudinal nerve cords, and in the transversal connective commissures. The innervation of the oral and ventral suckers, pharynx, and the reproductive system compartments by the serotonergic and FMRFamide–immunopositive neurites is revealed. The results discus connection with the published data on the presence and functional roles of the serotonin and FMRFamide-related peptides in Platyhelminthes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Nefedova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - N.B. Terenina
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - N.V. Mochalova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - L.G. Poddubnaya
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 119, Yaroslavl Province, Russia, 152742
| | - S.O. Movsesyan
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - I.I. Gordeev
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Verkhn. Krasnoselskaya Str. 17, Moscow, Russia, 107140
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - A.V. Kuchin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - N.D. Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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Yastrebova IV, Yastrebov MV. Muscle System of Gyrocotyle urna (Plathelmintes, Gyrocotylida). BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Kreshchenko ND. A Study of the Mechanisms of Action of FMRF-Like Peptides in Inducing Muscle Contraction in Planarians (Platyhelminthes). Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635092103009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Rubenina I, Gavarane I, Kirilova E, Mezaraupe L, Kirjusina M. Comparison of the Benzanthrone Luminophores: They Are Not Equal for Rapid Examination of Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha (Trematoda: Digenea). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040598. [PMID: 33919651 PMCID: PMC8073186 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent derivatives of benzanthrone are becoming more useful based on their light-absorbing and fluorescent-emitting properties. Our previous studies showed that luminescent staining properties of the same benzanthrone dye differ for variable parasite samples. Therefore, two types of benzanthrone dyes were prepared. One has a strongly basic amidine group and a halogen atom, and the other has an amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Trematoda Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a liver fluke of a moose (Alces alces) and has a significant influence on the health and abundance of the moose population. Staining protocols for parasite P. fasciolaemorpha specific organ or organ systems imaging are mostly time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to compare the fixation technique and the staining protocol by synthesized benzanthrone luminescent dyes to determine detailed morphology, anatomical arrangement of the organ systems and gross organization of the muscle layers of P. fasciolaemorpha using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Luminophores were tested for samples fixed in different fixatives. Developed dyes and staining protocol resulting in imaging of all parts of trematode without additional sample preparation procedures, which usually are required for parasite examination. Obtained results confirmed that the most qualitative results could be reached using 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone dye which has amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Based on obtained results, 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone gave more qualitative parasite visualization than 2-bromo-3-N-(N′,N′-dimethylformamidino)benzanthrone.
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Thiangtrongjit T, Simanon N, Adisakwattana P, Limpanont Y, Chusongsang P, Chusongsang Y, Reamtong O. Identification of Low Molecular Weight Proteins and Peptides from Schistosoma mekongi Worm, Egg and Infected Mouse Sera. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040559. [PMID: 33920436 PMCID: PMC8070599 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mekongi is found in the lower Mekong river region and causes schistosomiasis. Low sensitivity of diagnosis and development of drug resistance are problems to eliminate this disease. To develop novel therapies and diagnostics for S. mekongi, the basic molecular biology of this pathogen needs to be explored. Bioactive peptides have been reported in several worms and play important roles in biological functions. Limited information is available on the S. mekongi peptidome. Therefore, this study aimed to identify S. mekongi peptides using in silico transcriptome mining and mass spectrometry approaches. Schistosoma peptide components were identified in adult worms, eggs, and infected mouse sera. Thirteen neuropeptide families were identified using in silico predictions from in-house transcriptomic databases of adult S. mekongi worms. Using mass spectrometry approaches, 118 peptides (from 54 precursor proteins) and 194 peptides (from 86 precursor proteins) were identified from adult worms and eggs, respectively. Importantly, eight unique peptides of the S. mekongi ubiquitin thioesterase, trabid, were identified in infected mouse sera 14, 28, and 56 days after infection. This protein may be a potential target for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The S. mekongi peptide profiles determined in this study could be used for further drug and diagnostic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Nattapon Simanon
- National Omics Center (NOC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (Y.L.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Phiraphol Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (Y.L.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yupa Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (Y.L.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-2306-9138; Fax: +66-(0)-2306-9139
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Biserova NM, Korneva JV, Polyakova TA. The brain structure of selected trypanorhynch tapeworms. J Morphol 2020; 281:893-913. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Biserova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | | | - Tatiana A. Polyakova
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS Sevastopol Russia
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Kreshchenko N, Terenina N, Nefedova D, Mochalova N, Voropaeva E, Movsesyan S. The neuroactive substances and associated muscle system in Rhipidocotyle campanula (Digenea, Bucephalidae) from the intestine of the pike Esox lucius. J Morphol 2020; 281:1047-1058. [PMID: 32574422 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report about the muscular system and the serotonergic and FMRFamidergic components of the nervous system of the Bucephalidae trematode, Rhipidocotyle campanula, an intestinal parasite of the pike. We use immunocytochemical methods and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM). The musculature is identified by histochemical staining with fluorescently labeled phalloidin. The body wall musculature of R. campanula contains three layers of muscle fibres - the outer thin circular, intermediate longitudinal and inner diagonal muscle fibres running in two opposite directions. The digestive system of R. campanula possess of a well-developed musculature: radial, longitudinal and circular muscle elements are detected in the pharynx, circular and longitudinal muscle filaments seen in the oesophagus, and longitudinal and the circular muscle fibres were found in the intestinal wall. Specific staining indicating the presence of actin muscle filaments occurs in the cirrus sac localized in the posterior body region. The frontal region of anterior attachment organ, the rhynchus, in R. campanula is represented by radial muscle fibres. The posterior part of the rhynchus comprise of radial muscles forming the organ's wall, and several strong longitudinal muscle bundles. Serotonergic and FMRFamidergic structures are detected in the central and peripheral compartments of the nervous system of R. campanula, that is, in the paired brain ganglia, the brain commissure, the longitudinal nerve cords, and connective nerve commissures. The innervations of the rhynchus, pharynx, oesophagus and distal regions of the reproductive system by the serotonergic and FMRFamidergic nervous elements are revealed. We compare our findings obtained on R. campanula with related data for other trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Terenina
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Nefedova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Mochalova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Voropaeva
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Tobolsk complex scientific station, Ural Department of Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Department of RAS), Tobolsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Movsesyan
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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The New Data on the Serotonin and FMRFamide Localization in the Nervous System of Opisthorchis felineus Metacercaria. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:361-374. [PMID: 32002774 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trematoda Opisthorchis felineus Rivolta, 1884 is the causative agent of dangerous parasite disease-opisthorchiasis, widespread in the Russian Federation. The details of the neuroanatomical localization of the serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic neurotransmitter elements as well as their functional roles remain not studied enough in both adult and larval forms of O. felineus. The studies in this area are important in term of the development of a new pharmacological strategy of the struggle with the causative agent of opisthorchiasis affecting the neuronal signal substances and the function of its nervous system. PURPOSE The aim of this work was the immunocytochemical study of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT, 5-Hydroxitryptamine) and neuropeptide FMRFamide localization in the nervous system of the opisthorchiasis causative agent-O. felineus metacercaria. To study the relationship between the detected neurotransmitters and the muscular elements of the parasite, the muscle staining was carried out simultaneously using fluorophore-conjugated phalloidin. METHODS The localization of 5-HTergic and FMRFamidergic nerve structures was determined by immunocytochemical method. The staining samples were analyzed using a fluorescent and confocal laser scanning microscopies. RESULTS The new data on the presence and distribution of the serotonin-immunopositive (IP)- and FMRFa-IP components in the central and peripheral departments of the nervous system of O. felineus metacercaria has been obtained. Besides that a number of the new anatomical details of the nervous system organization and of the innervation of the organs and tissues in the investigated parasite have been revealed. CONCLUSION The data obtained on the presence and localization of the 5-HTergic and peptidergic (FMRFamide) components in central and peripheral departments of the nervous system of O. felineus metacercaria elaborated and expanded the existing information about the nervous system as well as the innervations of the tissues and organs in the causative agent of opistchorchiasis.
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Barčák D, Yoneva A, Sehadová H, Oros M, Gustinelli A, Kuchta R. Complex insight on microanatomy of larval "human broad tapeworm" Dibothriocephalus latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:408. [PMID: 31434579 PMCID: PMC6702751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, the tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus (syn. Diphyllobothrium latum) is a well-known etiological agent of human diphyllobothriosis, which spreads by the consumption of raw fish flesh infected by plerocercoids (tapeworm's larval stage). However, the process of parasite establishment in both intermediate and definitive hosts is poorly understood. This study was targeted mainly on the scolex (anterior part) of the plerocercoid of this species, which facilitates penetration of the parasite in intermediate paratenic fish hosts, and subsequently its attachment to the intestine of the definitive host. METHODS Plerocercoids were isolated from the musculature of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) caught in Italian alpine lakes. Parasites were examined using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunofluorescence tagging was held on whole mount larvae. RESULTS The organisation of the central and peripheral nervous system was captured in D. latus plerocercoids, including the ultrastructure of the nerve cells possessing large dense neurosecretory granules. Two types of nerve fibres run from the body surface toward the nerve plexus located in the parenchyma on each side of bothria. One type of these fibres was found to be serotoninergic and possessed large subtegumental nerve cell bodies. A well-developed gland apparatus, found throughout the plerocercoid parenchyma, produced heterogeneous granules with lucent core packed in a dense layer. Three different types of microtriches occurred on the scolex and body surface of plerocercoids of D. latus: (i) uncinate spinitriches; (ii) coniform spinitriches; and (iii) capilliform filitriches. Non-ciliated sensory receptors were observed between the distal cytoplasm of the tegument and the underlying musculature. CONCLUSIONS Confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed the detailed microanatomy of the nervous system in the scolex of plerocercoids, and also several differences in the larval stages compared with adult D. latus. These features, i.e. well-developed glandular system and massive hook-shaped uncinate spinitriches, are thus probably required for plerocercoids inhabiting fish hosts and also for their post-infection attachment in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Barčák
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Yoneva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hana Sehadová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO Italy
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Kutyrev IA, Franke F, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. In vitro effects of the neuroactive substances serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid on leucocytes from sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:286-296. [PMID: 30664930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of parasites have evolved strategies to evade the immune responses of their hosts. Neuroactive substances produced by cestodes are possible candidate molecules for regulating host immune responses. The neurons of helminths can synthesize a wide range of molecules that are identical to the ones functioning in their host organisms, and host lymphocytes have receptors for these neuroactive substances. We hypothesized that in teleost fish, antihelminthic immune responses are regulated via 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, or serotonin) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, we investigated the in vitro influence of serotonin, GABA and Schistocephalus solidus (helminth) antigens on basic characteristics of the three-spined stickleback Schistocephalus solidus cellular immune response. Head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were analysed by flow cytometry for cell viability and the frequency of leucocyte subsets (the granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio) and by a chemiluminescence assay for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In short-term (2-h) HKL cultures, 5-HT did not change the total numbers of live HKLs, but the production of ROS decreased significantly with all 5-HT concentrations. In long-term (96-h) cultures, high 5-HT concentrations induced a decrease in leucocyte viability. This coincided with elevated ROS production in cultures with all 5-HT concentrations. In short-term (2-h) HKL cultures, GABA did not change the total numbers of live HKLs, but the production of ROS decreased significantly with high (100 nmol L-1) GABA concentrations. In long-term (96-h) cultures, high and medium concentrations of GABA (100 nmol L-1 and 10 nmol L-1) elevated the numbers of live HKLs compared to controls. The granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios generally increased upon exposure to GABA at all concentrations. All concentrations of GABA alone elevated the ROS production of HKLs compared to controls. In the present work, we showed that the neuroactive substances serotonin and GABA regulate the teleost immune system. Our study supports the hypothesis that these substances might be immunomodulators in tapeworm-fish parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Kutyrev
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi st. 6, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Frederik Franke
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn P Scharsack
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Chernyshev AV, Kajihara H. Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Glagoleva EN, Yastrebova IV, Yastrebov MV. Body Wall Musculature of Five Representatives of the Order Paramphistomatida (Plathelminthes, Trematoda). BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petrov AA, Podvyaznaya IM, Zaitseva OV. Architecture of the nervous system in metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Digenea). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1193-1203. [PMID: 30725179 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 is accompanied by profound morphological transformations often characterized as metamorphosis, which makes these metacercariae an interesting case for studying the morphogenesis of the digenean nervous system. Although the nervous system of D. pseudospathaceum is one of the most extensively studied among digeneans, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the distribution patterns of some neuroactive substances, most notably neuropeptides. The present study addresses these gaps by studying pre-infective metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum using immunochemical staining and confocal microscopy to characterize the distribution patterns of serotonin (5-HT) and two major groups of flatworm neuropeptides, FMRFamide-related (FaRPs) and substance P-related (SP) peptides. The general morphology of the nervous system was examined with antibodies to alpha-tubulin. The nervous system of the metacercariae was shown to conform to the most common morphology of the nervous system in the hermaphroditic generation, with three pairs of posterior nerve cords and four pairs of anterior nerves. The patterns of FaRP- and 5-HT immunoreactivity (IR) were similar to those revealed in earlier studies by cholinesterase activity, which is in accordance with the known role of these neurotransmitters in controlling muscle activity in flatworms. The SP-IR nervous system was significantly different and consisted of mostly bipolar cells presumably acting as mechanoreceptors. The architecture of the nervous system in D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae is discussed in comparison to that in cercariae of D. pseudospathaceum and metacercariae of related digenean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly A Petrov
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Irina M Podvyaznaya
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Zaitseva
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Form and Function in the Digenea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:3-20. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Olson PD, Zarowiecki M, James K, Baillie A, Bartl G, Burchell P, Chellappoo A, Jarero F, Tan LY, Holroyd N, Berriman M. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and spatial expression analyses identify signals and switches of development in tapeworms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 30455861 PMCID: PMC6225667 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms are agents of neglected tropical diseases responsible for significant health problems and economic loss. They also exhibit adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle that confound comparisons of their development with other animals. Identifying the genetic factors regulating their complex ontogeny is essential to understanding unique aspects of their biology and for advancing novel therapeutics. Here we use RNA sequencing to identify up-regulated signalling components, transcription factors and post-transcriptional/translational regulators (genes of interest, GOI) in the transcriptomes of Larvae and different regions of segmented worms in the tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma and combine this with spatial gene expression analyses of a selection of genes. RESULTS RNA-seq reads collectively mapped to 90% of the > 12,000 gene models in the H. microstoma v.2 genome assembly, demonstrating that the transcriptome profiles captured a high percentage of predicted genes. Contrasts made between the transcriptomes of Larvae and whole, adult worms, and between the Scolex-Neck, mature strobila and gravid strobila, resulted in 4.5-30% of the genes determined to be differentially expressed. Among these, we identified 190 unique GOI up-regulated in one or more contrasts, including a large range of zinc finger, homeobox and other transcription factors, components of Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and TGF-β/BMP signalling, and post-transcriptional regulators (e.g. Boule, Pumilio). Heatmap clusterings based on overall expression and on select groups of genes representing 'signals' and 'switches' showed that expression in the Scolex-Neck region is more similar to that of Larvae than to the mature or gravid regions of the adult worm, which was further reflected in large overlap of up-regulated GOI. CONCLUSIONS Spatial expression analyses in Larvae and adult worms corroborated inferences made from quantitative RNA-seq data and in most cases indicated consistency with canonical roles of the genes in other animals, including free-living flatworms. Recapitulation of developmental factors up-regulated during larval metamorphosis suggests that strobilar growth involves many of the same underlying gene regulatory networks despite the significant disparity in developmental outcomes. The majority of genes identified were investigated in tapeworms for the first time, setting the stage for advancing our understanding of developmental genetics in an important group of flatworm parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Olson
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Magdalena Zarowiecki
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Katherine James
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Andrew Baillie
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Georgie Bartl
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Phil Burchell
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Azita Chellappoo
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Li Ying Tan
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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Preza M, Montagne J, Costábile A, Iriarte A, Castillo E, Koziol U. Analysis of classical neurotransmitter markers in tapeworms: Evidence for extensive loss of neurotransmitter pathways. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:979-992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Morsy K, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Bashtar AR, Dajem SB, Abdel-Gaber R, Mostafa M. Light microscopy and surface topography of Urotrema scabridum and Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) from Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): first report in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:319-326. [PMID: 30183994 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report introduced the description of two different species of digenean parasites isolated from the intestine of Rhinopoma hardwickii with new host and locality records in Egypt. The recovered helminthes were studied morphologically and morphometrically by light microscopy and the surface topography of the two species was elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Urotrema scabridum had an elongated body, testes were tandem, ovaries were pretesticular, and vitelline follicles were observed in 2 lateral fields. SEM showed that the anterior half was covered with random and backwardly directed tegument spines. The lumen of the oral sucker was as a longitudinal slit encircled with type I dome-shaped papillae. The ventral sucker was wrinkled and covered by tongue-shaped tegument spines and several scattered papillae. Renschetrema indicum had a fusiform body with minute spines densely distributed in the anterior part of the body; testes sub-triangular, ovary fusiform; vitellaria were randomly distributed around the ceca and genital organs. SEM showed that the fore-body was ventrally concave and surrounded by cytoplasmic ridges equipped with numerous closely packed claw-shaped spines. The oral sucker was externally surrounded by two circles of papillae while the lip of the ventral sucker was rounded and surrounded by three papillae located in its upper end and anterolaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Saad Bin Dajem
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Mostafa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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El-Sakkary N, Chen S, Arkin MR, Caffrey CR, Ribeiro P. Octopamine signaling in the metazoan pathogen Schistosoma mansoni: localization, small-molecule screening and opportunities for drug development. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm033563. [PMID: 29925529 PMCID: PMC6078403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by a flatworm trematode parasite that infects over 200 million people worldwide. Treatment and control of the disease rely on just one drug, praziquantel. The possibility of drug resistance coupled with praziquantel's variable efficacy encourages the identification of new drugs and drug targets. Disruption of neuromuscular homeostasis in parasitic worms is a validated strategy for drug development. In schistosomes, however, much remains to be understood about the organization of the nervous system, its component neurotransmitters and potential for drug discovery. Using synapsin as a neuronal marker, we map the central and peripheral nervous systems in the Schistosoma mansoni adult and schistosomulum (post-infective larva). We discover the widespread presence of octopamine (OA), a tyrosine-derived and invertebrate-specific neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular coordination. OA labeling facilitated the discovery of two pairs of ganglia in the brain of the adult schistosome, rather than the one pair thus far reported for this and other trematodes. In quantitative phenotypic assays, OA and the structurally related tyrosine-derived phenolamine and catecholamine neurotransmitters differentially modulated schistosomulum motility and length. Similarly, from a screen of 28 drug agonists and antagonists of tyrosine-derivative signaling, certain drugs that act on OA and dopamine receptors induced robust and sometimes complex concentration-dependent effects on schistosome motility and length; in some cases, these effects occurred at concentrations achievable in vivo The present data advance our knowledge of the organization of the nervous system in this globally important pathogen and identify a number of drugs that interfere with tyrosine-derivative signaling, one or more of which might provide the basis for a new chemotherapeutic approach to treat schistosomiasis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly El-Sakkary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X-3V9
| | - Steven Chen
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paula Ribeiro
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X-3V9
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Serotonin and Neuropeptide FMRFamide in the Attachment Organs of Trematodes. Helminthologia 2018; 55:185-194. [PMID: 31662646 PMCID: PMC6662011 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic nervous system of the attachment organs of trematodes were examined using immunocytochemical techniques and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Adult trematodes from eight families as well as cercariae and metacercariae from ten families were studied. TRITC-conjugated phalloidin was used to stain the muscle fibres. The serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells and fibres were revealed to be near the muscle fibres of the oral and ventral suckers of the trematodes and their larvae. The results indicate the important role of neurotransmitters, serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the regulation of muscle activity in the attachment organs of trematodes and can be considered in perspective for the development of new anthelmintic drugs, which can interrupt the function of the attachment organs of the parasites.
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Terenina NB, Movsesyan SO. Distribution Pattern of Serotoninergic Neurons in Trematode Cercariae. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ventral concavity and musculature arrangement in notocotylid maritae (Digenea: Notocotylidae). Parasitol Int 2017; 66:660-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Spatio-temporal expression of Mesocestoides corti McVAL2 during strobilar development. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Tolstenkov OO, Prokofiev VV, Pleskacheva MV, Gustafsson MKS, Zhukovskaya MI. Age and serotonin effects on locomotion in marine trematode cercariae. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1234567817020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Kreshchenko ND. Some details on the morphological structure of planarian musculature identified by fluorescent and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Krupenko D, Gonchar A. Musculature arrangement and locomotion in notocotylid cercariae (Digenea: Notocotylidae) from mud snail Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803). Parasitol Int 2017; 66:262-271. [PMID: 28232043 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cercariae of digenean family Notocotylidae are characterized by a set of morphological traits which make them easily distinguishable from any other. One of the key features is absence of ventral sucker. This affects basic ways of locomotion and attachment. To understand how these functions are fulfilled we studied musculature arrangement in cercariae of two species by means of fluorescent-phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy. We used Cercaria Notocotylidae sp. No. 11 and 12 Deblock, 1980 from mud snails Ecrobia (=Hydrobia) ventrosa. Information on gross morphology (especially body-tail junction) and basic behavioural patterns of these cercariae is also updated. Major special features of musculature are associated with the ventral concavity: extreme development of dorsoventral muscle fibres and formation of annular arrangement of longitudinal muscle fibres on the ventral side. Additional body-wall and internal muscle bundles in the anterior region are also specific for notocotylid cercariae and seem to play important role in twisting movements during substratum testing. Musculature of dorsal adhesive pockets, oral sucker and tail is also described. These results are discussed in relation to observed locomotory patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Koziol U. Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) of cestodes. Exp Parasitol 2016; 180:84-100. [PMID: 27939766 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cestodes (tapeworms) have complex adaptations to their obligatory parasitic life-style. Among these adaptations, they show many evolutionary innovations in their development, including complex life-cycles with multiple hosts and life-stages, several independent origins of asexual reproduction, and the evolution of segmentation as a mean to generate massive reproductive output. Therefore, cestodes offer many opportunities for the investigation of the evolutionary origins of developmental novelties (evo-devo). However, cestodes have not been exploited as major models for evo-devo research due to the considerable technical difficulties involved in their study. In this review, a panoramic view is given of classical aspects, methods and hypothesis of cestode development, together with recent advances in phylogenetics, genomics, culture methods, and comparative analysis of cestode gene expression. Together with the availability of powerful models for related free-living flatworms, these developments should encourage the incorporation of these fascinating parasites into the first-line of evo-devo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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37
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Taman A, El-Beshbishi SN, Bardicy SE, Tadros M, Ayoub M, Mansour B, El-Bialy S. In vitro screening of BTP-Iso on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria alexandrina. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Adami ML, Brusa F, Ronderos JR, Damborenea C. Muscular pattern in three species ofMacrostomum(platyhelminthes, macrostomorpha). J Morphol 2016; 278:264-282. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L. Adami
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal (FCNyM-UNLP); Calle 64 N°3 La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Francisco Brusa
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Jorge R. Ronderos
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal (FCNyM-UNLP); Calle 64 N°3 La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Cristina Damborenea
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
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Koziol U, Jarero F, Olson PD, Brehm K. Comparative analysis of Wnt expression identifies a highly conserved developmental transition in flatworms. BMC Biol 2016; 14:10. [PMID: 26941070 PMCID: PMC4778295 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early developmental patterns of flatworms are extremely diverse and difficult to compare between distant groups. In parasitic flatworms, such as tapeworms, this is confounded by highly derived life cycles involving indirect development, and even the true orientation of the tapeworm antero-posterior (AP) axis has been a matter of controversy. In planarians, and metazoans generally, the AP axis is specified by the canonical Wnt pathway, and we hypothesized that it could also underpin axial formation during larval metamorphosis in tapeworms. Results By comparative gene expression analysis of Wnt components and conserved AP markers in the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Hymenolepis microstoma, we found remarkable similarities between the early stages of larval metamorphosis in tapeworms and late embryonic and adult development in planarians. We demonstrate posterior expression of specific Wnt factors during larval metamorphosis and show that scolex formation is preceded by localized expression of Wnt inhibitors. In the highly derived larval form of E. multilocularis, which proliferates asexually within the mammalian host, we found ubiquitous expression of posterior Wnt factors combined with localized expression of Wnt inhibitors that correlates with the asexual budding of scoleces. As in planarians, muscle cells are shown to be a source of secreted Wnt ligands, providing an explanation for the retention of a muscle layer in the immotile E. multilocularis larva. Conclusions The strong conservation of gene expression between larval metamorphosis in tapeworms and late embryonic development in planarians suggests, for the first time, a homologous developmental period across this diverse phylum. We postulate these to represent the phylotypic stages of these flatworm groups. Our results support the classical notion that the scolex is the true anterior end of tapeworms. Furthermore, the up-regulation of Wnt inhibitors during the specification of multiple anterior poles suggests a mechanism for the unique asexual reproduction of E. multilocularis larvae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0233-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Peter D Olson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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41
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Krupenko DY, Dobrovolskij AA. Somatic musculature in trematode hermaphroditic generation. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:189. [PMID: 26373845 PMCID: PMC4571110 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The somatic musculature in trematode hermaphroditic generation (cercariae, metacercariae and adult) is presumed to comprise uniform layers of circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscle fibers of the body wall, and internal dorsoventral muscle fibers. Meanwhile, specific data are few, and there has been no analysis taking the trunk axial differentiation and regionalization into account. Yet presence of the ventral sucker (= acetabulum) morphologically divides the digenean trunk into two regions: preacetabular and postacetabular. The functional differentiation of these two regions is already evident in the nervous system organization, and the goal of our research was to investigate the somatic musculature from the same point of view. RESULTS Somatic musculature of ten trematode species was studied with use of fluorescent-labelled phalloidin and confocal microscopy. The body wall of examined species included three main muscle layers (of circular, longitudinal and diagonal fibers), and most of the species had them distinctly better developed in the preacetabuler region. In majority of the species several (up to seven) additional groups of muscle fibers were found within the body wall. Among them the anterioradial, posterioradial, anteriolateral muscle fibers, and U-shaped muscle sets were most abundant. These groups were located on the ventral surface, and associated with the ventral sucker. The additional internal musculature was quite diverse as well, and included up to twelve separate groups of muscle fibers or bundles in one species. The most dense additional bundles were found in the preacetabular region and were connected with the suckers. CONCLUSIONS Previously unknown additional somatic musculature probably provides the diverse movements of the preacetabular region, ventral sucker, and oral sucker (or anterior organ). Several additional muscle groups of the body wall (anterioradial, posterioradial, anteriolateral fibers and U-shaped sets) are proposed to be included into the musculature ground pattern of trematode hermaphroditic generation. This pattern is thought to be determined by the primary trunk morphofunctional differentiation into the preacetabular and the postacetabular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Y Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrej A Dobrovolskij
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Zoology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Ribeiro P. Exploring the role of biogenic amines in schistosome host-parasite interactions. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:404-5. [PMID: 26254959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are important neurotransmitters of the schistosome nervous system, but their role in the host-parasite interaction is poorly understood. Recent findings suggest that BAs may play an important role in the interaction with the snail intermediate host. This new evidence adds an important piece of information to our understanding of this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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43
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Terenina NB, Kreshchenko ND, Chilyuta NV, Zaripova FF. Serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the nervous system of Opisthioglyphe ranae (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae). An iimmunocytochemical study. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA, Jensen K. GABA in the Nervous System of the CestodesDiphyllobothrium dendriticum(Diphyllobothriidea) andCaryophyllaeus laticeps(Caryophyllidea), with Comparative Analysis of Muscle Innervation. J Parasitol 2014; 100:411-21. [DOI: 10.1645/13-366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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MacDonald K, Buxton S, Kimber MJ, Day TA, Robertson AP, Ribeiro P. Functional characterization of a novel family of acetylcholine-gated chloride channels in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004181. [PMID: 24945827 PMCID: PMC4055736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine is the canonical excitatory neurotransmitter of the mammalian neuromuscular system. However, in the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni, cholinergic stimulation leads to muscle relaxation and a flaccid paralysis, suggesting an inhibitory mode of action. Information about the pharmacological mechanism of this inhibition is lacking. Here, we used a combination of techniques to assess the role of cholinergic receptors in schistosome motor function. The neuromuscular effects of acetylcholine are typically mediated by gated cation channels of the nicotinic receptor (nAChR) family. Bioinformatics analyses identified numerous nAChR subunits in the S. mansoni genome but, interestingly, nearly half of these subunits carried a motif normally associated with chloride-selectivity. These putative schistosome acetylcholine-gated chloride channels (SmACCs) are evolutionarily divergent from those of nematodes and form a unique clade within the larger family of nAChRs. Pharmacological and RNA interference (RNAi) behavioral screens were used to assess the role of the SmACCs in larval motor function. Treatment with antagonists produced the same effect as RNAi suppression of SmACCs; both led to a hypermotile phenotype consistent with abrogation of an inhibitory neuromuscular mediator. Antibodies were then generated against two of the SmACCs for use in immunolocalization studies. SmACC-1 and SmACC-2 localize to regions of the peripheral nervous system that innervate the body wall muscles, yet neither appears to be expressed directly on the musculature. One gene, SmACC-1, was expressed in HEK-293 cells and characterized using an iodide flux assay. The results indicate that SmACC-1 formed a functional homomeric chloride channel and was activated selectively by a panel of cholinergic agonists. The results described in this study identify a novel clade of nicotinic chloride channels that act as inhibitory modulators of schistosome neuromuscular function. Additionally, the iodide flux assay used to characterize SmACC-1 represents a new high-throughput tool for drug screening against these unique parasite ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin MacDonald
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Buxton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Kimber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tim A. Day
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paula Ribeiro
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA. Localization of prostaglandin E2, γ-aminobutyric acid, and other potential immunomodulators in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda). BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Koziol U, Rauschendorfer T, Zanon Rodríguez L, Krohne G, Brehm K. The unique stem cell system of the immortal larva of the human parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. EvoDevo 2014; 5:10. [PMID: 24602211 PMCID: PMC4015340 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is believed that in tapeworms a separate population of undifferentiated cells, the germinative cells, is the only source of cell proliferation throughout the life cycle (similar to the neoblasts of free living flatworms). In Echinococcus multilocularis, the metacestode larval stage has a unique development, growing continuously like a mass of vesicles that infiltrate the tissues of the intermediate host, generating multiple protoscoleces by asexual budding. This unique proliferation potential indicates the existence of stem cells that are totipotent and have the ability for extensive self-renewal. Results We show that only the germinative cells proliferate in the larval vesicles and in primary cell cultures that undergo complete vesicle regeneration, by using a combination of morphological criteria and by developing molecular markers of differentiated cell types. The germinative cells are homogeneous in morphology but heterogeneous at the molecular level, since only sub-populations express homologs of the post-transcriptional regulators nanos and argonaute. Important differences are observed between the expression patterns of selected neoblast marker genes of other flatworms and the E. multilocularis germinative cells, including widespread expression in E. multilocularis of some genes that are neoblast-specific in planarians. Hydroxyurea treatment results in the depletion of germinative cells in larval vesicles, and after recovery following hydroxyurea treatment, surviving proliferating cells grow as patches that suggest extensive self-renewal potential for individual germinative cells. Conclusions In E. multilocularis metacestodes, the germinative cells are the only proliferating cells, presumably driving the continuous growth of the larval vesicles. However, the existence of sub-populations of the germinative cells is strongly supported by our data. Although the germinative cells are very similar to the neoblasts of other flatworms in function and in undifferentiated morphology, their unique gene expression pattern and the evolutionary loss of conserved stem cells regulators suggest that important differences in their physiology exist, which could be related to the unique biology of E. multilocularis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Brehm
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Peoples RC, Fried B. Form and function in the digenea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:3-20. [PMID: 24903361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Peoples
- Schistosomiasis Lab, Biomedical Research Institute, 12111 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, 20851, USA,
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Muscle system of Diplodiscus subclavatus (Trematoda: Paramphistomida) cercariae, pre-ovigerous, and ovigerous adults. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:941-52. [PMID: 24337509 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The musculature of cercariae, pre-ovigerous, and ovigerous adults of Diplodiscus subclavatus was studied by means of TRITC-conjugated phalloidin staining of filamentous actin and confocal scanning laser microscopy. The body wall appears to include four muscle layers as follows: circular, outer longitudinal, diagonal, and inner longitudinal. Two layers of longitudinal muscle fibers are arranged in different modes due to the secondary transformed paramphistomid body construction. The organization of the acetabulum turned out to be more complex than ever described, with a radial layer, two layers of circular, two layers of meridional, an additional starry layer of muscle fibers, as well as a few separate muscle layers of the accessory sucker. Within the pharynx, I found a group of alar muscle fibers, never described before for any paramphistomids, and some morphological features which were not considered to be characteristic for D. subclavatus (namely--the middle semicircular layer and the transverse muscle fibers in the pre-sphincteric space). No significant reorganizations of the somatic musculature occur throughout the development from the cercaria to the ovigerous adult worm, so the metamorphosis goes in the manner of completion. The cercarial tail includes a layer of circular muscle fibers and a longitudinal muscle layer beneath. The latter consists of two medial longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers and two lateral longitudinal bands of obliquely striated muscle fibers which are partially divided in halves.
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50
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Ribeiro P, Patocka N. Neurotransmitter transporters in schistosomes: Structure, function and prospects for drug discovery. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:629-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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