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Hanna REB, Brennan GP, Robinson MW, Kajugu PE, Quinn JM. Fasciola gigantica: Ultrastructural localisation of neoblast recruitment in somatic tissues during growth and development in the hepatic parenchyma of experimentally infected mice. Vet Parasitol 2024; 330:110244. [PMID: 38964116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Application of 'omics' technology, and advances in in vitro methods for studying the growth of Fasciola hepatica, have highlighted the central role of migrating neoblasts in driving forward development and differentiation towards the adult-like form. Neoblast populations present molecular heterogeneity, morphological variation and changes associated with recruitment of these stem cells into their final tissue locations. However, terminal differentiation towards function, has received much less attention than has been the case for the free-living Platyhelminths. An actively replicating neoblast population, comprising cells with heterochromatic nuclei consistent with regulation of gene expression, has been identified in the parenchyma of juvenile Fasciola gigantica migrating in the liver of experimentally infected mice. In some of these cells, early cytoplasmic differentiation towards myocyte function was noted. Neoblasts have also been identified close to, and incorporated in, the subtegumental zone, the gastrodermis and the excretory ducts. In these locations, progressive morphological differentiation towards terminal function has been described. This includes the appearance of specific progenitors of type-1, type-2 and type-3 tegumental cells, the latter possibly contributing to tegumental spine development. 'Cryptic' surface molecular differentiation is postulated to account for recognition and 'docking' of migrating neoblasts with their final site for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
| | - G P Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - M W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - P-E Kajugu
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - J M Quinn
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
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2
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Slyusarev GS, Skalon EK, Starunov VV. Evolution of Orthonectida body plan. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12462. [PMID: 37889073 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Orthonectida is an enigmatic group of animals with still uncertain phylogenetic position. Orthonectids parasitize various marine invertebrates. Their life cycle comprises a parasitic plasmodium and free-living males and females. Sexual individuals develop inside the plasmodium; after egress from the host they copulate in the external environment, and the larva, which has developed inside the female infects a new host. In a series of studied orthonectid species simplification of free-living sexual individuals can be clearly traced. The number of longitudinal and transverse muscle fibers is gradually reduced. In the nervous system, simplification is even more pronounced. The number of neurons constituting the ganglion is dramatically reduced from 200 in Rhopalura ophiocomae to 4-6 in Intoshia variabili. The peripheral nervous system undergoes gradual simplification as well. The morphological simplification is accompanied with genome reduction. However, not only genes are lost from the genome, it also undergoes compactization ensured by extreme reduction of intergenic distances, short intron sizes, and elimination of repetitive elements. The main trend in orthonectid evolution is simplification and miniaturization of free-living sexual individuals coupled with reduction and compactization of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Slyusarev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta K Skalon
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor V Starunov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St-Petersburg, Russia
- Zoological Institute RAS, St-Petersburg, Russia
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de Miguel Bonet MDM, Hartenstein V. Ultrastructural analysis and 3D reconstruction of the frontal sensory-glandular complex and its neural projections in the platyhelminth Macrostomum lignano. Cell Tissue Res 2024:10.1007/s00441-024-03901-x. [PMID: 38898317 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The marine microturbellarian Macrostomum lignano (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) is an emerging laboratory model used by a growing community of researchers because it is easy to cultivate, has a fully sequenced genome, and offers multiple molecular tools for its study. M. lignano has a compartmentalized brain that receives sensory information from receptors integrated in the epidermis. Receptors of the head, as well as accompanying glands and specialized epidermal cells, form a compound sensory structure called the frontal glandular complex. In this study, we used semi-serial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to document the types, ultrastructure, and three-dimensional architecture of the cells of the frontal glandular complex. We distinguish a ventral compartment formed by clusters of type 1 (multiciliated) sensory receptors from a central domain where type 2 (collar) sensory receptors predominate. Six different types of glands (rhammite glands, mucoid glands, glands with aster-like and perimaculate granula, vacuolated glands, and buckle glands) are closely associated with type 1 sensory receptors. Endings of a seventh type of gland (rhabdite gland) define a dorsal domain of the frontal glandular complex. A pair of ciliary photoreceptors is closely associated with the base of the frontal glandular complex. Bundles of dendrites, connecting the receptor endings with their cell bodies which are located in the brain, form the (frontal) peripheral nerves. Nerve fibers show a varicose structure, with thick segments alternating with thin segments, and are devoid of a glial layer. This distinguishes platyhelminths from larger and/or more complex invertebrates whose nerves are embedded in prominent glial sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar de Miguel Bonet
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
- BioWorld Science, Clarivate Analytics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Montagne J, Preza M, Koziol U. Stem cell proliferation and differentiation during larval metamorphosis of the model tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1286190. [PMID: 37908761 PMCID: PMC10614006 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1286190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tapeworm larvae cause important diseases in humans and domestic animals. During infection, the first larval stage undergoes a metamorphosis where tissues are formed de novo from a population of stem cells called germinative cells. This process is difficult to study for human pathogens, as these larvae are infectious and difficult to obtain in the laboratory. Methods In this work, we analyzed cell proliferation and differentiation during larval metamorphosis in the model tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma, by in vivo labelling of proliferating cells with the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), tracing their differentiation with a suite of specific molecular markers for different cell types. Results Proliferating cells are very abundant and fast-cycling during early metamorphosis: the total number of cells duplicates every ten hours, and the length of G2 is only 75 minutes. New tegumental, muscle and nerve cells differentiate from this pool of proliferating germinative cells, and these processes are very fast, as differentiation markers for neurons and muscle cells appear within 24 hours after exiting the cell cycle, and fusion of new cells to the tegumental syncytium can be detected after only 4 hours. Tegumental and muscle cells appear from early stages of metamorphosis (24 to 48 hours post-infection); in contrast, most markers for differentiating neurons appear later, and the detection of synapsin and neuropeptides correlates with scolex retraction. Finally, we identified populations of proliferating cells that express conserved genes associated with neuronal progenitors and precursors, suggesting the existence of tissue-specific lineages among germinative cells. Discussion These results provide for the first time a comprehensive view of the development of new tissues during tapeworm larval metamorphosis, providing a framework for similar studies in human and veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uriel Koziol
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Skorentseva KV, Bolshakov FV, Saidova AA, Lavrov AI. Regeneration in calcareous sponge relies on 'purse-string' mechanism and the rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:107-129. [PMID: 37466725 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The crucial step in any regeneration process is epithelization, i.e. the restoration of an epithelium structural and functional integrity. Epithelization requires cytoskeletal rearrangements, primarily of actin filaments and microtubules. Sponges (phylum Porifera) are early branching metazoans with pronounced regenerative abilities. Calcareous sponges have a unique step during regeneration: the formation of a temporary structure, called regenerative membrane which initially covers a wound. It forms due to the morphallactic rearrangements of exopinaco- and choanoderm epithelial-like layers. The current study quantitatively evaluates morphological changes and characterises underlying actin cytoskeleton rearrangements during regenerative membrane formation in asconoid calcareous sponge Leucosolenia variabilis through a combination of time-lapse imaging, immunocytochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Regenerative membrane formation has non-linear stochastic dynamics with numerous fluctuations. The pinacocytes at the leading edge of regenerative membrane form a contractile actomyosin cable. Regenerative membrane formation either depends on its contraction or being coordinated through it. The cell morphology changes significantly during regenerative membrane formation. Exopinacocytes flatten, their area increases, while circularity decreases. Choanocytes transdifferentiate into endopinacocytes, losing microvillar collar and flagellum. Their area increases and circularity decreases. Subsequent redifferentiation of endopinacocytes into choanocytes is accompanied by inverse changes in cell morphology. All transformations rely on actin filament rearrangements similar to those characteristic of bilaterian animals. Altogether, we provide here a qualitative and quantitative description of cell transformations during reparative epithelial morphogenesis in a calcareous sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia V Skorentseva
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Fyodor V Bolshakov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1 Build. 12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alina A Saidova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1 Build. 12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey I Lavrov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1 Build. 12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Vicente-Hernández Í, Armonies W, Henze K, Aguado MT. New insights into phylogenetic relationships of Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) including members of Mariplanellida. BMC ZOOL 2023; 8:9. [PMID: 37430343 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-023-00171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous flatworm phylogenetic research has been carried out analysing 18S and 28S DNA markers. Through this methodology, Mariplanellinae subfamily has been recently re-classified as Mariplanellida status novus. This new classification implied that 3 genera belonged to Mariplanellida: Mariplanella, Lonchoplanella and Poseidoplanella. In this study, we aim to clarify some of the relationships within Rhabdocoela analysing 18S and 28S DNA markers of a total of 91 species through Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methodologies. A total of 11 species and genera, including Lonchoplanella, from the island of Sylt are included and had not previously been involved in any molecular phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Our phylogenetic results support Mariplanellida as an independent group within Rhabdocoela and its status as an infraorder. Our study suggests that Lonchoplanella axi belongs to Mariplanellida. Within Rhabdocoela, Haloplanella longatuba is nested within Thalassotyphloplanida, instead of Limnotyphloplanida. Within Kalyptorhynchia, the taxon Eukalyptorhynchia turned out to be paraphyletic including members of Schizorhynchia. These results also support the position of the genus Toia separate from Cicerinidae. CONCLUSIONS Lonchoplanella axi belongs to Mariplanellida, whose status as infraorder is herein confirmed. The genus Toia belongs separate from Cicerinidae. Further research is needed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of Hoploplanella. Most of the species, genera and families included in this study with more than one terminal are monophyletic and well supported. Adding gene markers and complementary morphological studies will help to clarify those relationships that remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íñigo Vicente-Hernández
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Werner Armonies
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, 25992, List, Germany
| | - Katharina Henze
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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Reyes J, Binow D, Vianna RT, Brusa F, Colpo KD, Martins SE. Species composition and abundance of free-living turbellarians in three different wetlands in Southern Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210679. [PMID: 36477229 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living turbellarians mostly live in marine and freshwater environments, but they have been little considered in ecological studies. The coastal plain in southern Brazil harbors a diverse fauna and flora, but only a few studies have related environmental factors to the abundance, richness, and distribution of turbellarians. Hence, we analyzed the structure of turbellarian communities in floating vegetation in three differently sized limnic environments. We aimed to determine differences in abundance, density, and richness of turbellarians among these habitats in relation to environmental factors. We found 1,225 turbellarians (34 species) distributed among 6 taxa. The most abundant was Tricladida with 49.4% relative abundance; the remaining (Catenulida, Dalytyphloplanida, Macrostomorpha, Kalyptorhynchia, and Prorhynchida) were less abundant. We found no significant differences among population parameters and environments. Small shallow lakes are a potentially rich environment, while water channels are the richest environment. Larger shallow lakes are not very diverse for turbellarians. Similarities regarding turbellarian communities among close limnic systems could be explained by the connectivity of bodies of water that presents similar aquatic macrophytes and hydrological subsystems, while larger shallow lakes have a different community because they have their own contributing basin and could be influenced by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoe Reyes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC/FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS Brazil
| | - Daniela Binow
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS Brazil
| | - Rogério T Vianna
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC/FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS Brazil
| | - Francisco Brusa
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, División Zoología Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Boulevard 120 & 61, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 8 1467, B1904CMC, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Karine D Colpo
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Limnología de la Plata "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Samantha E Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC/FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Section, Økernveien 94, 0579, Oslo, Norway
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Petrov AA, Dmitrieva EV, Plaksina MP. Neuromuscular organization and haptoral armament of Polyclithrum ponticum (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae). J Helminthol 2022; 96:e74. [PMID: 36226664 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most gyrodactylids have a haptor armed with a pair of hamuli, two connecting bars and 16 marginal hooks. In some gyrodactylids, however, the haptor is disc-shaped and reinforced by additional sclerites. The genus Polyclithrum has arguably the most elaborate haptor in this group. This study aimed to gain better understanding of the anatomy of Polyclithrum by examining neuromusculature and haptoral armament of Polyclithrum ponticum, a species parasitizing Mugil cephalus in the Black Sea, with emphasis on haptoral sclerites and musculature in connection with host-attachment mechanisms. Musculature was stained by phalloidin, the nervous system by anti-serotonin and anti-FMRFamide antibodies, and haptoral sclerites were visualized in reflected light. The study provided new information on sclerites: in addition to previously described supplementary sclerites (A1-6), ear-shaped sclerites (ESSs) and two paired groups of ribs, reflected light revealed a rod-shaped process on the ESSs and a pair of small posterior sclerites. The sclerites were shown to be operated by 16 muscles, the most prominent of which were two transverse muscles connecting the hamular roots, three muscles attached to sclerite A2, the muscle fibres of anterior ribs and a set of extrinsic muscles. The nervous system consists of a pair of cerebral ganglia connected by a commissure and three pairs of nerve cords that unite in the haptor to form a loop between the opposite cords. The arrangement of sclerites and muscles suggests that Polyclithrum initiates the attachment by clamping a host's surface with longitudinally folded haptor and then secures its position with marginal hooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Petrov
- Zoological Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E V Dmitrieva
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Moscow, Russia
| | - M P Plaksina
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Murmansk, Russia
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Shumuye NA, Ohiolei JA, Gebremedhin MB, Yan HB, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:447. [PMID: 34488862 PMCID: PMC8419976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tapeworm infections are among the tropical neglected parasitic diseases endemically occurring in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims at estimating the pooled prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections in humans and animals from reports from Ethiopia. Methods The systematic search was conducted in four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Africa Journal Online and Science Direct). Additional data were retrieved from grey literature. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using MetaXL add-in for Microsoft Excel. Heterogeneity and inconsistency were evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics, respectively. Results The study provides a country-based database of Taenia and Echinococcus infections consisting of 311 datasets from 201 publications which were mostly abattoir surveys; of these, 251 datasets were subjected to meta-analysis. Most of the studies were from Oromia (32.8%) followed by Amhara (22.9%) regional states. The pooled prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in intermediate and accidental hosts was calculated as 22% (95% CI 18–26%) and high study variability (Q = 24,420.65, I2 = 100%, P = 0.000). Moreover, a pooled prevalence of Echinococcus infections in final hosts was calculated as 33% (95% CI 20–48%) and low study variability (Q = 17.24, I2 = 65%, P = 0.001). Similarly, study subjects (human, cattle, sheep, goat and wolf) were infected by Taenia spp. with pooled prevalence of 3% (95% CI 2–4%) and moderate study variability (Q = 279.07, I2 = 89, P = 0.000). Meanwhile, the pooled prevalence of Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis and T. multiceps infections in intermediate hosts were calculated as 38%, 14% and 5%, respectively. The random effect meta-analysis of bovine cysticercosis showed a pooled prevalence of 7% (95% CI 5–9%) and high study variability was of (Q = 4458.76; I2 = 99%, P = 0.000). Significant differences in prevalence of Taenia and Echinococcus infections between study sites or different livestock origins have been reported. Conclusion The study evidenced a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections at different interfaces by regions and hosts and hence can aid in the design of more effective control strategies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04925-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Kalamino campus, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Mebrahtu Berhe Gebremedhin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Valigurová A, Vaškovicová N, Gelnar M, Kováčiková M, Hodová I. Eudiplozoon nipponicum: morphofunctional adaptations of diplozoid monogeneans for confronting their host. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:23. [PMID: 37170182 PMCID: PMC10127055 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Monogeneans, in general, show a range of unique adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, making this group enormously diverse. Due to their unique biological properties, diplozoid monogeneans represent an attractive model group for various investigations on diverse biological interactions. However, despite numerous studies, there are still gaps in our knowledge of diplozoid biology and morphofunctional adaptations.
Results
In this study, we provide a comprehensive microscopic analysis of systems/structures involved in niche searching, sensing and self-protection against the host environment, and excretory/secretory processes in Eudiplozoon nipponicum. Freeze-etching enabled us to detect syncytium organisational features not visible by TEM alone, such as the presence of a membrane subjacent to the apical plasma membrane (separated by a dense protein layer) and a lack of basal plasma membrane. We located several types of secretory/excretory vesicles and bodies, including those attached to the superficial membranes of the tegument. Giant unicellular glands were seen accumulating predominantly in the apical forebody and hindbody haptor region. Muscle layer organisation differed from that generally described, with the outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles being basket-like interwoven by diagonal muscles with additional perpendicular muscles anchored to the tegument. Abundant muscles within the tegumentary ridges were detected, which presumably assist in fixing the parasite between the gill lamellae. Freeze-etching, alongside transmission electron and confocal microscopy with tubulin labelling, enabled visualisation of the protonephridia and nervous system, including the peripheral network and receptor innervation. Three types of receptor were identified: 1) uniciliated sensory endings with a subtle (or missing) tegumentary rim, 2) obviously raised uniciliated receptors with a prominent tegumentary rim (packed with massive innervation and muscles) and 3) non-ciliated papillae (restricted to the hindbody lateral region).
Conclusions
This study points to specific morphofunctional adaptations that have evolved in diplozoid monogeneans to confront their fish host. We clearly demonstrate that the combination of different microscopic techniques is beneficial and can reveal hidden differences, even in much-studied model organisms such as E. nipponicum.
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Yastrebova IV, Yastrebov MV. Muscle System of Gyrocotyle urna (Plathelmintes, Gyrocotylida). BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Nanes Sarfati D, Li P, Tarashansky AJ, Wang B. Single-cell deconstruction of stem-cell-driven schistosome development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:790-802. [PMID: 33893056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes cause one of the most devastating neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis. Their transmission is accomplished through a complex life cycle with two obligate hosts and requires multiple radically different body plans specialized for infecting and reproducing in each host. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies on several schistosome body plans provide a comprehensive map of their cell types, which include stem cells and their differentiated progeny along an intricate developmental hierarchy. This progress not only extends our understanding of the basic biology of the schistosome life cycle but can also inform new therapeutic and preventive strategies against the disease, as blocking the development of specific cell types through genetic manipulations has shown promise in inhibiting parasite survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengyang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Rubenina I, Gavarane I, Kirilova E, Mezaraupe L, Kirjusina M. Comparison of the Benzanthrone Luminophores: They Are Not Equal for Rapid Examination of Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha (Trematoda: Digenea). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040598. [PMID: 33919651 PMCID: PMC8073186 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent derivatives of benzanthrone are becoming more useful based on their light-absorbing and fluorescent-emitting properties. Our previous studies showed that luminescent staining properties of the same benzanthrone dye differ for variable parasite samples. Therefore, two types of benzanthrone dyes were prepared. One has a strongly basic amidine group and a halogen atom, and the other has an amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Trematoda Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a liver fluke of a moose (Alces alces) and has a significant influence on the health and abundance of the moose population. Staining protocols for parasite P. fasciolaemorpha specific organ or organ systems imaging are mostly time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to compare the fixation technique and the staining protocol by synthesized benzanthrone luminescent dyes to determine detailed morphology, anatomical arrangement of the organ systems and gross organization of the muscle layers of P. fasciolaemorpha using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Luminophores were tested for samples fixed in different fixatives. Developed dyes and staining protocol resulting in imaging of all parts of trematode without additional sample preparation procedures, which usually are required for parasite examination. Obtained results confirmed that the most qualitative results could be reached using 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone dye which has amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Based on obtained results, 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone gave more qualitative parasite visualization than 2-bromo-3-N-(N′,N′-dimethylformamidino)benzanthrone.
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Grosbusch AL, Bertemes P, Egger B. The adult musculature of two pseudostomid species reveals unique patterns for flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Prolecithophora). J Morphol 2019; 280:1393-1404. [PMID: 31318084 PMCID: PMC6771899 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the adult musculature of two prolecithophoran species, Cylindrostoma monotrochum (von Graff, 1882) and Monoophorum striatum (von Graff, 1878) using a phalloidin-rhodamine technique. As in all rhabdithophoran flatworms, the body-wall musculature consisted of three muscle layers: on the outer side was a layer of circular muscle fibers and on the inner side was a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers; between them were two different types of diagonally orientated fibers, which is unusual for flatworms. The musculature of the pharynx consisted of a basket-shaped grid of thin longitudinal and circular fibers. Thick anchoring muscle fibers forming a petal-like shape connected the proximal parts of the pharynx with the body-wall musculature. Male genital organs consisted of paired seminal vesicles, a granular vesicle, and an invaginated penis. Peculiar ring-shaped muscles were only found in M. striatum, predominantly in the anterior body part. In the same species, seminal vesicles and penis only had circular musculature, while in C. monotrochum also longitudinal musculature was found in these organs. Female genital organs were only present in M. striatum, where we characterized a vagina interna, and a bursa seminalis. Transverse, crossover, and dorsoventral muscle fibers were lacking in the middle of the body and greatly varied in number and position in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Grosbusch
- Research Unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Research Unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Research Unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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15
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Chernyshev AV, Kajihara H. Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Slyusarev GS, Nesterenko MA, Starunov VV. The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the maleIntoshialinei(Orthonectida). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George S. Slyusarev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Maksim A. Nesterenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Viktor V. Starunov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russia
- Zoological institute RAS Saint Petersburg Russia
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Wendt GR, Collins JNR, Pei J, Pearson MS, Bennett HM, Loukas A, Berriman M, Grishin NV, Collins JJ. Flatworm-specific transcriptional regulators promote the specification of tegumental progenitors in Schistosoma mansoni. eLife 2018; 7:e33221. [PMID: 29557781 PMCID: PMC5927768 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes infect more than 200 million people. These parasitic flatworms rely on a syncytial outer coat called the tegument to survive within the vasculature of their host. Although the tegument is pivotal for their survival, little is known about maintenance of this tissue during the decades schistosomes survive in the bloodstream. Here, we demonstrate that the tegument relies on stem cells (neoblasts) to specify fusogenic progenitors that replace tegumental cells lost to turnover. Molecular characterization of neoblasts and tegumental progenitors led to the discovery of two flatworm-specific zinc finger proteins that are essential for tegumental cell specification. These proteins are homologous to a protein essential for neoblast-driven epidermal maintenance in free-living flatworms. Therefore, we speculate that related parasites (i.e., tapeworms and flukes) employ similar strategies to control tegumental maintenance. Since parasitic flatworms infect every vertebrate species, understanding neoblast-driven tegumental maintenance could identify broad-spectrum therapeutics to fight diseases caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Wendt
- Department of PharmacologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Julie NR Collins
- Department of PharmacologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Jimin Pei
- Department of BiophysicsUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Mark S Pearson
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of TherapeuticsAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook UniversityCairnsAustralia
| | - Hayley M Bennett
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteWellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Loukas
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of TherapeuticsAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook UniversityCairnsAustralia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteWellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of BiophysicsUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - James J Collins
- Department of PharmacologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
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18
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Some details of muscles innervations by FMRF-like nerve elements in planarian Girardia tigrina. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Konstanzová V, Koubková B, Kašný M, Ilgová J, Dzika E, Gelnar M. An ultrastructural study of the surface and attachment structures of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) (Monogenea: Diplozoidae). Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:261. [PMID: 28545591 PMCID: PMC5445393 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of Diplozoon Palombi, 1949 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) are blood-feeding ectoparasites mainly parasitising the gills of cyprinid fishes. Although these parasites have been the subject of numerous taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological studies, the ultrastructure of the surface and haptor attachment structures remains almost unknown. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure of attachment clamps and neodermal surface of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959), family Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949, thereby broadening our knowledge of platyhelminth biology. Results The hindbody surface of P. homoion is distinctly ridged, each ridge being supported by several muscle fibers and equipped with scales on the surface plasma membrane. Such structures have not been recorded previously in species of the family Diplozoidae. Comparisons of the surface structure of different body parts revealed slight differences in the thickness and number of organelles. Each of the clamps has a flattened bowl-like structure composed of sclerites, movable skeletal-like structures that are anchored by robust, radially oriented muscle bundles. The base of the posterior median plate sclerites is equipped with glandular cells possessing secretory vesicles. Conclusion This study brings detailed ultrastructural data for the surface and haptoral attachment clamps of P. homoion and provides new insights into the ultrastructure of Diplozoidae. Glandular cells at the base of the attachment clamps responsible for sclerite development in diplozoid species were observed for the first time. Our findings support the hypothesis that the structure of particular neodermal compartments is similar within the Platyhelminthes. On the other hand, the diplozoid glandular system and the mechanism of sclerite development clearly merits further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Konstanzová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Božena Koubková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ilgová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żolnierska 14c, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kreshchenko ND. Some details on the morphological structure of planarian musculature identified by fluorescent and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Koziol U. Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) of cestodes. Exp Parasitol 2016; 180:84-100. [PMID: 27939766 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cestodes (tapeworms) have complex adaptations to their obligatory parasitic life-style. Among these adaptations, they show many evolutionary innovations in their development, including complex life-cycles with multiple hosts and life-stages, several independent origins of asexual reproduction, and the evolution of segmentation as a mean to generate massive reproductive output. Therefore, cestodes offer many opportunities for the investigation of the evolutionary origins of developmental novelties (evo-devo). However, cestodes have not been exploited as major models for evo-devo research due to the considerable technical difficulties involved in their study. In this review, a panoramic view is given of classical aspects, methods and hypothesis of cestode development, together with recent advances in phylogenetics, genomics, culture methods, and comparative analysis of cestode gene expression. Together with the availability of powerful models for related free-living flatworms, these developments should encourage the incorporation of these fascinating parasites into the first-line of evo-devo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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22
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Adami ML, Brusa F, Ronderos JR, Damborenea C. Muscular pattern in three species ofMacrostomum(platyhelminthes, macrostomorpha). J Morphol 2016; 278:264-282. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L. Adami
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal (FCNyM-UNLP); Calle 64 N°3 La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Francisco Brusa
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Jorge R. Ronderos
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal (FCNyM-UNLP); Calle 64 N°3 La Plata 1900 Argentina
| | - Cristina Damborenea
- División Zoología Invertebrados; Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP); CONICET. Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata 1900 Argentina
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23
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Doe DA, Smith JP. Structure of the male copulatory apparatus in Prognathorhynchus busheki (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia). INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY : A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY AND THE DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY/ASZ 2016; 135:150-162. [PMID: 27695276 PMCID: PMC5042454 DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gnathorhynchidae is a diverse taxon of predatory eukalyptorhynch flatworms characterized by an armed proboscis. Their present taxonomy is not concordant with what we know of their phylogeny. Further progress in this area is hindered by a lack of information concerning their morphology. As recent studies have shown, a historical reliance on live observations for species descriptions has resulted in a number of errors and omissions. Here, we redescribe the anatomy of the male copulatory organ of Prognathorhynchus busheki using transmission-electron and confocal microscopy, correcting several errors in the original description. Furthermore, we use these results to update our understanding of the anatomy and evolution of male copulatory organs in Gnathorhynchidae and in Platyhelminthes more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Doe
- Biology Department, Westfield State University, Westfield MA
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24
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Haszprunar G. Review of data for a morphological look on Xenacoelomorpha (Bilateria incertae sedis). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Raikova OI, Meyer-Wachsmuth I, Jondelius U. The plastic nervous system of Nemertodermatida. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the female Intoshia linei (Orthonectida). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Occluding junctions of invertebrate epithelia. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:17-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Krupenko DY, Dobrovolskij AA. Somatic musculature in trematode hermaphroditic generation. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:189. [PMID: 26373845 PMCID: PMC4571110 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The somatic musculature in trematode hermaphroditic generation (cercariae, metacercariae and adult) is presumed to comprise uniform layers of circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscle fibers of the body wall, and internal dorsoventral muscle fibers. Meanwhile, specific data are few, and there has been no analysis taking the trunk axial differentiation and regionalization into account. Yet presence of the ventral sucker (= acetabulum) morphologically divides the digenean trunk into two regions: preacetabular and postacetabular. The functional differentiation of these two regions is already evident in the nervous system organization, and the goal of our research was to investigate the somatic musculature from the same point of view. RESULTS Somatic musculature of ten trematode species was studied with use of fluorescent-labelled phalloidin and confocal microscopy. The body wall of examined species included three main muscle layers (of circular, longitudinal and diagonal fibers), and most of the species had them distinctly better developed in the preacetabuler region. In majority of the species several (up to seven) additional groups of muscle fibers were found within the body wall. Among them the anterioradial, posterioradial, anteriolateral muscle fibers, and U-shaped muscle sets were most abundant. These groups were located on the ventral surface, and associated with the ventral sucker. The additional internal musculature was quite diverse as well, and included up to twelve separate groups of muscle fibers or bundles in one species. The most dense additional bundles were found in the preacetabular region and were connected with the suckers. CONCLUSIONS Previously unknown additional somatic musculature probably provides the diverse movements of the preacetabular region, ventral sucker, and oral sucker (or anterior organ). Several additional muscle groups of the body wall (anterioradial, posterioradial, anteriolateral fibers and U-shaped sets) are proposed to be included into the musculature ground pattern of trematode hermaphroditic generation. This pattern is thought to be determined by the primary trunk morphofunctional differentiation into the preacetabular and the postacetabular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Y Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrej A Dobrovolskij
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Zoology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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The muscular system of Nemertoderma westbladi and Meara stichopi (Nemertodermatida, Acoelomorpha). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Liana MK, Quiroga SY, Bolaños DM, Litvaitis MK. Comparative morphology of the epidermis of seven species of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora). ZOOL ANZ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Microanatomy of the trophosome region of Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia (Catenulida, Platyhelminthes) and its intracellular symbionts. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011; 130:261-271. [PMID: 22131640 PMCID: PMC3213344 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Marine catenulid platyhelminths of the genus Paracatenula lack mouth, pharynx and gut. They live in a symbiosis with intracellular bacteria which are restricted to the body region posterior to the brain. The symbiont-housing cells (bacteriocytes) collectively form the trophosome tissue, which functionally replaces the digestive tract. It constitutes the largest part of the body and is the most important synapomorphy of this group. While some other features of the Paracatenula anatomy have already been analyzed, an in-depth analysis of the trophosome region was missing. Here, we identify and characterize the composition of the trophosome and its surrounding tissue by analyzing series of ultra-thin cross-sections of the species Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia. For the first time, a protonephridium is detected in a Paracatenula species, but it is morphologically reduced and most likely not functional. Cells containing needle-like inclusions in the reference species Paracatenula polyhymnia Sterrer and Rieger, 1974 were thought to be sperm, and the inclusions interpreted as the sperm nucleus. Our analysis of similar cells and their inclusions by EDX and Raman microspectroscopy documents an inorganic spicule consisting of a unique magnesium–phosphate compound. Furthermore, we identify the neoblast stem cells located underneath the epidermis. Except for the modifications due to the symbiotic lifestyle and the enigmatic spicule cells, the organization of Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia conforms to that of the Catenulida in all studied aspects. Therefore, this species represents an excellent model system for further studies of host adaptation to an obligate symbiotic lifestyle.
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32
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Chernyshev AV. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of the phalloidin-labelled musculature in nemerteans. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.504890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Semmler H, Wanninger A. Myogenesis in two polyclad platyhelminths with indirect development, Pseudoceros canadensis and Stylostomum sanjuania. Evol Dev 2010; 12:210-21. [PMID: 20433460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis of two representatives of Platyhelminthes, Stylostomum sanjuania and Pseudoceros canadensis, was followed from egg deposition until well-differentiated free-swimming larval stages, using F-actin staining and confocal laserscanning microscopy. Zonulae adhaerentes are the only structures to stain before 50% of development between egg deposition and hatching in S. sanjuania, and before 67% of development in P. canadenis. Subsequently, irregular fibers appear in the embryo, followed by a helicoid muscle close to the apical pole. Three longitudinal muscle pairs form, of which the dorsal pair remains more pronounced than the others. Gradually, new muscles form by branching or from double-stranded muscle zones adjacent to existing muscles. This results in an elaborate muscular bodywall that consists of a single helicoid muscle as well as multiple circular and longitudinal muscles. Diverse retractor muscles insert at the sphincter muscles around the stomodeum. The overall arrangement and formation mode of the larval musculature appears very similar in both species, although only P. canadensis has a primary circular muscle posterior to the helicoid muscle. Muscle formation in the apical region of the embryo precedes that at the abapical pole and the primary longitudinal muscles form slightly later than the primary circular muscles. Myogenesis and larval myoanatomy appears highly conserved among polyclad flatworms, but differs significantly from that of other trochozoan clades. Our data suggest that the larval muscular ground pattern of polyclad larvae comprises a bodywall consisting of a helicoid muscle, circular and longitudinal muscles, several retractor muscles, and sphincter muscles around the stomodeum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Semmler
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Koziol U, Domínguez MF, Marín M, Kun A, Castillo E. Stem cell proliferation during in vitro development of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti from larva to adult worm. Front Zool 2010; 7:22. [PMID: 20626875 PMCID: PMC2917415 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In free-living flatworms somatic differentiated cells do not divide, and a separate population of stem cells (called neoblasts) is responsible for cell proliferation and renewal. In cestodes, there is evidence that similar mechanisms of cell renewal exist. Results In this work, we have characterized proliferative cells during the development of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti from larva (tetrathyridium) to young segmented worm. This was done by two complementary strategies with congruent results: characterizing cells in S phase and their progeny by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and characterizing cells in M phase by arresting mitotic cells with colchicine and studying their morphology and distribution. Proliferative cells are localized only in the inner parenchyma, particularly in close proximity to the inner muscle layer, but not in the cortical parenchyma nor in the sub-tegumental tissue. After proliferation some of these cells migrate to the outer regions were they differentiate. In the larvae, proliferative cells are more abundant in the anterior regions (scolex and neck), and their number diminishes in an antero-posterior way. During the development of adult segments periodic accumulation of proliferative cells are observed, including a central mass of cells that constitutes the genital primordium, which grows at least in part due to in situ proliferation. In later segments, the inner cells of genital primordia cease to proliferate and adopt a compact distribution, and proliferative cells are also found in the testes primordia. Conclusions Proliferative cells have a characteristic localization and morphology throughout development from larva to adult of Mesocestoides corti, which is similar, and probably evolutionary conserved, to that described in other model cestodes. The characteristics of proliferative cells suggest that these consist of undifferentiated stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Chernyshev AV, Temereva EN. First report of diagonal musculature in phoronids (Lophophorata: Phoronida). DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 433:264-267. [PMID: 20711873 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A V Chernyshev
- Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Abstract
Since first described, acoels were considered members of the flatworms (Platyhelminthes). However, no clear synapomorphies among the three large flatworm taxa -- the Catenulida, the Acoelomorpha and the Rhabditophora -- have been characterized to date. Molecular phylogenies, on the other hand, commonly positioned acoels separate from other flatworms. Accordingly, our own multi-locus phylogenetic analysis using 43 genes and 23 animal species places the acoel flatworm Isodiametra pulchra at the base of all Bilateria, distant from other flatworms. By contrast, novel data on the distribution and proliferation of stem cells and the specific mode of epidermal replacement constitute a strong synapomorphy for the Acoela plus the major group of flatworms, the Rhabditophora. The expression of a piwi-like gene not only in gonadal, but also in adult somatic stem cells is another unique feature among bilaterians. These two independent stem-cell-related characters put the Acoela into the Platyhelminthes-Lophotrochozoa clade and account for the most parsimonious evolutionary explanation of epidermal cell renewal in the Bilateria. Most available multigene analyses produce conflicting results regarding the position of the acoels in the tree of life. Given these phylogenomic conflicts and the contradiction of developmental and morphological data with phylogenomic results, the monophyly of the phylum Platyhelminthes and the position of the Acoela remain unresolved. By these data, both the inclusion of Acoela within Platyhelminthes, and their separation from flatworms as basal bilaterians are well-supported alternatives.
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Bolaños DM, Litvaitis MK. Embryonic muscle development in direct and indirect developing marine flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida). Evol Dev 2009; 11:290-301. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Neves RC, Kristensen RM, Wanninger A. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the musculature of various life cycle stages of the cycliophoranSymbion americanus. J Morphol 2009; 270:257-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Poddubnaya LG, Scholz T, Kuchta R, Levron C, Gibson DI. Ultrastructure of the surface structures and secretory glands of the rosette attachment organ of Gyrocotyle urna (Cestoda: Gyrocotylidea). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2008; 55:207-18. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2008.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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An ultrastructural study of the early cercarial development in Prosorhynchoides borealis (Digenea: Bucephalidae) with special reference to formation of the primitive epithelium. J Helminthol 2008; 82:101-8. [PMID: 18252025 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x08890803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primitive epithelium and outer tegumental layer formation during early cercarial development was studied in Prosorhynchoides borealis using electron microscopy. It demonstrated that germinal cells freely floating in the sporocyst body cavity divide to give rise to naked cell aggregates. These early embryos are highly irregular in outline and are composed of blastomeres differing in size and structure. In embryos consisting of about 12-14 cells a few (possibly only two) superficial macromeres become concave and produce thin extensions which envelop the embryonic mass before fusing to form a syncytial primitive epithelium. This primitive epithelium forms syncytial connections with underlying embryonic cells. Primordial tegumental cells become apparent in late germinal balls below the primitive epithelium. These cells expand and fuse to give rise to an embryonic nucleated tegument. The embryonic tegument is connected to peripheral embryonic cells by thin cytoplasmic bridges until the basement lamina is formed. Subsequently, the primitive epithelium is shed by the embryos and the nuclei in the embryonic tegument undergo pyknotic degeneration. These results are analysed and compared with data from studies on other trematode species and it is concluded that the primitive epithelium is derived from the embryo in at least the majority of digeneans.
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Egger B, Gschwentner R, Rieger R. Free-living flatworms under the knife: past and present. Dev Genes Evol 2006; 217:89-104. [PMID: 17146688 PMCID: PMC1784541 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-006-0120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, regeneration research has been closely tied to flatworm research, as flatworms (Plathelminthes) were among the first animals where the phenomenon of regeneration was discovered. Since then, the main focus of flatworm regeneration research was on triclads, for which various phenomena were observed and a number of theories developed. However, free-living flatworms encompass a number of other taxa where regeneration was found to be possible. This review aims to display and to compare regeneration in all major free-living flatworm taxa, with special focus on a new player in the field of regeneration, Macrostomum lignano (Macrostomorpha). Findings on the regeneration capacity of this organism provide clues for links between regeneration and (post-)embryonic development, starvation, and asexual reproduction. The role of the nervous system and especially the brain for regeneration is discussed, and similarities as well as particularities in regeneration among free-living flatworms are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Egger
- Ultrastructural Research and Evolutionary Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Epidermis and protonephridia of a free-living platyhelminth, Mesocastrada führmanni Voltz, 1898 (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida): An ultrastructural study. ZOOL ANZ 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang LH, McManus DP, Sunderland P, Lu XM, Ye JJ, Loukas A, Jones MK. The cellular distribution and stage-specific expression of two dynein light chains from the human blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1511-24. [PMID: 15833281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes are pathogenic helminth parasites of human portal veins. Their body wall is a highly active syncytial tegument involved in an array of host interactions. The cytoskeletal organization and dynamics of this syncytium are poorly understood, but predominant motor components are the LC8 class of cytoplasmic dynein light chains (DLC). Four LC8 members occur in schistosomes, two of which are expressed in the tegument. Here, we describe the cytoplasmic distribution, stage-specific expression and cellular location of two diverse LC8 molecules of Schistosoma japonicum. SjDLC1 was detected in surface-membrane specific extracts of adult worms and was shown by quantitative immuno-electron microscopy to predominate along heptalaminate membranes of the worm surface. SjDLC3 also occurs in the tegument, but was shown to be present in basal layers of the tegument and did not preferentially co-localize with particular membrane components. SjDLC3 was also detected in the gastrodermis. SjDLC1 is expressed only in mammalian-parasitic stages, whereas SjDLC3 is expressed throughout the life-cycle. The data suggest that SjDLC1 is preferentially located to the host-interactive distal parasite membrane, and plays a role in surface membrane dynamics, while SjDLC3 is a ubiquitous motor component of schistosome epithelia of all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Zhang
- Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Qld. 4029, Australia
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Webb RA. Studies on platyhelminths: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z04-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This introduction to the following collection of review articles discusses briefly why some researchers chose to study platyhelminths, especially parasites, and some of the important principles and concepts that emerge from these reviews. One observation is that these are challenging animals to work with. Although much has emerged of note, much remains to be done and this introduction highlights a few of these areas.
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