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Martinac B, Nikolaev YA, Silvani G, Bavi N, Romanov V, Nakayama Y, Martinac AD, Rohde P, Bavi O, Cox CD. Cell membrane mechanics and mechanosensory transduction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:83-141. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mäki AJ, Verho J, Kreutzer J, Ryynänen T, Rajan D, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Ahola A, Hyttinen J, Aalto-Setälä K, Lekkala J, Kallio P. A Portable Microscale Cell Culture System with Indirect Temperature Control. SLAS Technol 2018; 23:566-579. [PMID: 29723086 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318768710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically relevant environment is essential for successful long-term cell culturing in vitro. Precise control of temperature, one of the most crucial environmental parameters in cell cultures, increases the fidelity and repeatability of the experiments. Unfortunately, direct temperature measurement can interfere with the cultures or prevent imaging of the cells. Furthermore, the assessment of dynamic temperature variations in the cell culture area is challenging with the methods traditionally used for measuring temperature in cell culture systems. To overcome these challenges, we integrated a microscale cell culture environment together with live-cell imaging and a precise local temperature control that is based on an indirect measurement. The control method uses a remote temperature measurement and a mathematical model for estimating temperature at the desired area. The system maintained the temperature at 37±0.3 °C for more than 4 days. We also showed that the system precisely controls the culture temperature during temperature transients and compensates for the disturbance when changing the cell cultivation medium, and presented the portability of the heating system. Finally, we demonstrated a successful long-term culturing of human induced stem cell-derived beating cardiomyocytes, and analyzed their beating rates at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Juhana Mäki
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jarmo Verho
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joose Kreutzer
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi Ryynänen
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dhanesh Rajan
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Pekkanen-Mattila
- 2 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Ahola
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- 2 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,3 Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Lekkala
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Kallio
- 1 BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Septiadi D, Crippa F, Moore TL, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704463. [PMID: 29315860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Federica Crippa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Moeendarbary E, Harris AR. Cell mechanics: principles, practices, and prospects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:371-88. [PMID: 25269160 PMCID: PMC4309479 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells generate and sustain mechanical forces within their environment as part of their normal physiology. They are active materials that can detect mechanical stimulation by the activation of mechanosensitive signaling pathways, and respond to physical cues through cytoskeletal re-organization and force generation. Genetic mutations and pathogens that disrupt the cytoskeletal architecture can result in changes to cell mechanical properties such as elasticity, adhesiveness, and viscosity. On the other hand, perturbations to the mechanical environment can affect cell behavior. These transformations are often a hallmark and symptom of a variety of pathologies. Consequently, there are now a myriad of experimental techniques and theoretical models adapted from soft matter physics and mechanical engineering to characterize cell mechanical properties. Interdisciplinary research combining modern molecular biology with advanced cell mechanical characterization techniques now paves the way for furthering our fundamental understanding of cell mechanics and its role in development, physiology, and disease. We describe a generalized outline for measuring cell mechanical properties including loading protocols, tools, and data interpretation.We summarize recent advances in the field and explain how cell biomechanics research can be adopted by physicists, engineers, biologists, and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Hughes Hall, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Andrew R Harris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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Maloney JM, Lehnhardt E, Long AF, Van Vliet KJ. Mechanical fluidity of fully suspended biological cells. Biophys J 2014; 105:1767-77. [PMID: 24138852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical characteristics of single biological cells are used to identify and possibly leverage interesting differences among cells or cell populations. Fluidity-hysteresivity normalized to the extremes of an elastic solid or a viscous liquid-can be extracted from, and compared among, multiple rheological measurements of cells: creep compliance versus time, complex modulus versus frequency, and phase lag versus frequency. With multiple strategies available for acquisition of this nondimensional property, fluidity may serve as a useful and robust parameter for distinguishing cell populations, and for understanding the physical origins of deformability in soft matter. Here, for three disparate eukaryotic cell types deformed in the suspended state via optical stretching, we examine the dependence of fluidity on chemical and environmental influences at a timescale of ∼1 s. We find that fluidity estimates are consistent in the time and frequency domains under a structural damping (power-law or fractional-derivative) model, but not under an equivalent-complexity, lumped-component (spring-dashpot) model; the latter predicts spurious time constants. Although fluidity is suppressed by chemical cross-linking, we find that ATP depletion in the cell does not measurably alter the parameter, and we thus conclude that active ATP-driven events are not a crucial enabler of fluidity during linear viscoelastic deformation of a suspended cell. Finally, by using the capacity of optical stretching to produce near-instantaneous increases in cell temperature, we establish that fluidity increases with temperature-now measured in a fully suspended, sortable cell without the complicating factor of cell-substratum adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Maloney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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von Dassow M, Miller CJ, Davidson LA. Biomechanics and the thermotolerance of development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95670. [PMID: 24776615 PMCID: PMC4002435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful completion of development requires coordination of patterning events with morphogenetic movements. Environmental variability challenges this coordination. For example, developing organisms encounter varying environmental temperatures that can strongly influence developmental rates. We hypothesized that the mechanics of morphogenesis would have to be finely adjusted to allow for normal morphogenesis across a wide range of developmental rates. We formulated our hypothesis as a simple model incorporating time-dependent application of force to a viscoelastic tissue. This model suggested that the capacity to maintain normal morphogenesis across a range of temperatures would depend on how both tissue viscoelasticity and the forces that drive deformation vary with temperature. To test this model we investigated how the mechanical behavior of embryonic tissue (Xenopus laevis) changed with temperature; we used a combination of micropipette aspiration to measure viscoelasticity, electrically induced contractions to measure cellular force generation, and confocal microscopy to measure endogenous contractility. Contrary to expectations, the viscoelasticity of the tissues and peak contractile tension proved invariant with temperature even as rates of force generation and gastrulation movements varied three-fold. Furthermore, the relative rates of different gastrulation movements varied with temperature: the speed of blastopore closure increased more slowly with temperature than the speed of the dorsal-to-ventral progression of involution. The changes in the relative rates of different tissue movements can be explained by the viscoelastic deformation model given observed viscoelastic properties, but only if morphogenetic forces increase slowly rather than all at once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo von Dassow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Callie Johnson Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Robert D, Aubertin K, Bacri JC, Wilhelm C. Magnetic nanomanipulations inside living cells compared with passive tracking of nanoprobes to get consensus for intracellular mechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:011905. [PMID: 22400589 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.011905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of nanomaterials to penetrate inside living cells has been the focus of a large number of studies, with applications for the biomedical field. However, the further dynamics of these nanomaterials inside the cells is dictated by the intracellular environment and in particular its mechanical properties. The mechanical characteristics of the cell interior can be probed with either active or passive microrheological approaches. However, active intracellular microrheology is still in its infancy, owing to the difficulty of inserting probes that can be manipulated by external forces. Here we review recent active microrheology studies using magnetic nanoprobes inserted into endosomes or phagosomes as useful approaches for measuring frequency-dependent viscoelasticity, for mapping the viscoelastic landscape, as well as for identifying the contribution of individual cytoskeleton components and the influence of cell motility. The results of such direct measurements challenge the validity of more typical passive approaches in which the spontaneous displacement of embedded nanoprobes is measured. Here we discuss that one must distinguish probes suitable for use in conditions of thermal equilibrium, whose movements reflect the mechanical environment from probes that interact actively with the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, in a state of nonequilibrium for which fluctuation-dissipation theorem no longer holds. However, when data on these probes' viscoelastic microenvironment is available, such passive probe movements can yield useful information on the forces responsible for intracellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Robert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
Morphogenesis takes place against a background of organism-to-organism and environmental variation. Therefore, fundamental questions in the study of morphogenesis include: How are the mechanical processes of tissue movement and deformation affected by that variability, and in turn, how do the mechanic of the system modulate phenotypic variation? We highlight a few key factors, including environmental temperature, embryo size and environmental chemistry that might perturb the mechanics of morphogenesis in natural populations. Then we discuss several ways in which mechanics-including feedback from mechanical cues-might influence intra-specific variation in morphogenesis. To understand morphogenesis it will be necessary to consider whole-organism, environment and evolutionary scales because these larger scales present the challenges that developmental mechanisms have evolved to cope with. Studying the variation organisms express and the variation organisms experience will aid in deciphering the causes of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo von Dassow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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