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Eruygur N, Tuzcu N, Tugay O, Yilmaz MA, Cakir O. Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Inula viscosa L. Aiton: a promising plant from Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:3334-3347. [PMID: 38245842 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2305215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The methanol extract of Inula viscosa (IVM) was investigated for its antioxidant potential using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging as well as iron chelating assays (ICA). The total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of IVM were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of I. viscosa methanol extract was investigated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution method. The IVM extract was found to be containing TPC (236.78 ± 7.63 mg GAE/g) and TFC (94.36 ± 1.86 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity IC50 values for the DPPH, ABTS and ICA assays were found to be 277.7 ± 3.68, 2.44 ± 0.02, and 222.1 ± 0.71 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC values of the IVM on the tested microorganisms ranged from 0.48 to 7.81 mg/mL. Furthermore, IVM extract was demonstrated 18.32 ± 1.37%, 23.06 ± 1.05%, 4.72 ± 0.13%, 15.13 ± 0.37% and 37.64 ± 4.02% inhibition against tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE and BChE, respectively. In the results of LC-MS/MS analysis, acacetin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid were determined as most dominant compounds. These findings suggested that this plant may be a natural resource for creating novel medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraniye Eruygur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nevin Tuzcu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Osman Tugay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir Sur, Turkey
| | - Oguz Cakir
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Jerada R, Er-Rakibi A, Cherkani Hassani A, Benzeid H, El Ouardi A, Harhar H, Goh BH, Yow YY, Ser HL, Bouyahya A, Mojemmi B, Doukkali A. A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological activities of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:355-380. [PMID: 39035692 PMCID: PMC11259705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa is a perennial herb that has been used for generations in traditional medicine to address a variety of diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, microbial disorders, inflammatory conditions, and wound healing. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of existing knowledge on D. viscosa with regards to its botanical description, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological properties. Databases such as Scopus, Wiley-Online, PubMed, Springer, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were used to select relevant articles based on their title and abstract. The reviewed studies found a strong correlation between D. viscosa's traditional uses and its observed biological effects. Pharmacological research has shown that the essential oils and extracts from D. viscosa possess a variety of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. The chemical compounds found in D. viscosa include sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids; some of these compounds, such as tometosin and inuviscolide, have been isolated and displayed promising cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present review suggests that the pharmacological properties of D. viscosa align well with its ethnomedicinal uses. These findings support the traditional use of D. viscosa in treating various illnesses. Additionally, toxicological examinations of D. viscosa extracts and essential oil have demonstrated the plant's safety, which supports the need for comprehensive pharmacological studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials to evaluate the best doses for optimal medicinal effects. This work underscores the medicinal value of D. viscosa and its potential in developing new pharmacological agents to address major health challenges like antibiotic resistance and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Jerada
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdeljalil Er-Rakibi
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security Laboratory (2IACS), ENSET Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abha Cherkani Hassani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hanane Benzeid
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelmoula El Ouardi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Harhar
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, BP, 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, BP, 1014, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, BP, 1014, Morocco
| | - Brahim Mojemmi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anass Doukkali
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
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Guo C, Qi RY, Ren JY, Xu DD, Zhang Q, Gao JM, Tang JJ. Inubritantrimers A-D: Trimerized Sesquiterpenoid [4 + 2] Adducts Featuring a Distinctive Spiro-Polycyclic Scaffold from Inula britannica. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5029-5037. [PMID: 38531374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Inubritantrimer A (1), a trace trimerized sesquiterpenoid [4 + 2] adduct featuring an unusual exo-exo type spiro-polycyclic scaffold, together with three new endo-exo [4 + 2] adducts, inubritantrimers B-D (2-4), were discovered from the flowers of Inula britannica. Their structures were elucidated using 1D/2D NMR, X-ray diffraction, and ECD approaches. 1 is characterized as a novel exo-exo trimer, synthesized biogenetically from three sesquiterpenoid monomers, featuring a unique linkage of C-11/C-1', C-13/C-3' and C-13'/C-3″, C-11'/C-1″ through a two-step exo [4 + 2] cycloaddition process. Compounds 1-4 exhibited modest cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells with IC50 values in the range of 5.84-12.01 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan-Dan Xu
- School of Foundational Education, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 100 Yucai West Road, Nyingchi, Xizang, 860000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen Virtual University Park Building, High-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
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Peng Y, Guo Y, Zhang S, Chang Y, Zhang S, Wang X, Zhao W, Ma X. Identification of diverse sesquiterpenoids with anti-fibrotic potential from Inula japonica Thunb. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107084. [PMID: 38176376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In the chemical investigation of Inula japonica, a total of 29 sesquiterpenoids (1-29) were obtained, including pseudoguaine-, xanthane-, eudesmane-, and 1,10-secoeudesmane-type compounds, as well as their dimers. Among them, six new dimeric sesquiterpenoids, bisinulains A-F (1-5, 7), characterized by a [4 + 2] biogenetic pathway between different sesquiterpenoid monomers were identified. Additionally, three new monomers named inulaterins A-C (13, 18 and 21) were discovered. The structures of these compounds were determined through analysis of spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallographic data, and ECD experiments. To assess their potential anti-inflammatory activities, the sesquiterpenoid dimers were tested for their ability to inhibit NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the compounds that exhibited anti-inflammatory effects underwent evaluation for their anti-fibrotic potential using a TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition model in A549 cells. As a result, bisinulain B (2) was screened out to significantly inhibit the production of cytokines involved in pulmonary fibrosis such as NO, α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Peng
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistics Force, Dalian, China
| | - Yibo Chang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistics Force, Dalian, China.
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Wei F, Yin Y, Li J, Chang Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Ma X. Essential oil from Inula japonica Thunb. And its phenolic constituents ameliorate pulmonary injury and fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117169. [PMID: 37704119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulmonary injury and fibrosis can be caused by various factors because of their inflammatory nature, both can lead to serious clinical consequences. Inula japonica Thunb. is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of lung diseases. However, the effect and mechanism of action of the essential oil of I. japonica (EOI) on pulmonary injury and fibrosis are not well understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic effects of EOI on mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced acute pulmonary injury and chronic fibrosis formation, as well as its potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A short-term mouse model of pulmonary injury was established by intratracheal injection of BLM to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of EOI, and a long-term model of pulmonary fibrosis was used to explore the anti-fibrosis effect of EOI. High-dose EOI (200 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically, and low-dose (50 mg/kg) was administered by intratracheal injection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the ingredients in EOI, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed for the preparation of EOI compounds. Western blot and real-time qPCR were used to verify the effects of EOI and its active composition on inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis signaling pathway. RESULTS Treatment with EOI significantly reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing the levels of inflammatory and oxidative cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde in BLM-treated mice with acute pulmonary injury. EOI treatment could also suppress the formation of fibrous tissue in mice with BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt pathways. Chromatographic analysis and preparation suggested that fatty acid and phenol derivatives are present in EOI. Based on cellular inflammation and fibrosis models, the phenolic compounds in EOI can represent the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of EOI by regulating pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, and α-SMA. CONCLUSION EOI ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the inflammatory response and regulating the redox equilibrium, as well as by mediating TGFβ/Smad and PI3K/Akt, which suggested that EOI has potential to treat pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wei
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuzhen Yin
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Li
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yibo Chang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Bjørklund G, Cruz-Martins N, Goh BH, Mykhailenko O, Lysiuk R, Shanaida M, Lenchyk L, Upyr T, Rusu ME, Pryshlyak A, Shanaida V, Chirumbolo S. Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:988-1015. [PMID: 37559241 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230809094242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, Mo i Rana 8610, Norway
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Victoria, Malaysia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Bromatology and Medicinal Chemistry Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies and Quality of Medicines, Institute for Advanced Training of Pharmacy Specialists, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Upyr
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonina Pryshlyak
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shanaida
- Design of Machine Tools, Instruments and Machines Department, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Cao F, Chu C, Qin JJ, Guan X. Research progress on antitumor mechanisms and molecular targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones. Chin Med 2023; 18:164. [PMID: 38111074 PMCID: PMC10726648 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of natural product therapy have received sigificant attention, among which terpenoids such as sesquiterpene lactones stand out due to their biological activity and pharmacological potential as anti-tumor drugs. Inula sesquiterpene lactones are a kind of sesquiterpene lactones extracted from Inula species. They have many pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-asthma, anti-tumor, neuroprotective and anti-allergic. In recent years, more and more studies have proved that they are important candidate drugs for the treatment of a variety of cancers because of its good anti-tumor activity. In this paper, the structure, structure-activity relationship, antitumor activities, mechanisms and targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones reported in recent years were reviewed in order to provide clues for the development of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhu QM, Zhao WY, Lv X, Yi J, Huo XK, Wang MJ, Sun CP. Inula japonica ameliorated the inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-induced acute lung injury through the MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:287-299. [PMID: 36617177 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Inula japonica (TEIJ) in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS Protective effects of TEIJ in the inflammation and oxidative stress were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. Meanwhile, Western blot and real-time qPCR were carried out to investigate the underlying mechanism of TEIJ for ALI as well as immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS TEIJ significantly alleviated the course of ALI via suppressing the interstitial infiltrated inflammatory cells, the increase of inflammatory factors and the decrease of anti-oxidative factors. TEIJ inactivated the MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway to suppress the transcription of its downstream target genes, such as TNF-α, IL-6, etc. Meanwhile, TEIJ activated the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway to regulate expression levels of Nrf2 and its target proteins. The results of LC-QTOF-MS/MS indicated potential active constituents of I. japonica, terpenoids and flavonoids. Additionally, terpenoids and flavonoids synergistically alleviated LPS-induced ALI depending on MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways. CONCLUSION I. japonica could be considered a potential agent to treat ALI via regulating the MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi-Meng Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yi
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mi-Jia Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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The Therapeutic Wound Healing Bioactivities of Various Medicinal Plants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020317. [PMID: 36836674 PMCID: PMC9960863 DOI: 10.3390/life13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as the body's first line of defense, guarding against mechanical, chemical, and thermal damage to the interior organs. It includes a highly developed immune response that serves as a barrier against pathogenic infections. Wound healing is a dynamic process underpinned by numerous cellular activities, including homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, that require proper harmonious integration to effectively repair the damaged tissue. Following cutaneous damage, microorganisms can quickly enter the tissues beneath the skin, which can result in chronic wounds and fatal infections. Natural phytomedicines that possess considerable pharmacological properties have been widely and effectively employed forwound treatment and infection prevention. Since ancient times, phytotherapy has been able to efficiently treat cutaneous wounds, reduce the onset of infections, and minimize the usage of antibiotics that cause critical antibiotic resistance. There are a remarkable number of wound-healing botanicals that have been widely used in the Northern Hemisphere, including Achiella millefolium, Aloe vera, Althaea officinalis, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Curcuma longa, Eucalyptus, Jojoba, plantain, pine, green tea, pomegranate, and Inula. This review addresses the most often used medicinal plants from the Northern Hemisphere that facilitate the treatment of wounds, and also suggests viable natural alternatives that can be used in the field of wound care.
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang WH, Zhu QM, Huo XK, Sun CP, Ma XC, Xiao HT. Total flavonoids of Inula japonica alleviated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting the sEH activity: Insights from lipid metabolomics. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154380. [PMID: 36150346 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory disease characterized by diffuse lung interstitial and respiratory distress and pulmonary edema with a mortality rate of 35%-40%. Inula japonica Thunb., known as "Xuan Fu Hua" in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese medicine Inulae Flos to use for relieving cough, eliminating expectorant, and preventing bacterial infections in the clinic, and possesses an anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect. However, the effect and action mechanism of I. japonica on ALI is still unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of total flavonoids of I. japonica (TFIJ) in the treatment of ALI. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A mouse ALI model was established through administration of LPS by the intratracheal instillation. Protective effects of TFIJ in the inflammation and oxidative stress were studied in LPS-induced ALI mice based on inflammatory and oxidative stress factors, including MDA, MPO, SOD, and TNF-α. Lipid metabolomics, bioinformatics, Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry were performed to reveal the potential mechanism of TFIJ in the treatment of ALI. RESULTS TFIJ significantly alleviated the interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells and the collapse of the alveoli in LPS-induced ALI mice. Lipid metabolomics demonstrated that TFIJ could significantly affect the CYP2J/sEH-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism, such as 11,12-EET, 14,15-EET, 8,9-DHET, 11,12-DHET, and 14,15-DHET, revealing that sEH was the potential target of TFIJ, which was further supported by the recombinant sEH-mediated the substrate hydrolysis in vitro (IC50 = 1.18 μg/ml). Inhibition of sEH by TFIJ alleviated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress via the MAPK, NF-κB, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that TFIJ could suppress the sEH activity to stabilize the level of EETs, allowing the alleviation of the pathological course of lung injury in LPS-treated mice, which suggested that TFIJ could serve as the potential agents in the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi-Meng Zhu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Rathore S, Raj Y, Debnath P, Kumar M, Kumar R. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, agrotechnology, and conservation of Inula racemosa Hook f. - A critically endangered medicinal plant of the western Himalaya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114613. [PMID: 34600078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inula racemosa Hook. f., is a critically endangered perennial herb distributed throughout the Himalaya; commercially useful in pharmaceutical products mainly because of its expectorant, antispasmodic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, carminative, thermogenic, digestive, cardiotonic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, aphrodisiac, febrifuge, and antiseptic properties. The roots including rhizomes of the plant were used in the treatment of various ailments like chest pain, liver dysfunction, dyspnoea, and cardiovascular diseases by the ethenic Himalayan residents. AIM OF THE REVIEW Even though there are plentiful studies involving I. racemosa for pharmacological properties, but there is gap or few records available on production technologies and patents. The purpose of review is to provide large unmanageable information in systematic form for researchers, health care contributors, and policy makers so that they efficiently integrate the existing information and provide balanced decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant data search was completed through systematic searches using various scientific databases including e-resources viz., Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS, Springer Link, Taylor and Francis, Scifinder, PubMed, PubChem, Web of Science, LibGen, Wiley, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The list of literature cited in this review are dated from 1959 to 2021. RESULTS Till date variety of ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of essential oil including crude extract of I. racemosa have been documented. The shortlisted records revealed that the herb has a potential to treat stomach ulcer, respiratory tract infections including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alantolactone and isoalloalantolactone were reported as the major bioactive constituents along with few fatty acids, phytosterols, and glycosides characterized by GC, GC/MS, HPLC, HPTLC and qNMR techniques. CONCLUSIONS Based on a detailed literature survey on the plant, evidences were found fascinating for biological, traditional, and pharmacological effects, whilst there are no genomic resources available for this medicinal herb. Thus, molecular studies are critical for unravelling the production process of bioactive metabolites inside herb, which will underlay a path for improving these metabolites at commercial scale. Moreover, the association and role of particular phytoconstituent in its biological properties still needs to be validated. In addition, there are no reports on measures on its conservation and mechanism of toxicity research, which also needs more attention. We hope this review can provide a basis for further studies concerning the protected and efficient utilization of I. racemosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalika Rathore
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Yog Raj
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Pritam Debnath
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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12
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Yu B, Jin XQ, Yu WY, Dong YY, Ying HZ, Yu CH. 1β-Hydroxyalantolactone from Inulae Flos alleviated the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting JNK/FOXO1/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108339. [PMID: 34758440 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inulae Flos was widely distributed throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, and was commonly used as a folk medicine in clinic for treating various respiratory diseases, including cough, asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia. However, the ingredients responsible for the pharmacology effects of I. Flos and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of 16 known sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from I. Flos on TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation were assessed by phenotypic high-content screening. Among those sixteen compounds, 1β-hydroxy alantolactone (HAL), the main characteristic sesquiterpene lactone from I. Flos, exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity. The further studies showed that HAL significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of human fibroblast cell lines HELF and MRC-5 in a concentration-dependent manner. It also reduced intracellular ROS production, suppressed the mRNA expressions of E-cad, TGF-β1, Smad3, Col I, α-SMA and TNF-α, and downregulated protein expressions of α-SMA and F-actin. Furthermore, HAL significantly reduced the levels of HA, LN, PC-III and IV-C in serum, TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF, and TGF-β1, HYP and Col I in lung tissues of bleomycin (BLM)-treated rats. HAL significantly downregulated the expressions of p-JNK, FOXO1, p-p65, α-SMA, p-smad3 and Col I but upregulated p-FOXO1, which could be reversed by JNK agonist anisomycin. These results demonstrated that HAL induced the apoptosis of lung fibroblast cells activated by TGF-β1 and improved BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats via inhibiting JNK/FOXO1/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ying-Ying Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hua-Zhong Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China; Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
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13
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Kim MY, Lee H, Ji SY, Kim SY, Hwangbo H, Park SH, Kim GY, Park C, Leem SH, Hong SH, Choi YH. Induction of Apoptosis by Isoalantolactone in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hep3B Cells through Activation of the ROS-Dependent JNK Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101627. [PMID: 34683920 PMCID: PMC8540929 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoalantolactone (IALT) is one of the isomeric sesquiterpene lactones isolated from the roots of Inula helenium L. IALT is known to possess various biological and pharmacological activities, but its anti-cancer mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of IALT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to evaluate the potential anti-cancer mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that IALT treatment concentration-dependently suppressed the cell survival of HCC Hep3B cells, which was associated with the induction of apoptosis. IALT increased the expression of death-receptor-related proteins, activated caspases, and induced Bid truncation, subsequently leading to cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, IALT contributed to the cytosolic release of cytochrome c by destroying mitochondrial integrity, following an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. However, IALT-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis were significantly attenuated in the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor, suggesting that IALT induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Moreover, IALT activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway, and the anti-cancer effect of IALT was significantly diminished in the presence of a potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. IALT also improved the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the ROS inhibitor significantly abrogated IALT-induced growth reduction, apoptosis, and JNK activation. Furthermore, ROS-dependent apoptosis was revealed as a mechanism involved in the anti-cancer activity of IALT in a 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model of Hep3B cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that IALT exhibited anti-cancer activity in HCC Hep3B cells by inducing ROS-dependent activation of the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyung Park
- Department of Pathology, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Cheol Park
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Liberal Studies, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduated of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-051-890-3334 (S.H.H.); +82-051-890-3319 (Y.H.C.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (H.L.); (S.Y.J.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-051-890-3334 (S.H.H.); +82-051-890-3319 (Y.H.C.)
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Bachořík J, Urban M. Biocatalysis in the Chemistry of Lupane Triterpenoids. Molecules 2021; 26:2271. [PMID: 33919839 PMCID: PMC8070785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes are important representatives of natural products that exhibit a wide variety of biological activities. These activities suggest that these compounds may represent potential medicines for the treatment of cancer and viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections. Naturally occurring triterpenes usually have several drawbacks, such as limited activity and insufficient solubility and bioavailability; therefore, they need to be modified to obtain compounds suitable for drug development. Modifications can be achieved either by methods of standard organic synthesis or with the use of biocatalysts, such as enzymes or enzyme systems within living organisms. In most cases, these modifications result in the preparation of esters, amides, saponins, or sugar conjugates. Notably, while standard organic synthesis has been heavily used and developed, the use of the latter methodology has been rather limited, but it appears that biocatalysis has recently sparked considerably wider interest within the scientific community. Among triterpenes, derivatives of lupane play important roles. This review therefore summarizes the natural occurrence and sources of lupane triterpenoids, their biosynthesis, and semisynthetic methods that may be used for the production of betulinic acid from abundant and inexpensive betulin. Most importantly, this article compares chemical transformations of lupane triterpenoids with analogous reactions performed by biocatalysts and highlights a large space for the future development of biocatalysis in this field. The results of this study may serve as a summary of the current state of research and demonstrate the potential of the method in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bachořík
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Urban
- Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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