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Warren CV, Kroll CF, Kopp B. Dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic modulation of endogenous event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105221. [PMID: 37150485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the cortical processing of sensory, motor or cognitive functions invoked by particular events or stimuli. A current theory posits that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) modulate a number of endogenous ERPs during various cognitive processes. This manuscript aims to evaluate a leading neurotransmitter hypothesis with a systematic overview and meta-analysis of pharmacologic DA and NE manipulation of specific ERPs in healthy subjects during executive function. Specifically, the frontally-distributed P3a, N2, and Ne/ERN (or error-related negativity) are supposedly modulated primarily by DA, whereas the parietally-distributed P3b is thought to be modulated by NE. Based on preceding research, we refer to this distinction between frontally-distributed DA-sensitive and parietally-distributed NE-sensitive ERP components as the Extended Neurobiological Polich (ENP) hypothesis. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that this distinction is too simplistic and many factors interact with DA and NE to influence these specific ERPs. These may include genetic factors, the specific cognitive processes engaged, or elements of study design, i.e. session or sequence effects or data-analysis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Warren
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Alte Rabenstraße 32, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; Professorship for Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University/ Bundeswehr University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Charlotte F Kroll
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6. P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, MD, 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Clinic für Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Adam LC, Repantis D, Konrad BN, Dresler M, Kühn S. Memory enhancement with stimulants: Differential neural effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine. A pilot study. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105802. [PMID: 34592684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human memory is susceptible to manipulation in many respects. While consolidation is well known to be prone to disruption, there is also growing evidence for the enhancement of memory function. Beside cognitive strategies and mnemonic training, the use of stimulants may improve memory processing in healthy adults. In this single-dose, double-blind, within-subject, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study, 20 mg methylphenidate (N = 13) or 200 mg modafinil (N = 12) or 200 mg caffeine (N = 14) were administrated to in total 39 healthy participants while performing a declarative memory task. Each participant received only one substance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess drug-dependent memory effects of the substance for encoding and recognition compared to task-related activation under placebo. While methylphenidate showed some behavioral effect regarding memory recall performance, on the neural level, methylphenidate-dependent deactivations were found in fronto-parietal and temporal regions during recognition of previously learned words. No BOLD alterations were seen during encoding. Caffeine led to deactivations in the precentral gyrus during encoding whereas modafinil did not show any BOLD signal alterations at all. These results should be interpreted with caution since this a pilot study with several limitations, most importantly the small number of participants per group. However, our main finding of task-related deactivations may point to a drug-dependent increase of efficiency in physiological response to memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Adam
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Kühn
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Tan Y, Hagoort P. Catecholaminergic Modulation of Semantic Processing in Sentence Comprehension. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6426-6443. [PMID: 32776103 PMCID: PMC7609945 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine (CA) function has been widely implicated in cognitive functions that are tied to the prefrontal cortex and striatal areas. The present study investigated the effects of methylphenidate, which is a CA agonist, on the electroencephalogram (EEG) response related to semantic processing using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subject design. Forty-eight healthy participants read semantically congruent or incongruent sentences after receiving 20-mg methylphenidate or a placebo while their brain activity was monitored with EEG. To probe whether the catecholaminergic modulation is task-dependent, in one condition participants had to focus on comprehending the sentences, while in the other condition, they only had to attend to the font size of the sentence. The results demonstrate that methylphenidate has a task-dependent effect on semantic processing. Compared to placebo, when semantic processing was task-irrelevant, methylphenidate enhanced the detection of semantic incongruence as indexed by a larger N400 amplitude in the incongruent sentences; when semantic processing was task-relevant, methylphenidate induced a larger N400 amplitude in the semantically congruent condition, which was followed by a larger late positive complex effect. These results suggest that CA-related neurotransmitters influence language processing, possibly through the projections between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, which contain many CA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tan
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Piacentino D, De Rossi P, Kotzalidis GD, Maniscalco I, Pompili M, Giupponi G, Hiemke C, Conca A. Methylphenidate challenge test in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical effects and their predictors. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2740. [PMID: 32785944 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult and children attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share similar symptoms and responses to drugs such as methylphenidate (MPH). Yet, in Europe, these drugs remain unlicensed for adults. We aimed to assess the effects of an acute MPH challenge on the four dimensions concentration, impulsivity, tension, and general well-being in ADHD adults, and identify predictors of improvement. METHODS Therapeutic Drug Monitoring was performed to measure MPH plasma levels. A Visual Analogue Scale was administered to patients before and after the acute MPH challenge to measure self-reported changes in the four dimensions. RESULTS After the acute MPH challenge, our 71 patients showed significant improvement in concentration and tension. The MPH challenge dose correlated with lower patients' age, greater side effects, increased concentration (p = .008) and decreased tension (p = .001). At multiple linear regression MPH plasma levels and absence of postdose side effects predicted concentration improvement, MPH plasma levels predicted tension improvement. MPH plasma levels were significantly higher in patients who reported an improvement in concentration, tension, and impulsivity compared to nonimprovers (p's from .001 to .004). CONCLUSIONS These findings point to the efficacy of MPH challenge in improving concentration and tension in adult ADHD, thus emphasizing the need for a broader treatment access for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Piacentino
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Hospital, Sanitary Agency of South Tyrol, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy.,NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,ASL RM5, SPDC Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ignazio Maniscalco
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Hospital, Sanitary Agency of South Tyrol, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Giupponi
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Hospital, Sanitary Agency of South Tyrol, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Christoph Hiemke
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Conca
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Hospital, Sanitary Agency of South Tyrol, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
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5
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Griffiths KR, Jurigova BG, Leikauf JE, Palmer D, Clarke SD, Tsang TW, Teber ET, Kohn MR, Williams LM. A Signature of Attention-Elicited Electrocortical Activity Distinguishes Response From Non-Response to the Non-Stimulant Atomoxetine in Children and Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:744-753. [PMID: 28974127 PMCID: PMC8215986 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717733044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atomoxetine has several characteristics that make it an attractive alternative to stimulants for treating ADHD, but there are currently no tests identifying individuals for whom the medication should be a first-line option. METHOD Within the ADHD Controlled Trial Investigation Of a Non-stimulant (ACTION) study, we examined neuro-cortical activity in 52 youth with ADHD. Baseline event-related potentials (ERP) were compared between those who subsequently responded to 6 weeks of atomoxetine versus those who did not. RESULTS Responders were distinguished by significantly lower auditory oddball N2 amplitudes than both non-responders and typically developing controls, particularly in the right frontocentral region ( p = .002, Cohen's d = 1.1). Leave-one-out cross validation determined that N2 amplitude in this region was able to accurately predict non-responders with a specificity of 80.8%. There were no P3 differences between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSION The N2 amplitude is a biomarker that may have utility in predicting response to atomoxetine for youth with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi R. Griffiths
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institue for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbora G. Jurigova
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institue for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John E. Leikauf
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Donna Palmer
- Brain Resource, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon D. Clarke
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institue for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Research into Adolescents Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracey W. Tsang
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institue for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erdahl T. Teber
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R. Kohn
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institue for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Research into Adolescents Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Amphetamine improves mouse and human attention in the 5-choice continuous performance test. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:87-96. [PMID: 29859849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-medical use of prescription stimulants amongst college students is common, with claims of cognitive and academic benefits. The mechanism, magnitude, and pervasiveness of the cognitive enhancing effects of stimulants in healthy adults remain poorly understood however. The present study determined the effects of dextroamphetamine (D-amp) on the 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT) of attention in healthy young adult humans and mice. A mixed gender sample received placebo (n = 29), 10 (n = 17) or 20 mg D-amp (n = 25) in a double-blind fashion before 5C-CPT testing. In addition, male C57BL/6J mice were trained on a touchscreen adaptation of the 5C-CPT and tested after receiving saline or D-amp (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; n = 8/dose). In humans, D-amp significantly improved 5C-CPT performance. Both doses improved signal detection driven by increased hit rate (reduced omissions). Both doses also improved response accuracy and reduced hit reaction time (HRT) variability. In mice, similar effects (improved signal detection, hit rate, and response accuracy) were observed at the moderate dose (0.3 mg/kg). In contrast to human participants however, no effect on HRT variability was detected in mice, with no effect on HRT in either species. Human 5C-CPT performance was consistent with prior studies and consistent with alternative CPT paradigms. The performance of C57BL/6J mice on the touchscreen 5C-CPT mirrored performance of this strain on 5-hole operant chambers. Importantly, comparable facilitation of attention with D-amp was observed in both species. The 5C-CPT provides a cross-species paradigm by which the cognitive enhancing properties of stimulants and the neural underpinnings of attention can be assessed.
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7
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Hetherington L, Dommett EJ, Turner AC, Riley TB, Haensel JX, Overton PG. Effect of methylphenidate on visual responses in the superior colliculus in the anaesthetised rat: Role of cortical activation. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1347-1361. [PMID: 28925314 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117730661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of psychostimulant drugs in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is still largely unknown, although recent evidence suggests one possibility is that the drugs affect the superior colliculus (SC). We have previously demonstrated that systemically administered d-amphetamine attenuates/abolishes visual responses to wholefield light flashes in the superficial layers of the SC in anaesthetised rats, and the present study sought to extend this work to methylphenidate (MPH). Anaesthetised rats were administered MPH at a range of doses (or saline) and subjected to monocular wholefield light flashes at two intensities, juxta-threshold and super-threshold. In contrast to d-amphetamine, systemic MPH produced an enhancement of visual activity at both intensities. Methylphenidate was also found to produce activation of the cortical EEG in anaesthetised rats. Furthermore, cortical activation induced by electrical stimulation of the pons was found to enhance visual responses in superficial layers of the SC, and when MPH was paired with pontine-induced cortical activation, the response-enhancing effects of MPH were substantially attenuated. Taken together, the results suggest that the enhancement of visual responses in the superficial layers of the SC by MPH in the anaesthetised rat is an artefact of the drug's interaction with cortical arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hetherington
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - E J Dommett
- 2 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A C Turner
- 3 School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - T B Riley
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J X Haensel
- 4 Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - P G Overton
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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8
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Ernst M, Lago T, Davis A, Grillon C. The effects of methylphenidate and propranolol on the interplay between induced-anxiety and working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3565-74. [PMID: 27492789 PMCID: PMC5131568 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research documents a reciprocal impact of anxiety on working memory (WM), although its strength and direction depend on factors like task difficulty. A better understanding of these factors may generate insights into cognitive mechanisms of action involved in anxiety, culminating into treatment implications. By blocking the physiological effects of anxiety, propranolol might also block anxiety interference on WM. Conversely, by improving task-directed attention, methylphenidate might reduce anxiety, or, alternatively, by improving cognitive efficiency and free up processing resources to compute anxiety. OBJECTIVES To investigate the interplay between induced anxiety and WM, we pharmacologically manipulated either anxiety or cognition, using single doses of 40 mg propranolol (PRO), 20 mg methylphenidate (MPH), or placebo (PLA). In this double-blind parallel-group design study, 60 healthy volunteers (20/drug group) performed a verbal WM task under three loads, 1-, 2- and 3-back, and in two conditions, threat of shock and safety. Startle electromyography (EMG) was used to measure anxiety. RESULTS Findings were twofold: (1) MPH blocked anxiety interference only on the 3-back WM performance, while PRO or PLA had no effects on anxiety-WM interference, and (2) drugs had no effects on anxiety, but, after controlling for baseline anxiety, MPH enhanced anxiety-potentiated startle during the 3-back task. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that MPH-related improvement of cognitive efficiency permits anxiety to be processed and expressed. In conclusion, MPH may be a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms of interaction between anxiety and WM, particularly those under catecholaminergic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Ernst
- Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, Bldg 15K, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA.
| | - Tiffany Lago
- Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, Bldg 15K, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
| | - Andrew Davis
- Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, Bldg 15K, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, Bldg 15K, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
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Acute effects of cocaine and cannabis on reversal learning as a function of COMT and DRD2 genotype. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:199-211. [PMID: 26572896 PMCID: PMC4700084 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Long-term cannabis and cocaine use has been associated with impairments in reversal learning. However, how acute cannabis and cocaine administration affect reversal learning in humans is not known. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to establish the acute effects of administration of cannabis and cocaine on valence-dependent reversal learning as a function of DRD2 Taq1A (rs1800497) and COMT Val108/158Met (rs4680) genotype. METHODS A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized 3-way crossover design was used. Sixty-one regular poly-drug users completed a deterministic reversal learning task under the influence of cocaine, cannabis, and placebo that enabled assessment of both reward- and punishment-based reversal learning. RESULTS Proportion correct on the reversal learning task was increased by cocaine, but decreased by cannabis. Effects of cocaine depended on the DRD2 genotype, as increases in proportion correct were seen only in the A1 carriers, and not in the A2/A2 homozygotes. COMT genotype did not modulate drug-induced effects on reversal learning. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that acute administration of cannabis and cocaine has opposite effects on reversal learning. The effects of cocaine, but not cannabis, depend on interindividual genetic differences in the dopamine D2 receptor gene.
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Lazzaretti C, Kincheski GC, Pandolfo P, Krolow R, Toniazzo AP, Arcego DM, Couto-Pereira NDS, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Galvalisi M, Costa G, Scorza C, Souza TME, Dalmaz C. Neonatal handling causes impulsive behavior and decreased pharmacological response to methylphenidate in male adult wistar rats. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 15:81-95. [PMID: 26620193 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal handling has an impact on adult behavior of experimental animals and is associated with rapid and increased palatable food ingestion, impaired behavioral flexibility, and fearless behavior to novel environments. These symptoms are characteristic features of impulsive trait, being controlled by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Impulsive behavior is a key component of many psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), manic behavior, and schizophrenia. Others have reported a methylphenidate (MPH)-induced enhancement of mPFC functioning and improvements in behavioral core symptoms of ADHD patients. The aims of the present study were: (i) to find in vivo evidence for an association between neonatal handling and the development of impulsive behavior in adult Wistar rats and (ii) to test whether neonatal handling could have an impact on monoamine levels in the mPFC and the pharmacological response to MPH in vivo. Therefore, experimental animals (litters) were classified as: "non-handled" and "handled" (10[Formula: see text]min/day, postnatal days 1-10). After puberty, they were exposed to either a larger and delayed or smaller and immediate reward (tolerance to delay of reward task). Acute MPH (3[Formula: see text]mg/Kg. i.p.) was used to suppress and/or regulate impulsive behavior. Our results show that only neonatally handled male adult Wistar rats exhibit impulsive behavior with no significant differences in monoamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, together with a decreased response to MPH. On this basis, we postulate that early life interventions may have long-term effects on inhibitory control mechanisms and affect the later response to pharmacological agents during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lazzaretti
- * Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo Pandolfo
- ‡ Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- § Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,¶ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Toniazzo
- § Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danusa Mar Arcego
- § Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- § Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- § Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martin Galvalisi
- ∥ Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Costa
- ** Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- ∥ Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tadeu Mello E Souza
- * Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,§ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- * Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,§ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Declarative Memory consists of memory for events (episodic memory) and facts (semantic memory). Methods to test declarative memory are key in investigating effects of potential cognition-enhancing substances--medicinal drugs or nutrients. A number of cognitive performance tests assessing declarative episodic memory tapping verbal learning, logical memory, pattern recognition memory, and paired associates learning are described. These tests have been used as outcome variables in 34 studies in humans that have been described in the literature in the past 10 years. Also, the use of episodic tests in animal research is discussed also in relation to the drug effects in these tasks. The results show that nutritional supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been investigated most abundantly and, in a number of cases, but not all, show indications of positive effects on declarative memory, more so in elderly than in young subjects. Studies investigating effects of registered anti-Alzheimer drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment, show positive and negative effects on declarative memory. Studies mainly carried out in healthy volunteers investigating the effects of acute dopamine stimulation indicate enhanced memory consolidation as manifested specifically by better delayed recall, especially at time points long after learning and more so when drug is administered after learning and if word lists are longer. The animal studies reveal a different picture with respect to the effects of different drugs on memory performance. This suggests that at least for episodic memory tasks, the translational value is rather poor. For the human studies, detailed parameters of the compositions of word lists for declarative memory tests are discussed and it is concluded that tailored adaptations of tests to fit the hypothesis under study, rather than "off-the-shelf" use of existing tests, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:961-77. [PMID: 24423151 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), a stimulant drug with dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition properties, is mainly prescribed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is increasingly used by the general population, intending to enhance their cognitive function. In this literature review, we aim to answer whether this is effective. We present a novel way to determine the extent to which MPH enhances cognitive performance in a certain domain. Namely, we quantify this by a percentage that reflects the number of studies showing performance enhancing effects of MPH. To evaluate whether the dose-response relationship follows an inverted-U-shaped curve, MPH effects on cognition are also quantified for low, medium and high doses, respectively. The studies reviewed here show that single doses of MPH improve cognitive performance in the healthy population in the domains of working memory (65% of included studies) and speed of processing (48%), and to a lesser extent may also improve verbal learning and memory (31%), attention and vigilance (29%) and reasoning and problem solving (18%), but does not have an effect on visual learning and memory. MPH effects are dose-dependent and the dose-response relationship differs between cognitive domains. MPH use is associated with side effects and other adverse consequences, such as potential abuse. Future studies should focus on MPH specifically to adequately asses its benefits in relation to the risks specific to this drug.
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Mommaerts JL, Beerens G, Van den Block L, Soetens E, Schol S, Van De Vijver E, Devroey D. Influence of methylphenidate treatment assumptions on cognitive function in healthy young adults in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2013; 6:65-74. [PMID: 24039459 PMCID: PMC3770494 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s47526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing numbers of students use stimulants such as methylphenidate (MPH) to improve their study capacity, making them prone to subsequent prolonged drug abuse. This study explored the cognitive effects of MPH in students who either assumed they received MPH or assumed they received a placebo. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a between-subjects design, 21 students were subjected to partial sleep deprivation, receiving no more than 4 hours sleep the night before they were tested. In the morning, they were given either a placebo or 20 mg of MPH. They then performed free recall verbal tests and Go/No-Go tasks repeatedly, their moods were evaluated using Profile of Mood States and their tiredness was assessed using a visual analog scale, with evaluation of vigilance. Results No significant differences were found between those subjects who received MPH and those who received a placebo. However, significant differences were found between subjects who assumed they had received MPH or had no opinion, and those who assumed they had received a placebo. At three minutes, one hour, and one day after memorizing ten lists of 20 words, those who assumed they had received MPH recalled 54%, 58%, and 54% of the words, respectively, whereas those who assumed they had received placebo only recalled 35%, 37%, and 34%. Conclusion Healthy, partially sleep-deprived young students who assume they have received 20 mg of MPH experience a substantial placebo effect that improves consolidation of information into long-term memory. This is independent of any pharmacologic effects of MPH, which had no significant effects on verbal memory in this study. This information may be used to dissuade students from taking stimulants such as MPH during examination periods, thus avoiding subsequent abuse and addiction.
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Wilson FJ, Leiser SC, Ivarsson M, Christensen SR, Bastlund JF. Can pharmaco-electroencephalography help improve survival of central nervous system drugs in early clinical development? Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:282-8. [PMID: 23954252 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaco-electroencephalography has significant yet unrealised promise as a translatable intermediate biomarker of central pharmacodynamic activity that could help reduce Phase 2 attrition in the development of central nervous system drugs. In an effort to understand its true potential, a framework for decision-making was proposed and the utility of pharmaco-electroencephalography was assessed through several case studies. A key finding was that lack of standardisation reduces the value of data pooling and meta-analyses and renders assessment of translatability difficult, limiting utility in all but simple cases. Pre-competitive collaboration is essential both to improving understanding of translation and developing modern signal processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Wilson
- Medical Imaging and Physiological Measurements Consultant, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
| | - Steven C Leiser
- Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab Stockholm), AstraZeneca Research and Development, Tomtebodavägen 23, S-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Søren R Christensen
- Clinical Pharmacology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Bastlund
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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Electrophysiological correlates of CU traits show abnormal regressive maturation in adolescents with conduct problems. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Imeraj L, Sonuga-Barke E, Antrop I, Roeyers H, Wiersema R, Bal S, Deboutte D. Altered circadian profiles in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An integrative review and theoretical framework for future studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1897-919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Linssen AMW, Vuurman EFPM, Sambeth A, Riedel WJ. Methylphenidate produces selective enhancement of declarative memory consolidation in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:611-9. [PMID: 22169884 PMCID: PMC3360847 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylphenidate inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline and is used to treat children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Besides reducing behavioral symptoms, it improves their cognitive function. There are also observations of methylphenidate-induced cognition enhancement in healthy adults, although studies in this area are relatively sparse. We assessed the possible memory-enhancing properties of methylphenidate. OBJECTIVE In the current study, the possible enhancing effects of three doses of methylphenidate on declarative and working memory, attention, response inhibition and planning were investigated in healthy volunteers. METHODS In a double blind placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 healthy young male volunteers were tested after a single dose of placebo or 10, 20 or 40 mg of methylphenidate. Cognitive performance testing included a word learning test as a measure of declarative memory, a spatial working memory test, a set-shifting test, a stop signal test and a computerized version of the Tower of London planning test. RESULTS Declarative memory consolidation was significantly improved relative to placebo after 20 and 40 mg of methylphenidate. Methylphenidate also improved set shifting and stopped signal task performance but did not affect spatial working memory or planning. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting enhanced declarative memory consolidation after methylphenidate in a dose-related fashion over a dose range that is presumed to reflect a wide range of dopamine reuptake inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. W. Linssen
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E. F. P. M. Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Sambeth
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W. J. Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ,F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Linssen AMW, Vuurman EFPM, Sambeth A, Nave S, Spooren W, Vargas G, Santarelli L, Riedel WJ. Contingent negative variation as a dopaminergic biomarker: evidence from dose-related effects of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:533-42. [PMID: 21597989 PMCID: PMC3210368 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The basal ganglia play an important role in motor control, which is dependent on dopaminergic input. Preparation of a motor response has been associated with dopamine release in the basal ganglia, and response readiness may therefore serve as a pharmacodynamic marker of dopamine activity. METHODS We measured response readiness using the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV), a slow negative shift in the electroencephalogram. The CNV is evoked in a paradigm in which a warning stimulus (S1) signals the occurrence of the imperative stimulus (S2) 4 s later, to which the participant has to respond. CNV was assessed in healthy volunteers after administration of placebo or 10, 20 or 40 mg of methylphenidate, a catecholamine re-uptake blocker which primarily enhances the synaptic concentration of dopamine and to a lesser extent also noradrenaline. In addition, participants filled out two visual analogue scales measuring subjective ratings of mood and alertness: Profile of Mood States and Bond and Lader. RESULTS Methylphenidate dose dependently increased CNV amplitude and decreased reaction times. Furthermore, participants reported improved mood, feeling more alert, vigorous and content and less angry and tired after methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that dopamine availability increases response readiness as measured by the CNV paradigm. The CNV appears to be a good candidate biomarker for assessing changes in dopaminergic function by treatments that either directly or indirectly target the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. W. Linssen
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric F. P. M. Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Sambeth
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Wim J. Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands ,F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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