1
|
Muthu M, Tiwari S. Spectroscopic investigation of preferential solvation of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrinin binary mixtures of dichloromethane with organic cosolvents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121718. [PMID: 35963116 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic behaviour of porphyrin is known to be sensitive to the choice of the solvent and has been used to probe solvation phenomena. The UV-visible spectra of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin are observed in a series of binary solvent mixtures - (dichloromethane + diethyl ether), (dichloromethane + chlorobenzene) and (dichloromethane + ethyl acetate). The resulting ET scale for NCTPP solvation indicates nonlinear behaviour and preferential solvation by a solvent-solvent complex in all the three solvents - with the dichloromethane + ethyl acetate system showing the largest deviation from ideality. The data is fitted to the model based on solvent exchange equilibria for determining the preferential solvation parameters which are specific to the probe as well as the identity of solvents in the binary mixture. Further analysis using polarity parameters from literature indicate that the solvation of NCTPP in the (dichloromethane + ethyl acetate) mixture is dependent on the hydrogen bond accepting capacity and polarizability of the medium. Excess spectra derived from ATR-FTIR measurement of dichloromethane + ethyl acetate solutions lead to important inferences about the structure and role of solvent-solvent interactions responsible for the preferential solvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariammal Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Shraeddha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das M, Singh D, Chitranshi S, Murugavel M, Srinivasan A. N‐Confused Pyritriphyrin: A New Class of Triphyrin and Its Calixphyrin Analogue. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - Deepak Singh
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - Sangya Chitranshi
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - M. Murugavel
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rather IA, Wagay SA, Ali R. Emergence of anion-π interactions: The land of opportunity in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
Grover N, Sankar M. N-Confused Porphyrin - A Unique "Turn-On" Chemosensor for CN - and F - ions and "Turn-Off" Sensor for ClO 4 - ions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2192-2197. [PMID: 32468689 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Confused meso-tetrakis(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (1) and its Ni(II) complex (1 a) have been synthesized and utilized for anion sensing studies, and the results are compared with N-confused meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (NCTPP). Anion susceptibilities of 1 and 1 a were investigated using spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DFT studies. Porphyrins 1 and 1 a were able to detect CN- , F- , and ClO4 - ions selectively over the tested set of anions even at ppm level. Interestingly, the addition of ClO4 - ions resulted in fluorescence quenching (turn off) whereas the addition of F- or CN- resulted in fluorescence enhancement (turn on). Notably, the TFA addition resulted in fluorescence quenching, whereas the fluorescence enhancement was observed while adding TBAOH. The higher association constant (Ka ) values with anions, lower detection limit, and shifts in redox potentials are due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the -COOCH3 group at the para-position of the meso-phenyl ring. This electron-withdrawing nature is crucial for the higher affinity towards anions. The anion sensing description in this article may not only unveil the built-in nature of N-confused porphyrins, but may also provide a general proposal for the development of novel anion sensors based on porphyrinoids. The electron-deficient porphyrin framework, large polarisable π-system, and anion binding through the outer NH or a combination of the above factors serve as a foundation for N-confused porphyrin to act as an anion sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fisher JM, Kensy VK, Geier GR. Two-Step, One-Flask Synthesis of an N-Confused Porphyrin Bearing Pentafluorophenyl Substituents. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4429-4434. [PMID: 28362499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A two-step, one-flask reaction of pyrrole and pentafluorobenzaldehyde was investigated as a streamlined synthetic route to an N-confused porphyrin bearing pentafluorophenyl substituents previously prepared by a stepwise route. A survey of acid catalysts, acid catalyst concentration, DDQ quantity, and reaction time was performed with monitoring by HPLC. The targeted N-confused porphyrin was observed from many reaction conditions. The best condition afforded the N-confused porphyrin in an isolated yield of 10-12% (245-281 mg), providing improved access to this interesting porphyrinoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fisher
- Colgate University , Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Victoria K Kensy
- Colgate University , Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - G Richard Geier
- Colgate University , Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Litvinov IA, Voronina YK, Galyametdinova IV, Shashin MS, Semenov VE, Reznik VS. Molecular and crystal structure of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3,4,6-trimethyl-2-oxopyrimidinium iodide: the N-alkylation product of xymedone. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Ishida M, Fujimoto H, Morimoto T, Mori S, Toganoh M, Shimizu S, Furuta H. Supramolecular dimeric structures of pyrazole-containing meso-oxo carbaphlorin analogues. Supramol Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1158408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Integrated Center for Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Rissanen K. Experimental investigation of anion–π interactions – applications and biochemical relevance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1778-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anion–π interactions, intuitively repulsive forces, turned from controversial to a well-established non-covalent interaction over the past quarter of a century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Giese
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Duisburg Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
| | - M. Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- P.O. Box. 35
- FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße
7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskylan yliopisto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Repenko T, Sackmann J, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction and Solution Studies of Anion-π Interactions inN-(Pentafluorobenzyl)pyridinium Salts. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Cao W, Wang K, Jiang J. Constructing bis(porphyrinato) rare earth double-decker complexes involving N-confused porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9152-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Bohnen C, Repenko T, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Solid state anion–π interactions involving polyhalides. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1873-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52960f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Maeda H. Supramolecular Chemistry of Pyrrole-Based π-Conjugated Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
16
|
Tzeli D, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G. Theoretical study on the electronic structure, formation and absorption spectra of lithium, sodium and potassium complexes of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Steike S, Ackermann A, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Di-, Tri-, and Tetra(pentafluorophenyl) Derivatives for Oligotopic Anion−π Interactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:7666-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4008087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Steike
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anton Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ballester P. Experimental quantification of anion-π interactions in solution using neutral host-guest model systems. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:874-84. [PMID: 22621170 DOI: 10.1021/ar300080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical intuition suggests that anions and π-aromatic systems would repel each other. Typically, we think of cations as being attracted to electron-rich π-systems of aromatic rings, and the cation-π interaction, a well-established noncovalent interaction, plays an important role in nature. Therefore the anion-π interaction can be considered the opposite of the cation-π interaction. Computational studies of simple models of anion-π interactions have provided estimates of the factors that govern the binding geometry and the binding energy, leading to a general consensus about the nature of these interactions. In order to attract an anion, the charge distribution of the aromatic system has to be reversed, usually through the decoration of the aromatic systems with strongly electron-withdrawing groups. Researchers have little doubt about the existence of attractive anion-π interactions in the gas phase and in the solid state. The bonding energies assigned to anion-π interactions from quantum chemical calculations and gas phase experiments are significant and compare well with the values obtained for cation-π interactions. In solution, however, there are few examples of attractive anion-π interactions. In this Account, I describe several examples of neutral molecular receptors that bind anions in solution either solely through anion-π interactions or as a combination of anion-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. In the latter cases, the strength of the anion-π interaction is indirectly detected as a modulation of the stronger hydrogen bonding interaction (enforced proximity). The dissection of the energy contribution of the anion-π interaction to the overall binding is complex, which requires the use of appropriate reference systems. This Account gives an overview the experimental efforts to determine the binding energies that can be expected from anion-π interactions in solution with examples that center around the recognition of halides. The studies show that anion-π interactions also exist in solution, and the free energy of binding estimated for these attractive interactions is less than 1 kcal/mol for each substituted phenyl groups. The quantification of anion-π interactions in solution relies on the use of molecular recognition model systems; therefore researchers need to consider how the structure of the model system can alter the magnitude of the observed energy values. In addition, the recognition of anions in solution requires the use of salts (ion pairs) as precursors, which complicates the analysis of the titration data and the corresponding estimate of the binding strength. In solution, the weak binding energies suggest that anion-π interactions are not as significant for the selective or enhanced binding of anions but offer potential applications in catalysis and transport within functional synthetic and biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Anion-π Interaction: An Influential Force in Solid State Molecular Microstructures. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Wei W, Bai FQ, Xia BH, Zhang HX. Theoretical Analysis on Molecular Magnetic Properties of N-Confused Porphyrins and Its Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.9.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Plum C, Hintzen D, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Pentafluorophenyl salicylamine receptors in anion–π interaction studies. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.715648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Christian Plum
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Daniel Hintzen
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- b Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- b Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 , Jyväskylä , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cao W, Wang H, Wang X, Lee HK, Ng DKP, Jiang J. Constructing Sandwich-Type Rare Earth Double-Decker Complexes with N-Confused Porphyrinato and Phthalocyaninato Ligands. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9265-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300789j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional
Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing
100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional
Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing
100083, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional
Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing
100083, China
| | - Hung Kay Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional
Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing
100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Wiemer K, Kubik G, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Weak Intermolecular Anion-π Interactions in Pentafluorobenzyl-Substituted Ammonium Betaines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Wiemer K, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Controlling the position of anions relative to a pentafluorophenyl group. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
25
|
Toganoh M, Furuta H. Blooming of confused porphyrinoids—fusion, expansion, contraction, and more confusion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:937-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
26
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Krappitz T, Peters M, Gossen V, Raabe G, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Cooperativity of H-bonding and anion–π interaction in the binding of anions with neutral π-acceptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9983-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34748b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Gergana Ivanova
- a Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- b Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- b Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tzeli D, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G. Computational insight into the electronic structure and absorption spectra of lithium complexes of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11749-60. [PMID: 21899374 DOI: 10.1021/jp204298q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work is a theoretical investigation on lithium complexes of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrins (aka inverted) employing density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT, using the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and M06-2X functionals in conjunction with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The purpose of the present study is to calculate the electronic structure and the bonding of the complexes to explain the unusual coordination environment in which Li is found experimentally and how the Li binding affects the Q and the Soret bands. The calculations show that, unlike a typical tetrahedral Li(+) cation, this Li forms a typical bond with one N and interacts with the remaining two N atoms, and it is located in the right place to form an agostic-like interaction with the internal C atom. The reaction energy, the enthalpy for the formation of the lithium complexes of N-confused porphyrins, and the effect of solvation are also calculated. The insertion of Li into N-confused porphyrin, in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, is exothermic with a reaction energy calculated to be as high as -72.4 kcal/mol using the lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide reagent. Finally, there is agreement in the general shape among the vis-UV spectra determined with different functionals and the experimentally available ones. The calculated geometries are in agreement with crystallographic data, where available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demeter Tzeli
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frontera A, Gamez P, Mascal M, Mooibroek TJ, Reedijk J. Anion-π-Wechselwirkungen ins rechte Licht gerückt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
30
|
Frontera A, Gamez P, Mascal M, Mooibroek TJ, Reedijk J. Putting anion-π interactions into perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9564-83. [PMID: 21928463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is a field of scientific exploration that probes the relationship between molecular structure and function. It is the chemistry of the noncovalent bond, which forms the basis of highly specific recognition, transport, and regulation events that actuate biological processes. The classic design principles of supramolecular chemistry include strong, directional interactions like hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and cation-π complexation, as well as less directional forces like ion pairing, π-π, solvophobic, and van der Waals potentials. In recent years, the anion-π interaction (an attractive force between an electron-deficient aromatic π system and an anion) has been recognized as a hitherto unexplored noncovalent bond, the nature of which has been interpreted through both experimental and theoretical investigations. The design of selective anion receptors and channels based on this interaction represent important advances in the field of supramolecular chemistry. The objectives of this Review are 1) to discuss current thinking on the nature of this interaction, 2) to survey key experimental work in which anion-π bonding is demonstrated, and 3) to provide insights into the directional nature of anion-π contact in X-ray crystal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Giese M, Albrecht M, Bannwarth C, Raabe G, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. From attraction to repulsion: anion–π interactions between bromide and fluorinated phenyl groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8542-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12667a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Müller M, Albrecht M, Gossen V, Peters T, Hoffmann A, Raabe G, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Anion–π Interactions in Salts with Polyhalide Anions: Trapping of I
4
2−. Chemistry 2010; 16:12446-53. [PMID: 20845416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Verena Gossen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Tanja Peters
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Andreas Hoffmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Gerhard Raabe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 241‐8092385
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 Jyväskylä (Finland), Fax: (+358) 14‐260‐2672
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 Jyväskylä (Finland), Fax: (+358) 14‐260‐2672
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Albrecht M, Müller M, Mergel O, Rissanen K, Valkonen A. CH-Directed Anion-π Interactions in the Crystals of Pentafluorobenzyl-Substituted Ammonium and Pyridinium Salts. Chemistry 2010; 16:5062-9. [PMID: 20349467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Müller M, Albrecht M, Sackmann J, Hoffmann A, Dierkes F, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. CH-Anion versus anion-π interactions in the crystal and in solution of pentafluorobenzyl phosphonium salts. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:11329-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00766h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Ishizuka T, Ikeda S, Toganoh M, Yoshida I, Ishikawa Y, Osuka A, Furuta H. Substitution, dimerization, metalation, and ring-opening reactions of N-fused porphyrins. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Fukuchi M, Takegoshi K, Ishizuka T, Furuta H. 15N solid-NMR and X-ray diffraction studies of N-confused porphyrins. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2007; 45 Suppl 1:S56-S60. [PMID: 18157804 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using (15)N high-resolution solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction, the structure of N-confused porphyrin (NCP) in the solid state was studied. A 1D (15)N magic angle spinning (MAS) experiment and a 2D dipolar assisted rotational resonance (DARR) (15)N-(15)N spin exchange experiment of N-confused tetratolylporphyrin (Tol) crystallized from CH(2)Cl(2)/hexane indicate that Tol is the inner 3H-type tautomer and has two magnetically different molecules in the unit cell. Further, a FSLG-2 & 4macr; 2 (1)H-(15)N dipolar recoupling NMR measurement indicates no fast ring flipping motion which is consistent with the planar structure in the X-ray analysis. The planarity of Tol is ascribed to crystal packing enforced by pi-pi stacking and CH-pi interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schottel BL, Chifotides HT, Shatruk M, Chouai A, Pérez LM, Bacsa J, Dunbar KR. Anion-pi interactions as controlling elements in self-assembly reactions of Ag(I) complexes with pi-acidic aromatic rings. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:5895-912. [PMID: 16637658 DOI: 10.1021/ja0606273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of 3,6-bis(2'-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bptz) and 3,6-bis(2'-pyridyl)-1,2-pyridazine (bppn) with the AgX salts (X = [PF6]-, [AsF6]-, [SbF6]-, and [BF4]-) afford complexes of different structural motifs depending on the pi-acidity of the ligand central ring and the outer-sphere anion. The bptz reactions lead to the polymeric [[Ag(bptz)][PF6]]infinity (1) and the dinuclear compounds [Ag2(bptz)2(CH3CN)2][PF6]2 (2) and [Ag2(bptz)2(CH3CN)2][AsF6]2 (3), as well as the propeller-type species [Ag2(bptz)3][AsF6]2 (4) and [Ag2(bptz)3][SbF6]2 (5a and 5b). Reactions of bppn with AgX produce the grid-type structures [Ag4(bppn)4][X]4 (6-9), regardless of the anion present. In 6-9, pi-pi stacking interactions are maximized, whereas multiple and shorter (therefore stronger) anion-pi interactions between the anions and the tetrazine rings are established in 1-5b. These differences reflect the more electron-rich character of the bppn pyridazine ring as compared to the bptz tetrazine ring. The evidence gleaned from the solid-state structures was corroborated by density functional theory calculations. In the electrostatic potential maps of the free ligands, a higher positive charge is present in the bptz as compared to the bppn central ring. Furthermore, the electrostatic potential maps of 3, 4, and 5b indicate an electron density transfer from the anions to the pi-acidic rings. Conversely, upon addition of the [AsF6]- ions to the cation of 7, there is negligible change in the electron density of the central pyridazine ring, which supports the presence of weaker anion-pi interactions in the bppn as compared to the bptz complexes. From the systems studied herein, it is concluded that anion-pi interactions play an important role in the outcome of self-assembly reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L Schottel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Kashiwagi N, Akeda T, Morimoto T, Ishizuka T, Furuta H. Synthesis and Isomerization of Imino-Fused N-Confused Porphyrin. Org Lett 2007; 9:1733-6. [PMID: 17402742 DOI: 10.1021/ol0703534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A set of mutually interconvertable inner-bridged-type porphyrinoids, imino-fused N-confused porphyrins (IF-NCPs), which possess a [5.7.5] tricyclic ring in the core, were synthesized from a condensation reaction of 21-amino-substituted NCP and an arylaldehyde, and the structures were characterized by X-ray single-crystal analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Kashiwagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The ability of aromatic rings to act as acceptors in hydrogen bonds has been demonstrated extensively both by experimental and by theoretical means. Countless examples of D-H...pi (H...pi, D = O, N, C) interactions have been found in the three-dimensional structures of proteins. Much less is known with regard to the occurrence of other possible noncovalent interactions with aromatics in macromolecular structures, those with a geometry that points oxygen lone pairs into the face of a pi system. There has been a growing interest in such lp...pi interactions in recent years, but the binding energies have mostly been studied using small-molecule model systems. We have conducted a survey of lp...pi interactions in crystal structures of DNA, RNA, and proteins and used ab initio calculations to estimate their energies. Our results demonstrate that such interactions are more common in nucleic acids and that significant binding energies only result when the aromatic system is positively polarized, for example, due to protonation of a nucleobase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Calle C, Schweiger A, Mitrikas G. Continuous-Wave and Pulse EPR Study of the Copper(II) Complex of N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin: Direct Observation of a σ Metal−Carbon Bond. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:1847-55. [PMID: 17266303 DOI: 10.1021/ic0621852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-confused or inverted porphyrins, a family of porphyrin isomers that contain a confused pyrrole ring connected through its alpha and beta' positions in the macrocycle, exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, like, for instance, the ability to stabilize unusual oxidation states of metals due to the reactivity of the inverted pyrrole. In this Article, a combined multifrequency continuous-wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of the copper(II) complex of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) is presented. By use of pulse EPR methods like ENDOR and HYSCORE, the magnetic interactions between the unpaired electron of the compound and the surrounding nitrogen nuclei were revealed. Through 13C labeling of the macrocycle, a detailed study of the carbon hyperfine interaction became possible and provided further insight into the character of the metal-carbon bond. The observed hyperfine couplings of the ligand atoms in the first coordination sphere showed the presence of a remarkably strong sigma Cu-C bond and allowed for a detailed analysis of the spin delocalization over the porphyrin macrocycle. Interestingly, it was found that the observed delocalization is approximately 11% larger than the corresponding one for CuTPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calle
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Maeda H, Morimoto T, Osuka A, Furuta H. Halide-Anion Binding by Singly and Doubly N-Confused Porphyrins. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:832-44. [PMID: 17441126 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The halide-binding properties of N-confused porphyrin (NCP, 1) and doubly N-confused porphyrins (trans-N2CP (2), cis-N2CP (3)) were examined in CH2Cl2. In the free-base forms, cis-N2CP (3) showed the highest affinity to each anion (Cl-, Br-, I-) with association constants Ka = 7.8x10(3), 1.9x10(3), and 5.8x10(2) M(-1), respectively. As metal complexes, on the other hand, trans-N2CP 2-Cu exhibited the highest affinity to Cl-, Br-, and I- with Ka = 9.0x10(4), 2.7x10(4), and 1.9x10(3) M(-1), respectively. The corresponding Ka values for cis-N2CP 3-Cu and NCP 1-Cu were about 1/10 and 1/2, respectively, of those of 2-Cu. With the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and complementary affinity measurements of a series of trisubstituted N-confused porphyrins, the efficient anion binding of NCPs was attributed to strong hydrogen bonding at the highly polarized NH moieties owing to the electron-deficient C6F5 groups at meso positions as well as the ideally oriented dipole moments and large molecular polarizability. The orientation and magnitude of the dipole moments in NCPs were suggested to be important factors in the differentiation of the affinity for anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Myśliborski R, Rachlewicz K, Latos-Grazyński L. Iron Complexes of N-Confused Pyriporphyrin: NMR Studies. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:7828-34. [PMID: 16961375 DOI: 10.1021/ic060906r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of iron(II) into 6,11,16,21-tetraaryl-3-aza-m-benziporphyrin (N-confused pyriporphyrin, (PyPH)H) yielded the high-spin iron(II) complex, (PyPH)Fe(II)Br. The coordination of iron(II) to the perimeter nitrogen atom of (PyPH)Fe(II)Br resulted in the formation of the diiron species. Oxidation and oxygenation of (PyPH)Fe(II)Br were followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The addition of Br2 to the solution of (PyPH)Fe(II)Br in the absence of dioxygen results in a one-electron oxidation yielding the high-spin iron(III) N-confused pyriporphyrin [(PyPH)Fe(III)Br]+ which preserves the side-on interaction between the inverted pyridine ring and metal ion. The reaction of (PyPH)Fe(II)Br with dioxygen ends up with the formation of a five-coordinate species (PyPO)Fe(III)Br] ((PyPOH)H = 3-aza-22-hydroxy-m-benziporphyrin, PyPO = the corresponding dianion) which is formed by oxygenation at the C(22) position. Coordination of a metal ion by 3-aza-22-hydroxy-benziporphyrin imposes a steric constraint on the geometry of the ligand. The halide ligand of (PyPO)Fe(III)Br coordinates on one of the two inequivalent faces of the macrocycle, leading to two distinct species: syn and anti. The (1)H NMR spectra of paramagnetic iron(II) and iron(III) N-confused pyriporphyrin complexes have been examined. The characteristic patterns of pyrrole and pyridine resonances have been found to be diagnostic of the ground electronic state of iron and the donor nature of the C(22)H and N(3) centers. The enormous downfield H(22) paramagnetic shift, determined for the iron(II) N-confused pyriporphyrin, provides a distinct resonance in a peculiar spectroscopic window (350-800 ppm) for a series of axial ligands which can be considered as a diagnostic sign of an agostic Fe(II)...{C(22)-H} interaction. Coordination of the pyridine moiety via the perimeter N(3) atom is reflected unambiguously by the H(2/4) resonance at 201 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Myśliborski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, Wrocław 50 383, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hung CH, Chang CH, Ching WM, Chuang CH. Molecular assembling using axial phenolate on an iron N-confused porphyrin complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1866-8. [PMID: 16622511 DOI: 10.1039/b600423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of sodium phenolate and Fe(HCTPPH)Br assembles a dimeric iron(III) complex with a channel-like solid state packing; the intramolecular iron-to-iron distance of 8.864 A is the longest among the available N-confused porphyrin dimeric complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Taipei, 105 Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Frontera A, Saczewski F, Gdaniec M, Dziemidowicz-Borys E, Kurland A, Deyà PM, Quiñonero D, Garau C. Anion-π Interactions in Cyanuric Acids: A Combined Crystallographic and Computational Study. Chemistry 2005; 11:6560-7. [PMID: 16100737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several structures of pi complexes of isocyanuric acid and of several thio derivatives with anions have been computed by using high level ab initio calculations. The nature of the complexes has been studied by means of the method of molecular interaction potential with polarization (MIPp) and Bader's theory of atoms-in-molecules. These molecules form favorable complexes with anions and can be used as binding units for building receptors for the molecular recognition of anions. In several cases, the anion-pi interaction has been demonstrated experimentally by means of X-ray crystallography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Garau C, Quiñonero D, Frontera A, Ballester P, Costa A, Deyà PM. Approximate Additivity of Anion−π Interactions: An Ab Initio Study on Anion−π, Anion−π2 and Anion−π3 Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:9341-5. [PMID: 16833275 DOI: 10.1021/jp053380p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the additivity of the anion-pi interaction using high level ab initio calculations. We have optimized chloride and bromide complexes with one, two and three aromatic units (such as trifluoro-s-triazine and s-triazine). We have analyzed the interaction using the atoms in molecules theory and studied the charge transfer using several methods for deriving atomic charges. The results revealed additivities of both the geometries and the binding energies. We have also proposed a neutral receptor for chloride based on multiple anion-pi interactions. Finally, we have simulated solvent effects within the self-consistent reaction field model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|