Phthalocyanines prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile, a popular building block

Phthalocyanines are tetrapyrrolic artificial porphyrinoids that play major roles in advanced biological and technological applications. Research on this family of dyes is particularly active in Türkiye, with many derivatives being prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile DiSHexPN, which is one of the most popular noncommercially available building blocks for phthalocyanines. This review summarizes the phthalocyanines and their versatile properties and applications that have been published since 1994, when the synthesis of DiSHexPN was first described, to emphasize the importance of this building block in plentiful applications, all with biomedical or technological impact.

Multicomponent Molecular Systems Based on Porphyrins, 1,3,5-Triazine and Carboranes: Synthesis and Characterization

2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (cyanuric chloride) is an excellent coupling reagent for the preparation of highly structured multifunctional molecules. Three component systems based on porphyrin, cyanuric chloride and carborane clusters were prepared by a one-pot stepwise amination of cyanuric chloride with 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin, followed by replacement of the remaining chlorine atoms with carborane S- or N-nucleophiles. Some variants of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives containing porphyrin, carborane and residues of biologically active compounds such as maleimide, glycine methyl ester as well as thioglycolic acid, mercaptoethanol and hexafluoroisopropanol were also prepared. A careful control of the reaction temperature during the substitution reactions will allow the synthesis of desired compounds in a good to high yields. The structures of synthesized compounds were determined with UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR, 11B NMR, MALDI-TOF or LC-MS spectroscopic data. The dark and photocytotoxicity as well as intracellular localization and photoinduced cell death for compounds 8, 9, 17, 18 and 24 were evaluated.

Synthesis and characterization of novel azo-bridged Zn(II) and Co(II) bisphthalocyanines

Metal phthalocyanines containing an unsymmetrically substituted nitro group were synthesized from 4-nitrophthalonitrile and the corresponding anhydrous metal salts ( Co ( OAc )2, Zn ( OAc )2) by the method of statistically mixed condensation reactions. The new type of metallo-bisphthalocyanine compounds connected by a N = N bridge was prepared from the reactions of respective nitro compounds with sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) and activated zinc powder in a mixture of methanol ( MeOH ) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The structures of these compounds were characterized by using 1 H NMR, IR, elemental analyses, UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies.

Synthesis, characterization and ESR spectroscopy of novel s-triazine bearing three oxygen-linked lutetium bisphthalocyanine sandwich complexes

The conversion of compound 1 [2,4,6-tris(2-oxaphthalonitrile)-s-triazine] into its isoindoline derivative of 2,4,6-tris[2-oxa(1,3-hexaimino isoindoline)]-s-triazine 2 was accomplished by bubbling ammonia gas through a solution in methanol in the presence of sodium methoxide. The cyclization of two different isoindoline derivatives namely, compound 2 and 4,5-bis(hexylthio)-1,2-diimino-isoindoline 3 with lutetium(III) acetate, [ Lu ( OAc )3] in refluxed DMF by the method of statistically mixed condensation gave trimeric trilutetium phthalocyanine [( LuOAc )3( Pc )3]4. [ Lu 3( Pc )6]5 has been synthesized in situ by the reaction of phthalocyanine 4 and three equivalents of dilithium octakis-hexylsulfanyl phthalocyanine in amyl alcohol.

Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical and electrical properties of a novel ball-type hexanuclear metallophthalo-cyanine, bridged by calix[4]arenes substituted with four hexyl-thiometallophthalocyanines through nitro coupling

In this study, the synthesis of a supramolecular hexaphthalocyaninato hexazinc(II) with hexylthio substituents is reported. Starting from 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dihydroxy-26,28-dimethoxycalix[4]arene, mononitro derivative of calix[4]arene 1 was obtained. Compound 1 was converted to phthalodinitrile derivative 2 by the reaction with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in dry dimethylsulfoxide by the method of nucleophilic substitution of an activated nitro group in an aromatic ring. The tetramerization of compound 2 with Zn ( OAc )2·2 H 2 O in 1-pentanol gave the novel ball-type binuclear zinc (II) phthalocyanine 3 which was reacted with unsymmetric zinc(II) phthalocyanine 4 to furnish a supramolecular assembly of a zinc(II) phthalocyanine of a ball type with four zinc(II) phthalocyanines through azo bridges, 5. Newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, MALDI-TOF MS and 1 H NMR spectra. The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of 5 were also examined in nonaqueous media. The measurements showed the formation of various mixed-valence oxidation and reduction species, due to the strong intramolecular interactions between the Pc rings. Both DC and AC conductivity data were analyzed by the existing theory.

Synthesis, characterization, and electrical, electrochemical and gas sensing properties of a novel ball-type four t-butylcalix[4]arene bridged binuclear zinc(ii) phthalocyanine

1,3 dimethoxy-4-t-butylcalix[4]arene has been used to synthesize a novel ball-type dimeric zinc(II) phthalocyanine, [Zn2Pc2(tbca)4] that exhibits mixed-valence behaviour and non-Arrhenius type dependence of conductivity.