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Yanagi S, Takayama O, Toriumi N, Muranaka A, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. 20π-Electron Antiaromatic Benziphthalocyanines with Absorption Reaching the Near-Infrared-II Region. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400401. [PMID: 38488227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Although second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1500 nm) light has attracted considerable attention, especially for life sciences applications, the development of organic dyes with NIR-II absorption remains a formidable challenge. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and electronic properties of 20π-electron antiaromatic benziphthalocyanines (BPcs) that exhibit intense absorption bands in the NIR region. The strong, low-energy absorption of the antiaromatic BPcs is attributed to electric-dipole-allowed HOMO-LUMO transitions with narrow band gaps, enabled by the reduced structural symmetry of BPc compared with regular porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The combination of peripheral substituents and a central metal decreases the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, leading to the extension of the absorption bands into the NIR-II region (reaching 1100 nm) under reductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yanagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Orie Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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2
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Al-Shewiki RK, Weheabby S, Uhlig N, Korb M, Pester T, Zahn S, Grecchi S, Mussini PR, Rüffer T, Lang H. Cobalt(III)-containing penta-dentate "helmet"-type phthalogens: synthesis, solid-state structures and their thermal and electrochemical characterization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3836-3854. [PMID: 38305694 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of unsubstituted and substituted phthalonitrile (1a-d) with appropriate equivalents of sodium methoxide and ammonia afforded the corresponding 1,3-diiminoisoindolines (2a-d), which were converted to cobalt(III)-containing penta-dentate "helmet"-type phthalogens (3a-d) by the reaction with CoCl2·6H2O as templating agent in the inert solvent 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The identities of 2a-d and 3a-d were established by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A computational study was performed to determine the most stable tautomeric form of 2a-c in the gas phase. The solid-state structures of 2b and 2c were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) studies to confirm their existence in the stereoisomeric anti-form, which is aligned with quantum chemical computations. SC-XRD studies of 3a and 3b revealed a slightly distorted octahedral geometry around the CoIII ions which are coordinated by five N-donor atoms and one extra co-ligand, resulting in a coordination environment of CoN5Cl (3a) and CoN5O (3b), respectively. The thermal stabilities of 2a-d and 3a-d were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the temperature range of 40-500 °C and 40-800 °C, respectively, revealing that 3a-d were converted to the parent cobalt(II)-containing phthalocyanines (4a-d), which was verified independently by furnace heating experiments. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior of 3a was studied exemplarily for the phthalogens by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. This study showed that 4a (CoPc) is formed irreversibly by reducing 3a electrochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha K Al-Shewiki
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Saddam Weheabby
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Measurement and Sensor Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Nell Uhlig
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Marcus Korb
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, M310, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tom Pester
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahn
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Grecchi
- University of Milan, Department of Chemistry, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - P R Mussini
- University of Milan, Department of Chemistry, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nano-membranes (MAIN) Research Group Organometallic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Yanagi S, Matsumoto A, Toriumi N, Tanaka Y, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M. A Switchable Near-Infrared-Absorbing Dye Based on Redox-Bistable Benzitetraazaporphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218358. [PMID: 36670047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Activatable near-infrared (NIR) dyes responsive to external stimuli are used in medical and other applications. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of bench-stable 18π- and 20π-electron benzitetraazaporphyrins (BzTAPs) possessing redox-switchable NIR properties. X-Ray, NMR, and UV/Visible-NIR analyses revealed that 20π-electron BzTAP 1 exhibits NIR absorption and antiaromaticity with a paratropic ring-current, while 18π-electron BzTAP 2 shows weakly aromatic character with NIR inertness. Notably, the NIR-silent BzTAP 2 was readily converted to the NIR-active BzTAP 1 in the presence of mild reducing agents such as amine. The intense NIR absorption band of BzTAP 1 is in sharp contrast to the very weak absorption bands of previously reported antiaromatic porphyrinoids. Molecular orbital analysis revealed that symmetry-lowering perturbation of the 20π-electron porphyrinoid skeleton enables the HOMO-LUMO transition of 1 to be electric-dipole-allowed. BzTAPs are expected to be useful for constructing activatable NIR probes working in reductive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yanagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihisa Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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Muranaka A, Uchiyama M. Development of Phthalocyanine-Based Functional Molecules with Tunable Optical and Chiroptical Properties. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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5
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Unexpected formation of benziphthalocyanine dimer: An easily synthesizable dimer of phthalocyanine analogue. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu Y, Gai L, Xiao X, Lu H, Li Z, Mack J, Harris J, Nyokong T, Shen Z. A Chiral Hemiporphyrazine Derivative: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2113-6. [PMID: 27348494 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an optically active hemiporphyrazine with chiral binaphthyl substituents (1) is reported, providing the first example of the incorporation of an intrinsically chiral moiety into the macrocyclic core of a hemiporphyrazine analogue. A negative circular dichroism (CD) signal is observed in the 325-450 nm region of the CD spectrum of (S,S)-1, while mainly positive bands are observed in the 220-325 nm region. Mirror symmetry is observed across the entire wavelength range of the CD spectra of (R,R)-1 and (S,S)-1. An irreversible one-electron oxidation wave with an onset potential at 1.07 V is observed by cyclic voltammetry, along with a reversible one-electron reduction wave at -0.85 V. Density functional calculations reproduce the experimentally observed data and trends, and provide further insight into the nature of the electronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratoryof Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R China
| | - Xuqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Zhifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Jessica Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratoryof Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R China.
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Muranaka A, Ohira S, Toriumi N, Hirayama M, Kyotani F, Mori Y, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. Unraveling the Electronic Structure of Azolehemiporphyrazines: Direct Spectroscopic Observation of Magnetic Dipole Allowed Nature of the Lowest π–π* Transition of 20π-Electron Porphyrinoids. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4415-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shino Ohira
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Machiko Hirayama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kyotani
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukie Mori
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization
Support Unit, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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18π-Electron Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine: A Functional Near-Infrared Dye with Tunable Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7814-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Toriumi N, Muranaka A, Hirano K, Yoshida K, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. 18π-Electron Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine: A Functional Near-Infrared Dye with Tunable Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Engle JT, Allison AN, Standard JM, Tamgho IS, Ziegler CJ. The structures of several modified isoindolines, the building blocks of phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the single crystal X-ray structures of several substituted isoindolines that have been frequently used as starting materials for phthalocyanines, phthalocyanine analogs and related chelates. The structures of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline (1), 1,3-bis(hydroxyimino)isoindoline (2), 1,4-diaminophthalazine (3), 1,1,3-trichloroisoindoline (4) and 3-imino-1-oxoisoindoline (5) are reported; compounds 2 and 3 are synthesized from diiminoisoindoline (1) and 4 and 5 are produced from phthalimide. All five compounds are planar macrocycles, and localization of double bonds can be readily determined. We elucidated one of the known structures of 1 at low temperature, and observed two additional new structures of 1. For the crystal forms of 1 and compounds 2, 3, and 5, hydrogen bonding in the solid state was observed. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 form extended hydrogen bonded arrays in the solid state, whereas 5 forms discrete hydrogen bonded dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA
| | - Ashley N. Allison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA
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Dang JD, Bender TP. Boron, aluminum, gallium, and indium complexes of 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoline (BPI). INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Shimizu S, Sato Y, Kobayashi N. para-Benzihemiporphyrazine and Its Expanded [3 + 3]-type Analogue. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Yuta Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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Costa R, Engle JT, Ziegler CJ. The synthesis and metal binding chemistry of carbahemiporphyrazines with an electron withdrawing substituent. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benziphthalocyanine (bzpc) and dicarbahemiporphyrazine (dchp) are phthalocyanine analogs where one and two of the isoindoline units have been replaced with benzene rings. In this report, we present dchp and bzpc analogs 1 and 2 where CF3 groups have been placed on the 5-position of the benzene rings. Compounds 1 and 2 have identical structural features as their unmodified parent macrocycles, but some differences are observed in their metal adducts. Complex 1Ag shows few differences with the analogous dchp complex, but compounds 1Cu and 2Co exhibit reductions in M – C bond lengths arising from the electron withdrawing nature of the CF3 unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshinee Costa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA
| | - James T. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA
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Martić G, Engle JT, Ziegler CJ. Complexes of 1,3-bis(2-thiazolylimino)isoindoline with middle and late first row transition metals. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Costa R, Schick AJ, Paul NB, Durfee WS, Ziegler CJ. Hydroxybenziphthalocyanines: non-aromatic phthalocyanine analogues that exhibit strong UV-visible absorptions. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Costa R, Ziegler CJ. Cyclohexylcyanine: a new aliphatic phthalocyanine analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:982-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Shimizu S, Zhu H, Kobayashi N. Azaphenalene Phthalocyanines: Phthalocyanine Analogues with Six-Membered-Ring Units Instead of Five-Membered-Ring Units. Chemistry 2010; 16:11151-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barone N, Costa R, Sripothangnok S, Ziegler CJ. Dihydroxy- and Tetrahydroxydicarbahemiporphyrazine: Phthalocyanine Analogues with Phenol and Resorcinol Units. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bonner ES, Engle JT, Sripothongnak S, Ziegler CJ. Zinc complexes of the carbahemiporphyrazines. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1932-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b925669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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