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Guo Z, Murakami M, Saito K, Kato H, Toriyama M, Tominaga M, Ishii KJ, Fujita F. Integrin α5 regulates motility of human monocyte-derived Langerhans cells during immune response. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15021. [PMID: 38429832 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are mainly present in the epidermis and mucosa, and have important roles during skin infection. Migration of LCs to lymph nodes is essential for antigen presentation. However, due to the difficulties in isolating and culturing human LCs, it is not fully understood how LCs move and interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) through their adhesion molecules such as integrin, during the immune responses. In this study, we aimed to investigate LC motility, cell shape and the role of integrin under inflammatory conditions using monocyte-derived Langerhans cells (moLCs) as a model. As a result, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increased adhesion on fibronectin coated substrate and integrin α5 expression in moLCs. Time-lapse imaging of moLCs revealed that stimulation with LPS elongated cell shape, whilst decreasing their motility. Additionally, this decrease in motility was not observed when pre-treated with a neutralising antibody targeting integrin α5. Together, our data suggested that activation of LCs decreases their motility by promoting integrin α5 expression to enhance their affinity to the fibronectin, which may contribute to their migration during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Guo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Murakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Skin Care Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Technology Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manami Toriyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Fujita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Technology Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Li B, Chen Q, Xi L. An artificial bone window for long-term photoacoustic monitoring of bone recovery. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200196. [PMID: 36054183 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen over the entire body is essential for bone homeostasis. Especially, for the bone recovery, long-term in vivo vascular imaging is desirable. Here, we propose an optical and ultrasonic transparent bone window, which allows repeated, chronic monitoring of bone angiogenesis in mouse tibia defect. A metal ring with an outer diameter of 2 mm and an inner diameter of 1 mm is bonded with a silicone-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and cover the bone surface, which can effectively eliminate the inflammation caused by repeated wound opening before imaging. We make a bone defect model in mouse tibia, and employ an optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) to provide a high-resolution, label-free, long-term, in vivo observation of the bone vascularization during the bone defect healing. The results suggest that the artificial bone window can remain stable for inspection and play positive role for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Seeger M, Dehner C, Jüstel D, Ntziachristos V. Label-free concurrent 5-modal microscopy (Co5M) resolves unknown spatio-temporal processes in wound healing. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1040. [PMID: 34489513 PMCID: PMC8421396 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-invasive investigation of multiple biological processes remains a methodological challenge as it requires capturing different contrast mechanisms, usually not available with any single modality. Intravital microscopy has played a key role in dynamically studying biological morphology and function, but it is generally limited to resolving a small number of contrasts, typically generated by the use of transgenic labels, disturbing the biological system. We introduce concurrent 5-modal microscopy (Co5M), illustrating a new concept for label-free in vivo observations by simultaneously capturing optoacoustic, two-photon excitation fluorescence, second and third harmonic generation, and brightfield contrast. We apply Co5M to non-invasively visualize multiple wound healing biomarkers and quantitatively monitor a number of processes and features, including longitudinal changes in wound shape, microvascular and collagen density, vessel size and fractality, and the plasticity of sebaceous glands. Analysis of these parameters offers unique insights into the interplay of wound closure, vasodilation, angiogenesis, skin contracture, and epithelial reformation in space and time, inaccessible by other methods. Co5M challenges the conventional concept of biological observation by yielding multiple simultaneous parameters of pathophysiological processes in a label-free mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seeger
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Dehner
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jüstel
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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4
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Huang Q, Garrett A, Bose S, Blocker S, Rios AC, Clevers H, Shen X. The frontier of live tissue imaging across space and time. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:603-622. [PMID: 33798422 PMCID: PMC8034393 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
What you see is what you get-imaging techniques have long been essential for visualization and understanding of tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration, which are driven by stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Advances in molecular and tissue modeling techniques in the last decade are providing new imaging modalities to explore tissue heterogeneity and plasticity. Here we describe current state-of-the-art imaging modalities for tissue research at multiple scales, with a focus on explaining key tradeoffs such as spatial resolution, penetration depth, capture time/frequency, and moieties. We explore emerging tissue modeling and molecular tools that improve resolution, specificity, and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 Shaanxi, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aliesha Garrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shree Bose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephanie Blocker
- Center for In Vitro Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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5
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Assessing the severity of psoriasis through multivariate analysis of optical images from non-lesional skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9154. [PMID: 32513976 PMCID: PMC7280219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriasis represent a heterogeneous population with individualized disease expression. Psoriasis can be monitored through gold standard histopathology of biopsy specimens that are painful and permanently scar. A common associated measure is the use of non-invasive assessment of the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) or similarly derived clinical assessment based scores. However, heterogeneous manifestations of the disease lead to specific PASI scores being poorly reproducible and not easily associated with clinical severity, complicating the efforts to monitor the disease. To address this issue, we developed a methodology for non-invasive automated assessment of the severity of psoriasis using optical imaging. Our analysis shows that two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging permits the identification of biomarkers present in both lesional and non-lesional skin that correlate with psoriasis severity. This ability to measure changes in lesional and healthy-appearing skin provides a new pathway for independent monitoring of both the localized and systemic effects of the disease. Non-invasive optical imaging was conducted on lesions and non-lesional (pseudo-control) skin of 33 subjects diagnosed with psoriasis, lesional skin of 7 subjects diagnosed with eczema, and healthy skin of 18 control subjects. Statistical feature extraction was combined with principal component analysis to analyze pairs of two-photon fluorescence lifetime images of stratum basale and stratum granulosum layers of skin. We found that psoriasis is associated with biochemical and structural changes in non-lesional skin that can be assessed using clinically available two-photon fluorescence lifetime microscopy systems.
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6
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Rico-Jimenez J, Lee JH, Alex A, Musaad S, Chaney E, Barkalifa R, Spillman DR, Olson E, Adams D, Marjanovic M, Arp Z, Boppart SA. Non-invasive monitoring of pharmacodynamics during the skin wound healing process using multimodal optical microscopy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000974. [PMID: 32327442 PMCID: PMC7202789 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired diabetic wound healing is one of the serious complications associated with diabetes. In patients with diabetes, this impairment is characterized by several physiological abnormalities such as metabolic changes, reduced collagen production, and diminished angiogenesis. We designed and developed a multimodal optical imaging system that can longitudinally monitor formation of new blood vessels, metabolic changes, and collagen deposition in a non-invasive, label-free manner. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The closure of a skin wound in (db/db) mice, which presents delayed wound healing pathologically similar to conditions in human type 2 diabetes mellitus, was non-invasively followed using the custom-built multimodal microscope. In this microscope, optical coherence tomography angiography was used for studying neovascularization, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) assessment, fluorescence intensity changes of NAD(P)H and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactors for evaluating metabolic changes, and second harmonic generation microscopy for analyzing collagen deposition and organization. The animals were separated into four groups: control, placebo, low concentration (LC), and high concentration (HC) treatment. Images of the wound and surrounding areas were acquired at different time points during a 28-day period. RESULTS Various physiological changes measured using the optical imaging modalities at different phases of wound healing were compared. A statistically significant improvement in the functional relationship between angiogenesis, metabolism, and structural integrity was observed in the HC group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the capability of multimodal optical imaging to non-invasively monitor various physiological aspects of the wound healing process, and thus become a promising tool in the development of better diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring strategies for diabetic wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rico-Jimenez
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jang Hyuk Lee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Aneesh Alex
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salma Musaad
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Adams
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zane Arp
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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7
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Li J, Wilson MN, Bower AJ, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Barkalifa R, Boppart SA. Video-rate multimodal multiphoton imaging and three-dimensional characterization of cellular dynamics in wounded skin. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 13:2050007. [PMID: 33584862 PMCID: PMC7880242 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545820500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, numerous studies have been performed to elucidate the complex cellular dynamics in skin diseases, but few have attempted to characterize these cellular events under conditions similar to the native environment. To address this challenge, a three-dimensional (3D) multimodal analysis platform was developed for characterizing in vivo cellular dynamics in skin, which was then utilized to process in vivo wound healing data to demonstrate its applicability. Special attention is focused on in vivo biological parameters that are difficult to study with ex vivo analysis, including 3D cell tracking and techniques to connect biological information obtained from different imaging modalities. These results here open new possibilities for evaluating 3D cellular dynamics in vivo, and can potentially provide new tools for characterizing the skin microenvironment and pathologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Madison N. Wilson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
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8
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Bower AJ, Mahmassani Z, Zhao Y, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, Lee MK, Graf BW, De Lisio M, Kong H, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. In Vivo Assessment of Engineered Skin Cell Delivery with Multimodal Optical Microscopy. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 23:434-442. [PMID: 28605991 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing process is often significantly impaired under conditions of chronic or large area wounds, which are often treated clinically using autologous split-thickness skin grafts. However, in many cases, harvesting of donor tissue presents a serious problem such as in the case of very large area burns. In response to this, engineered biomaterials have emerged that attempt to mimic the natural skin environment or deliver a suitable therapy to assist in the healing process. In this study, a custom-built multimodal optical microscope capable of noninvasive structural and functional imaging is used to investigate both the engineered tissue microenvironment and the in vivo wound healing process. Investigation of various engineered scaffolds show the strong relationship among the microenvironment of the scaffold, the organization of the cells within the scaffold, and the delivery pattern of these cells onto the healing wound. Through noninvasive tracking of these processes and parameters, multimodal optical microscopy provides an important tool in the assessment of engineered scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bower
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Youbo Zhao
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Eric J Chaney
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- 5 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Benedikt W Graf
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael De Lisio
- 3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,6 School of Human Kinetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- 5 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marni D Boppart
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- 1 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,4 Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois.,7 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
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9
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Li J, Bower AJ, Arp Z, Olson EJ, Holland C, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, Pande P, Alex A, Boppart SA. Investigating the healing mechanisms of an angiogenesis-promoting topical treatment for diabetic wounds using multimodal microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:10.1002/jbio.201700195. [PMID: 28980425 PMCID: PMC5839957 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Impaired skin wound healing is a significant comorbid condition of diabetes that is caused by poor microcirculation, among other factors. Studies have shown that angiogenesis, a critical step in the wound healing process in diabetic wounds, can be promoted under hypoxia. In this study, an angiogenesis-promoting topical treatment for diabetic wounds, which promotes angiogenesis by mimicking a hypoxic environment via inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase resulting in elevation or maintenance of hypoxia-inducible factor, was investigated utilizing a custom-built multimodal microscopy system equipped with phase-variance optical coherence tomography (PV-OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). PV-OCT was used to track the regeneration of the microvasculature network, and FLIM was used to assess the in vivo metabolic response of mouse epidermal keratinocytes to the treatment during healing. Results show a significant decrease in the fluorescence lifetime of intracellular reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, suggesting a hypoxic-like environment in the wounded skin, followed by a quantitative increase in blood vessel density assessed by PV-OCT. Insights gained in these studies could lead to new endpoints for evaluation of the efficacy and healing mechanisms of wound-healing drugs in a setting where delayed healing does not permit available methods for evaluation to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, United States
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zane Arp
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Discovery Medicine, HF DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Eric J. Olson
- Discovery Medicine, HF DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Claire Holland
- Discovery Medicine, HF DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, United States
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Aneesh Alex
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Discovery Medicine, HF DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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10
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Bower AJ, Chidester B, Li J, Zhao Y, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Do MN, Boppart SA. A quantitative framework for the analysis of multimodal optical microscopy images. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2017; 7:24-37. [PMID: 28275557 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2017.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimodal optical microscopy, a set of imaging techniques based on unique, yet complementary contrast mechanisms and spatially and temporally co-registered data acquisition, has emerged as a powerful biomedical tool. However, the analysis of the dense, high-dimensional datasets acquired by these instruments remains mostly qualitative and restricted to analysis of each modality individually. METHODS Using a custom-built multimodal nonlinear optical microscope, high dimensional datasets were acquired for automated classification of functional cell states as well as identification of histopathological features in tissues slices. Supervised classification of cell death modes was performed through support vector machines (SVM) and semi-supervised classification of tissue slices was performed through the use of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. RESULTS Applications of these techniques to the automated classification of cell death modes as well as to the identification of tissue components in fixed ex vivo tissue slices are presented. The analysis techniques developed provide a direct link between multimodal image contrast and biological structure and function, resulting in highly accurate classification in both settings. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of multimodal optical microscopy images through statistical modeling of the high dimensional data acquired gives a strong correlation between biological structure and function and image contrast. These methods are sensitive to the identification of diagnostic, cellular-level features important in a variety of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bower
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin Chidester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Minh N Do
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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11
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Li J, Pincu Y, Marjanovic M, Bower AJ, Chaney EJ, Jensen T, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. In vivo evaluation of adipose- and muscle-derived stem cells as a treatment for nonhealing diabetic wounds using multimodal microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:86006. [PMID: 27533443 PMCID: PMC5995141 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.8.086006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired skin wound healing is a significant comorbid condition of diabetes, which often results in nonhealing diabetic ulcers due to poor peripheral microcirculation, among other factors. The effectiveness of the regeneration of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) was assessed using an integrated multimodal microscopy system equipped with two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging. These imaging modalities, integrated in a single platform for spatial and temporal coregistration, allowed us to monitor in vivo changes in the collagen network and cell dynamics in a skin wound. Fluorescently labeled ADSCs and MDSCs were applied topically to the wound bed of wild-type and diabetic (db/db) mice following punch biopsy. Longitudinal imaging demonstrated that ADSCs and MDSCs provided remarkable capacity for improved diabetic wound healing, and integrated microscopy revealed a more organized collagen remodeling in the wound bed of treated mice. The results from this study verify the regenerative capacity of stem cells toward healing and, with multimodal microscopy, provide insight regarding their impact on the skin microenvironment. The optical method outlined in this study, which has the potential for in vivo human use, may optimize the care and treatment of diabetic nonhealing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory MC-278, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yair Pincu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory MC-278, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tor Jensen
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Health Sciences Initiative, 611 West Park Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory MC-278, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Internal Medicine, 506 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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12
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Bower AJ, Arp Z, Zhao Y, Li J, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, Hughes-Earle A, Boppart SA. Longitudinal in vivo tracking of adverse effects following topical steroid treatment. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:362-7. [PMID: 26739196 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Topical steroids are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and are commonly prescribed to treat many adverse skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. While these treatments are known to be effective, adverse effects including skin atrophy are common. In this study, the progression of these effects is investigated in an in vivo mouse model using multimodal optical microscopy. Utilizing a system capable of performing two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPEF) of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to visualize the epidermal cell layers and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to identify collagen in the dermis, these processes can be studied at the cellular level. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is also utilized to image intracellular NADH levels to obtain molecular information regarding metabolic activity following steroid treatment. In this study, fluticasone propionate (FP)-treated, mometasone furoate (MF)-treated and untreated animals were imaged longitudinally using a custom-built multimodal optical microscope. Prolonged steroid treatment over the course of 21 days is shown to result in a significant increase in mean fluorescence lifetime of NADH, suggesting a faster rate of maturation of epidermal keratinocytes. Alterations to collagen organization and the structural microenvironment are also observed. These results give insight into the structural and biochemical processes of skin atrophy associated with prolonged steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bower
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zane Arp
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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13
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Li J, Bower AJ, Vainstein V, Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, Basile LA, Boppart SA. Effect of recombinant interleukin-12 on murine skin regeneration and cell dynamics using in vivo multimodal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4277-87. [PMID: 26600994 PMCID: PMC4646538 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine known for its role in immunity, and previous studies have shown that IL-12 provides mitigation of radiation injury. In this study, we utilize a multimodal microscopy system equipped with second harmonic generation (SHG) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to examine the effect of IL-12 on collagen structure and cellular metabolic activity in vivo during skin wound healing. This preliminary study illustrates the highly dynamic and heterogeneous in vivo microenvironment of the wounded skin. In addition, results suggest that IL-12 triggers a significantly more rapid and greater cellular metabolic response in the wounded animals. These results can elucidate insights into the response mechanism of IL-12 in both wound healing and acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, 1304 W. Springfield Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, 1304 W. Springfield Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lena A. Basile
- Neumedicines Inc. 133 N. Altadena Dr. #310, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, 1304 W. Springfield Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 190 Medical Science Building, MC-714, 506 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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14
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Tu H, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liu YZ, Boppart S. Noise characterization of broadband fiber Cherenkov radiation as a visible-wavelength source for optical coherence tomography and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:20138-43. [PMID: 25321223 PMCID: PMC4163157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical sources in the visible region immediately adjacent to the near-infrared biological optical window are preferred in imaging techniques such as spectroscopic optical coherence tomography of endogenous absorptive molecules and two-photon fluorescence microscopy of intrinsic fluorophores. However, existing sources based on fiber supercontinuum generation are known to have high relative intensity noise and low spectral coherence, which may degrade imaging performance. Here we compare the optical noise and pulse compressibility of three high-power fiber Cherenkov radiation sources developed recently, and evaluate their potential to replace the existing supercontinuum sources in these imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Yuan-Zhi Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Stephen Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
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15
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Graf BW, Chaney EJ, Marjanovic M, De Lisio M, Valero MC, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. In vivo imaging of immune cell dynamics in skin in response to zinc-oxide nanoparticle exposure. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1817-28. [PMID: 24156046 PMCID: PMC3799648 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in cosmetic and sunscreen products which are applied topically to the skin. Despite their widespread use, the safety and biological response of these particles remains an active area of investigation. In this paper we present methods based on in vivo multiphoton microscopy (MPM) in skin to address relevant questions about the potential toxicity and immunological response of ZnO NPs. Registration of time-lapse volumetric MPM images allows the same skin site to be tracked across multiple days for visualizing and quantifying cellular and structural changes in response to NP exposure. Making use of the unique optical properties of ZnO enables high contrast detection of the NPs in the presence of strong autofluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) background from the skin. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) bone marrow (BM) transplanted mouse model is used to visualize and assess the dynamic response of BM-derived immune cells. These cells are visualized to assess the potential for ZnO NPs to interact with immune cells and elicit an immune reaction in skin. We investigate both topical and dermal exposure of the ZnO NPs. The methods and findings presented in this paper demonstrate a novel approach for tracking ZnO NPs in vivo and for visualizing the cellular response of the exposed tissue to assess the immunological response and potential toxicity of these particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W. Graf
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Maria C. Valero
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Internal Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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