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Ålund M, Cenzer M, Bierne N, Boughman JW, Cerca J, Comerford MS, Culicchi A, Langerhans B, McFarlane SE, Möst MH, North H, Qvarnström A, Ravinet M, Svanbäck R, Taylor SA. Anthropogenic Change and the Process of Speciation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041455. [PMID: 37788888 PMCID: PMC10691492 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts on the environment alter speciation processes by affecting both geographical contexts and selection patterns on a worldwide scale. Here we review evidence of these effects. We find that human activities often generate spatial isolation between populations and thereby promote genetic divergence but also frequently cause sudden secondary contact and hybridization between diverging lineages. Human-caused environmental changes produce new ecological niches, altering selection in diverse ways that can drive diversification; but changes also often remove niches and cause extirpations. Human impacts that alter selection regimes are widespread and strong in magnitude, ranging from local changes in biotic and abiotic conditions to direct harvesting to global climate change. Altered selection, and evolutionary responses to it, impacts early-stage divergence of lineages, but does not necessarily lead toward speciation and persistence of separate species. Altogether, humans both promote and hinder speciation, although new species would form very slowly relative to anthropogenic hybridization, which can be nearly instantaneous. Speculating about the future of speciation, we highlight two key conclusions: (1) Humans will have a large influence on extinction and "despeciation" dynamics in the short term and on early-stage lineage divergence, and thus potentially speciation in the longer term, and (2) long-term monitoring combined with easily dated anthropogenic changes will improve our understanding of the processes of speciation. We can use this knowledge to preserve and restore ecosystems in ways that promote (re-)diversification, increasing future opportunities of speciation and enhancing biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Ålund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Meredith Cenzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - José Cerca
- CEES - Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | | | - Alessandro Culicchi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Markus H Möst
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Henry North
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Mark Ravinet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Brocklehurst N, Day MO, Fröbisch J. Accounting for differences in species frequency distributions when calculating beta diversity in the fossil record. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Brocklehurst
- Leibniz‐Institut für Evolutions‐ und BiodiversitätsforschungMuseum für Naturkunde Berlin Germany
| | - Michael O. Day
- Evolutionary Studies Institute & School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Earth SciencesThe Natural History Museum (NHMUK) London UK
| | - Jörg Fröbisch
- Leibniz‐Institut für Evolutions‐ und BiodiversitätsforschungMuseum für Naturkunde Berlin Germany
- Evolutionary Studies Institute & School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Institut für BiologieHumboldt‐Universitätzu Berlin Berlin Germany
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McIntyre SRN, Lineweaver CH, Groves CP, Chopra A. Global biogeography since Pangaea. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0716. [PMID: 28592675 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea around 180 Ma has left its imprint on the global distribution of species and resulted in vicariance-driven speciation. Here, we test the idea that the molecular clock dates, for the divergences of species whose geographical ranges were divided, should agree with the palaeomagnetic dates for the continental separations. Our analysis of recently available phylogenetic divergence dates of 42 pairs of vertebrate taxa, selected for their reduced ability to disperse, demonstrates that the divergence dates in phylogenetic trees of continent-bound terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates are consistent with the palaeomagnetic dates of continental separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R N McIntyre
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Charles H Lineweaver
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Colin P Groves
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Aditya Chopra
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Consequences of biodiversity loss diverge from expectation due to post-extinction compensatory responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43695. [PMID: 28255165 PMCID: PMC5334654 DOI: 10.1038/srep43695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consensus has been reached that global biodiversity loss impairs ecosystem functioning and the sustainability of services beneficial to humanity. However, the ecosystem consequences of extinction in natural communities are moderated by compensatory species dynamics, yet these processes are rarely accounted for in impact assessments and seldom considered in conservation programmes. Here, we use marine invertebrate communities to parameterise numerical models of sediment bioturbation – a key mediator of biogeochemical cycling – to determine whether post-extinction compensatory mechanisms alter biodiversity-ecosystem function relations following non-random extinctions. We find that compensatory dynamics lead to trajectories of sediment mixing that diverge from those without compensation, and that the form, magnitude and variance of each probabilistic distribution is highly influenced by the type of compensation and the functional composition of surviving species. Our findings indicate that the generalized biodiversity-function relation curve, as derived from multiple empirical investigations of random species loss, is unlikely to yield representative predictions for ecosystem properties in natural systems because the influence of post-extinction community dynamics are under-represented. Recognition of this problem is fundamental to management and conservation efforts, and will be necessary to ensure future plans and adaptation strategies minimize the adverse impacts of the biodiversity crisis.
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Hull PM, Darroch SAF, Erwin DH. Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems. Nature 2015; 528:345-51. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Ecologists are increasingly using the fossil record of mass extinction to build predictive models for the ongoing biodiversity crisis. During mass extinctions, major depletions in global (i.e., gamma) diversity may reflect decrease in alpha diversity (i.e., local assemblages support fewer taxa), and/or decrease in beta diversity (such that similar pools of taxa are common to a greater number of local areas). Contrasting the effects of extinction on alpha and beta diversity is therefore central to understanding how global richness becomes depleted over these critical events. Here we investigate the spatial effects of mass extinction by examining changes in alpha, beta, and gamma diversity in brachiopod communities over both pulses of Ordovician-Silurian extinction (-445.2 and -438.8 million years ago), which had dramatically different causal mechanisms. We furthermore reconstruct geographic range sizes for brachiopod genera to test competing models for drivers of beta diversity change. We find that: (1) alpha and beta diversity respond differently to extinction; (2) these responses differ between pulses of extinction; (3) changes in beta diversity associated with extinction are accompanied by changes in geographic range size; and (4) changes in global beta diversity were driven by the extinction of taxa with statistically small and large ranges, rather than range expansion/contraction in taxa that survive into the aftermath. A symptom of ongoing biotic crisis may therefore be the extinction of specific narrow- or wide-ranging taxa, rather than the global proliferation of opportunistic and "disaster" forms. In addition, our results illustrate that changes in beta diversity on these longer timescales may largely be dictated by emplacement and removal of barriers to dispersal. Lastly, this study reinforces the utility of the fossil record in addressing questions surrounding the role of global-scale processes (such as mass extinctions) in sculpting and assembling regional biotas.
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Aberhan M, Kiessling W. Rebuilding biodiversity of Patagonian marine molluscs after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102629. [PMID: 25028930 PMCID: PMC4100926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed field-collected quantitative data of benthic marine molluscs across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary in Patagonia to identify patterns and processes of biodiversity reconstruction after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. We contrast diversity dynamics from nearshore environments with those from offshore environments. In both settings, Early Palaeogene (Danian) assemblages are strongly dominated by surviving lineages, many of which changed their relative abundance from being rare before the extinction event to becoming the new dominant forms. Only a few of the species in the Danian assemblages were newly evolved. In offshore environments, however, two newly evolved Danian bivalve species attained ecological dominance by replacing two ecologically equivalent species that disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous. In both settings, the total number of Danian genera at a locality remained below the total number of late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) genera at that locality. We suggest that biotic interactions, in particular incumbency effects, suppressed post-extinction diversity and prevented the compensation of diversity loss by originating and invading taxa. Contrary to the total number of genera at localities, diversity at the level of individual fossiliferous horizons before and after the boundary is indistinguishable in offshore environments. This indicates an evolutionary rapid rebound to pre-extinction values within less than ca 0.5 million years. In nearshore environments, by contrast, diversity of fossiliferous horizons was reduced in the Danian, and this lowered diversity lasted for the entire studied post-extinction interval. In this heterogeneous environment, low connectivity among populations may have retarded the recolonisation of nearshore habitats by survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aberhan
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Kiessling
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The evolutionary consequences of mass extinctions depend as much on the processes of survival and recovery following these biotic crises as on the patterns of extinction themselves. Paleontologists are currently documenting biotic recoveries from six major mass extinctions and several smaller biotic crises. Although the immediate responses are remarkably similar after each event, with low-diversity assemblages dominated by widespread, eurytopic species, the recovery response in the long-term is more varied. Lineages that survive the extinction can lack the resilience for recovery, whereas others vanish from the fossil record seemingly to return from the dead after several million years.
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Aftermath of the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary Crisis: Spiculite Formation on Drowned Triassic Steinplatte Reef-Slope by Communities of Hexactinellid Sponges (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). ADVANCES IN STROMATOLITE GEOBIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10415-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Webb AE, Leighton LR. Exploring the Ecological Dynamics of Extinction. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0680-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractIchnology has great potential to advance our understanding of mass extinction events and yet is currently an underutilized resource in such studies. Here we review published ichnological studies for the Ordovician-Silurian, Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction-recovery intervals. In addition, new information regarding the Triassic-Jurassic ichnological record from England, Austria and the western USA is presented. Trace fossils provide important information on the ecological response of the benthic community at such times. In the immediate post-extinction aftermath, the ichnodiversity, burrow size, depth of bioturbation, and ichnofabric index of the sediments are all much reduced. There is an increase in all these parameters through the post-extinction recovery period. In some cases, the stepwise reappearance of certain distinctive ichnotaxa (e.g. Diplocraterion, Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides) may be of some stratigraphic use. Evidence from Permian-Triassic studies indicates that recovery took longer at low (tropical) palaeolatitudes than mid-high palaeolatitudes. Trace fossils also provide important information on palaeoenvironmental change through the extinction-recovery interval. The application of ichnology to mass extinction studies is in its infancy, but should prove a valuable tool in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Twitchett
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth
Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Colin G. Barras
- Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Looy CV, Twitchett RJ, Dilcher DL, Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert JH, Visscher H. Life in the end-Permian dead zone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7879-83. [PMID: 11427710 PMCID: PMC35436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131218098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossil record of land plants is an obvious source of information on the dynamics of mass extinctions in the geological past. In conjunction with the end-Permian ecological crisis, approximately 250 million years ago, palynological data from East Greenland reveal some unanticipated patterns. We document the significant time lag between terrestrial ecosystem collapse and selective extinction among characteristic Late Permian plants. Furthermore, ecological crisis resulted in an initial increase in plant diversity, instead of a decrease. Paradoxically, these floral patterns correspond to a "dead zone" in the end-Permian faunal record, characterized by a paucity of marine invertebrate megafossils. The time-delayed, end-Permian plant extinctions resemble modeled "extinction debt" responses of multispecies metapopulations to progressive habitat destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Looy
- Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Looy CV, Brugman WA, Dilcher DL, Visscher H. The delayed resurgence of equatorial forests after the permian-triassic ecologic crisis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:13857-62. [PMID: 10570163 PMCID: PMC24155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.24.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the Permian-Triassic ecologic crisis approximately 250 million years ago, massive dieback of coniferous vegetation resulted in a degradation of terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. A 4- to 5-million-year period of lycopsid dominance followed, and renewed proliferation of conifers did not occur before the transition between Early and Middle Triassic. We document this delayed re-establishment of equatorial forests on the basis of palynological data. The reconstructed pattern of vegetational change suggests that habitat restoration, migration, and evolutionary processes acted synergistically, setting the stage for successional replacement of lycopsid dominants by conifers within a period of approximately 0.5 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Looy
- Laboratory of Palaeobotany, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Schülke I. Conodont community structure around the “Kellwasser mass extinction event” (Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03043736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kauffman EG, Harries PJ. The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.001.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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