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Waelder J, Vasquez R, Liu Y, Maldonado S. A Description of the Faradaic Current in Cyclic Voltammetry of Adsorbed Redox Species on Semiconductor Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6410-6419. [PMID: 35362961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A framework for interpreting the cyclic voltammetric responses from adsorbed redox monolayers on semiconductor electrodes has been developed. Expressions that describe quantitatively how the rates of the forward and back charge-transfer reactions impact the faradaic current density are presented. The primary insight is an explicit connection between the potential drops across the semiconductor space charge, surface, and electrolyte diffuse layers and the potential dependence of the reaction kinetics. Specifically, the evolution of the voltammetric shapes with experimental variables such as scan rate, standard potential of the redox adsorbate, and semiconductor surface energetics can now be interpreted for information on the operative charge-transfer rate constant and reaction energetics. This model is used to understand the complex dependence of the cathodic and anodic wave shapes for the first redox transition of an asymmetric viologen species adsorbed on n-Si(111). This system exhibited a heterogeneous rate constant of 0.24 s-1 and exhibited features consistent with an overwhelming majority of the applied potential dropping within the semiconductor space charge region. In total, experimentalists now have a visual key on how to interpret the faradaic current in voltammetric data for information on heterogeneous charge-transfer reactions between semiconductor electrodes and molecular adsorbates. The presented approach fills a long-standing knowledge gap in electrochemistry and aids practitioners interested in advancing photoelectrochemical energy conversion/storage strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Waelder
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Robert Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-1055, United States
| | - Yifan Liu
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-1055, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-1055, United States
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2
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Dong Y, Chen S, Liu TL, Li J. Materials and Interface Designs of Waterproof Field-Effect Transistor Arrays for Detection of Neurological Biomarkers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106866. [PMID: 35023615 PMCID: PMC8930526 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuous, real-time, and concurrent detection of multiple biomarkers in bodily fluids is of high significance for advanced healthcare. While active, semiconductor-based biochemical sensing platforms provide levels of functionality exceeding those of their conventional passive counterparts, the stability of the active biosensors in the liquid environment for continuous operation remains a challenging topic. This work reports the development of a class of flexible and waterproof field-effect transistor arrays for multiplexed biochemical sensing. In this design, monolithic, ultrathin, dense, and low defect nanomembranes consisting of monocrystalline Si and thermally grown SiO2 simultaneously serve as high-performance backplane electronics for signal transduction and stable biofluid barriers with high structural integrity due to the high formation temperature. Coupling the waterproof transistors with various ion-selective membranes through the gate electrode allows for sensitive and selective detection of multiple ions as biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. The study also demonstrates a similar encapsulation structure which enables the design of waterproof amperometric sensors based on this materials strategy and integration scheme. Overall, key advantages in flexibility, stability, and multifunctionality highlight the potential of using such electronic sensing platforms for concurrent, continuous detection of various neurological biomarkers, proving a promising approach for early diagnosis and intervention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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3
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Gupta R, Jash P, Sachan P, Bayat A, Singh V, Mondal PC. Electrochemical Potential‐Driven High‐Throughput Molecular Electronic and Spintronic Devices: From Molecules to Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Priyajit Jash
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Pradeep Sachan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Akhtar Bayat
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, UMR 5298 Université de Bordeaux 33400 Talence France
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemistry and National Science Research Institute Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
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4
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Oh JH, Kang RH, Kim J, Bang EK, Kim D. Thermally induced silane dehydrocoupling on porous silicon nanoparticles for ultra-long-acting drug release. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15560-15568. [PMID: 34596178 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an ultra-long-acting drug release nano-formulation based on porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) that are prepared by thermally induced silane dehydrocoupling and lipid-coating. This robust formulation offers the ability to release an anticancer drug, for up to 2 weeks, in various biological environments; pH 7.4 buffer, cancer cells, and tumor xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rae Hyung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyoung Bang
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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5
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Rahpeima S, Dief EM, Ciampi S, Raston CL, Darwish N. Impermeable Graphene Oxide Protects Silicon from Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38799-38807. [PMID: 34342425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a natural silicon oxide (SiOx) layer over the surface of silicon (Si) has been a roadblock for hybrid semiconductor and organic electronics technology. The presence of an insulating oxide layer is a limiting operational factor, which blocks charge transfer and therefore electrical signals for a range of applications. Etching the SiOx layer by fluoride solutions leaves a reactive Si-H surface that is only stable for few hours before it starts reoxidizing under ambient conditions. Controlled passivation of silicon is also of key importance for improving Si photovoltaic efficiency. Here, we show that a thin layer of graphene oxide (GOx) prevents Si surfaces from oxidation under ambient conditions for more than 30 days. In addition, we show that the protective GOx layer can be modified with molecules enabling a functional surface that allows for further chemical conjugation or connections with upper electrodes, while preserving the underneath Si in a nonoxidized form. The GOx layer can be switched electrochemically to reduced graphene oxide, allowing the development of a dynamic material for molecular electronics technologies. These findings demonstrate that 2D materials are alternatives to organic self-assembled monolayers that are typically used to protect and tune the properties of Si and open a realm of possibilities that combine Si and 2D materials technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Rahpeima
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Essam M Dief
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Gupta R, Jash P, Sachan P, Bayat A, Singh V, Mondal PC. Electrochemical Potential-Driven High-Throughput Molecular Electronic and Spintronic Devices: From Molecules to Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26904-26921. [PMID: 34313372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecules are fascinating candidates for constructing tunable and electrically conducting devices by the assembly of either a single molecule or an ensemble of molecules between two electrical contacts followed by current-voltage (I-V) analysis, which is often termed "molecular electronics". Recently, there has been also an upsurge of interest in spin-based electronics or spintronics across the molecules, which offer additional scope to create ultrafast responsive devices with less power consumption and lower heat generation using the intrinsic spin property rather than electronic charge. Researchers have been exploring this idea of utilizing organic molecules, organometallics, coordination complexes, polymers, and biomolecules (proteins, enzymes, oligopeptides, DNA) in integrating molecular electronics and spintronics devices. Although several methods exist to prepare molecular thin-films on suitable electrodes, the electrochemical potential-driven technique has emerged as highly efficient. In this Review we describe recent advances in the electrochemical potential driven growth of nanometric various molecular films on technologically relevant substrates, including non-magnetic and magnetic electrodes to investigate the stimuli-responsive charge and spin transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Priyajit Jash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Pradeep Sachan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Akhtar Bayat
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, UMR 5298, Université de Bordeaux, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemistry and National Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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7
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Zhang L, Yang X, Li S, Zhang J. Functionalized Silicon Electrodes Toward Electrostatic Catalysis. Front Chem 2021; 9:715647. [PMID: 34386481 PMCID: PMC8353247 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.715647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields are now emerging as "smart effectors" of chemical changes. The key challenges in experimentally studying electrostatic catalysis are (i) controlling the orientation of fields along the reaction axis and (ii) finely adjusting the magnitudes of electrostatic stimuli. Surface models provide a versatile platform for addressing the direction of electric fields with respect to reactants and balancing the trade-off between the solubility of charged species and the intensity of electric fields. In this mini-review, we present the recent advances that have been investigated of the electrostatic effect on the chemical reaction on the monolayer-functionalized silicon surfaces. We mainly focus on elucidating the mediator/catalysis role of static electric fields induced from either solid/liquid electric double layers at electrode/electrolyte interfaces or space charges in the semiconductors, indicating the electrostatic aspects is of great significance in the semiconductor electrochemistry, redox electroactivity, and chemical bonding. Herein, the functionalization of silicon surfaces allows scientists to explore electrostatic catalysis from nanoscale to mesoscale; most importantly, it provides glimpses of the wide-ranging potentials of oriented electric fields for switching on/off the macroscale synthetic organic electrochemistry and living radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - JianMing Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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8
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Suni II. Substrate Materials for Biomolecular Immobilization within Electrochemical Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:239. [PMID: 34356710 PMCID: PMC8301891 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have potential applications for agriculture, food safety, environmental monitoring, sports medicine, biomedicine, and other fields. One of the primary challenges in this field is the immobilization of biomolecular probes atop a solid substrate material with adequate stability, storage lifetime, and reproducibility. This review summarizes the current state of the art for covalent bonding of biomolecules onto solid substrate materials. Early research focused on the use of Au electrodes, with immobilization of biomolecules through ω-functionalized Au-thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), but stability is usually inadequate due to the weak Au-S bond strength. Other noble substrates such as C, Pt, and Si have also been studied. While their nobility has the advantage of ensuring biocompatibility, it also has the disadvantage of making them relatively unreactive towards covalent bond formation. With the exception of Sn-doped In2O3 (indium tin oxide, ITO), most metal oxides are not electrically conductive enough for use within electrochemical biosensors. Recent research has focused on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and on electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. In addition, the deposition of functionalized thin films from aryldiazonium cations has attracted significant attention as a substrate-independent method for biofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ivar Suni
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; ; Tel.: +1-618-453-7822
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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9
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Electrochemical determination of kinetic parameters of surface confined redox probes in presence of intermolecular interactions by means of Cyclic Voltammetry. Application to TEMPO monolayers in gold and platinum electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Terrero Rodríguez IM, Borrill AJ, Schaffer KJ, Hernandez JB, O’Neil GD. Light-Addressable Electrochemical Sensing with Electrodeposited n-Silicon/Gold Nanoparticle Schottky Junctions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11444-11452. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Terrero Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Alexandra J. Borrill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Jocelyn B. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Glen D. O’Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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11
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Paiva TO, Torbensen K, Patel AN, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Bataille L, Michon T. Probing the Enzymatic Activity of Individual Biocatalytic fd-Viral Particles by Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Telmo O. Paiva
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kristian Torbensen
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bataille
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Gautam S, Gonçales VR, Colombo RNP, Tang W, Córdoba de Torresi SI, Reece PJ, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. High-resolution light-activated electrochemistry on amorphous silicon-based photoelectrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7435-7438. [PMID: 32490860 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated electrochemistry (LAE) consists of employing a focused light beam to illuminate a semiconducting area and make it electrochemically active. Here, we show how to reduce the electrochemical spatial resolution to submicron by exploiting the short lateral diffusion of charge carriers in amorphous silicon to improve the resolution of LAE by 60 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Gautam
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre of NanoMedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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