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Ding Z, Wang X, Zou T, Hao X, Zhang Q, Sun B, Du W. Climate warming has divergent physiological impacts on sympatric lizards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168992. [PMID: 38052387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to affect the vulnerability of sympatric species differentially due to their divergent traits, but the underlying physiological mechanisms of those impacts are poorly understood. We conducted field warming experiments (present climate vs. warm climate) using open-top chambers to determine the effects of climate warming on active body temperature, oxidative damage, immune competence, growth and survival in two sympatric desert-dwelling lizards, Eremias multiocellata and Eremias argus from May 2019 to September 2020. Our climate warming treatment did not affect survival of the two species, but it did increase active body temperatures and growth rate in E. multiocellata compared to E. argus. Climate warming also induced greater oxidative damage (higher malondialdehyde content and catalase activity) in E. multiocellata, but not in E. argus. Further, climate warming increased immune competence in E. multiocellata, but decreased immune competence in E. argus, with regards to white blood cell counts, bacteria killing ability and relative expression of immunoglobulin M. Our results suggest that climate warming enhances body temperature, and thereby oxidative stress, immune competence and growth in E. multiocellata, but decreases immune competence of E. argus, perhaps as a cost of thermoregulation to maintain body temperatures under climate warming. The divergent physiological effects of climate warming on sympatric species may have profound ecological consequences if it eventually leads to changes in reproductive activities, population dynamics and community structure. Our study highlights the importance of considering interspecific differences in physiological traits when we evaluate the impact of climate warming on organisms, even for those closely-related species coexisting within the same geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiguo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Tsygankov AY. TULA Proteins in Men, Mice, Hens, and Lice: Welcome to the Family. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119126. [PMID: 37298079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The two members of the UBASH3/STS/TULA protein family have been shown to critically regulate key biological functions, including immunity and hemostasis, in mammalian biological systems. Negative regulation of signaling through immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- and hemITAM-bearing receptors mediated by Syk-family protein tyrosine kinases appears to be a major molecular mechanism of the down-regulatory effect of TULA-family proteins, which possess protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. However, these proteins are likely to carry out some PTP-independent functions as well. Whereas the effects of TULA-family proteins overlap, their characteristics and their individual contributions to cellular regulation also demonstrate clearly distinct features. Protein structure, enzymatic activity, molecular mechanisms of regulation, and biological functions of TULA-family proteins are discussed in this review. In particular, the usefulness of the comparative analysis of TULA proteins in various metazoan taxa, for identifying potential roles of TULA-family proteins outside of their functions already established in mammalian systems, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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3
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Li Y, Xue Y, Peng Z, Zhang L. Immune diversity in lophotrochozoans, with a focus on recognition and effector systems. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2262-2275. [PMID: 37035545 PMCID: PMC10073891 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lophotrochozoa is one of the most species-rich but immunologically poorly explored phyla. Although lack of acquired response in a narrow sense, lophotrochozoans possess various genetic mechanisms that enhance the diversity and specificity of innate immune system. Here, we review the recent advances of comparative immunology studies in lophotrochozoans with focus on immune recognition and effector systems. Haemocytes and coelomocytes are general important yet understudied player. Comparative genomics studies suggest expansion and functional divergence of lophotrochozoan immune reorganization systems is not as "homogeneous and simple" as we thought including the large-scale expansion and molecular divergence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLRs, RLRs, lectins, etc.) and signaling adapters (MyD88s etc.), significant domain recombination of immune receptors (RLR, NLRs, lectins, etc.), extensive somatic recombination of fibrinogenrelated proteins (FREPs) in snails. Furthermore, there are repeatedly identified molecular mechanisms that generate immune effector diversity, including high polymorphism of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and cytokines. Finally, we argue that the next generation omics tools and the recently emerged genome editing technicism will revolutionize our understanding of innate immune system in a comparative immunology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongnan Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Xue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhangjie Peng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author at: CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Bacterial ectosymbionts in cuticular organs chemically protect a beetle during molting stages. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2691-2701. [PMID: 36056153 PMCID: PMC9666510 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In invertebrates, the cuticle is the first and major protective barrier against predators and pathogen infections. While immune responses and behavioral defenses are also known to be important for insect protection, the potential of cuticle-associated microbial symbionts to aid in preventing pathogen entry during molting and throughout larval development remains unexplored. Here, we show that bacterial symbionts of the beetle Lagria villosa inhabit unusual dorsal invaginations of the insect cuticle, which remain open to the outer surface and persist throughout larval development. This specialized location enables the release of several symbiont cells and the associated protective compounds during molting. This facilitates ectosymbiont maintenance and extended defense during larval development against antagonistic fungi. One Burkholderia strain, which produces the antifungal compound lagriamide, dominates the community across all life stages, and removal of the community significantly impairs the survival probability of young larvae when exposed to different pathogenic fungi. We localize both the dominant bacterial strain and lagriamide on the surface of eggs, larvae, pupae, and on the inner surface of the molted cuticle (exuvia), supporting extended protection. These results highlight adaptations for effective defense of immature insects by cuticle-associated ectosymbionts, a potentially key advantage for a ground-dwelling insect when confronting pathogenic microbes.
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Alesci A, Capillo G, Fumia A, Messina E, Albano M, Aragona M, Lo Cascio P, Spanò N, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Confocal Characterization of Intestinal Dendritic Cells from Myxines to Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071045. [PMID: 36101424 PMCID: PMC9312193 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that regulate the beginning of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of tolerance to antigens moving through the digestive tract are known to be regulated by intestinal DCs. Agnatha and Gnathostoma are descendants of a common ancestor. The Ostracoderms gave rise to Cyclostomes, whereas the Placoderms gave rise to Chondrichthyes. Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii are two evolutionary lines of bony fishes. Brachiopterygii and Neopterygii descend from the Actinopterygii. From Neopterygii, Holostei and Teleostei evolved. Using immunohistochemistry with TLR-2, Langerin/CD207, and MHC II, this study aimed to characterize intestinal DCs, from myxines to teleosts. The findings reveal that DCs are positive for the antibodies tested, highlighting the presence of DCs and DC-like cells phylogenetically from myxines, for the first time, to teleosts. These findings may aid in improving the level of knowledge about the immune system’s evolution and these sentinel cells, which are crucial to the body’s defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
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Somorjai IML, Ehebauer MT, Escrivà H, Garcia-Fernàndez J. JNK Mediates Differentiation, Cell Polarity and Apoptosis During Amphioxus Development by Regulating Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and ERK Signalling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749806. [PMID: 34778260 PMCID: PMC8586503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a multi-functional protein involved in a diverse array of context-dependent processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, adhesion, and differentiation. It is integral to several signalling cascades, notably downstream of non-canonical Wnt and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. As such, it is a key regulator of cellular behaviour and patterning during embryonic development across the animal kingdom. The cephalochordate amphioxus is an invertebrate chordate model system straddling the invertebrate to vertebrate transition and is thus ideally suited for comparative studies of morphogenesis. However, next to nothing is known about JNK signalling or cellular processes in this lineage. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signalling using SP600125 during embryonic development arrests gastrula invagination and causes convergence extension-like defects in axial elongation, particularly of the notochord. Pharynx formation and anterior oral mesoderm derivatives like the preoral pit are also affected. This is accompanied by tissue-specific transcriptional changes, including reduced expression of six3/6 and wnt2 in the notochord, and ectopic wnt11 in neurulating embryos treated at late gastrula stages. Cellular delamination results in accumulation of cells in the gut cavity and a dorsal fin-like protrusion, followed by secondary Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of polarity-deficient cells, a phenotype only partly rescued by co-culture with the pan-Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Ectopic activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in the neighbours of extruded notochord and neural cells, possibly due to altered adhesive and tensile properties, as well as defects in cellular migration, may explain some phenotypes caused by JNK inhibition. Overall, this study supports conserved functions of JNK signalling in mediating the complex balance between cell survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell fate specification during cephalochordate morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko M L Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hector Escrivà
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang W, Wang C, Chen W, Ding S. Advances in immunological research of amphioxus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:103992. [PMID: 33387559 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus, one of the most closely related invertebrates to vertebrates, is an important animal model for studying the origin and evolution of vertebrate immunity, especially the transition from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The current research progresses of amphioxus in the field of immune organs, immune cells, complement system, cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B, immune-related lectins and enzymes are summarized, and some issues that remain to be understood or are in need of further clarification are highlighted. We hope to provide references for more in-depth study of the amphioxus immune system and lay a solid foundation for the construction of three-dimensional immune network in amphioxus from ontogeny to phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China; Yantai Productivity Promotion Center, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
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Piscirickettsia salmonis-Triggered Extracellular Traps Formation as an Innate Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon-Derived Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030206. [PMID: 33803375 PMCID: PMC7999065 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Within innate immunity, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leukocyte population. Alongside PMN, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are also known to exist. All of them can release extracellular traps (ETs), a complex web-like structure composed of chromatin decorated with nuclear histones, granular enzymes, peptides, and proteins, to firmly entrap invasive pathogens, thereby slowing dissemination and helping to develop proper immune responses against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Here, we showed for the first time that Atlantic salmon-derived PMN released ETs-like structures in vitro, in response to highly pathogenic facultative intracellular rickettsial bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis. The release of ET-like structures from PMN could be a new alternative to improve farmed salmon’s defense against pathogens. Abstract Extracellular traps (ETs) are webs of DNA, citrullinated histones, anti-microbial peptides, and proteins that were not previously reported in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). ETs are mainly released from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and are considered a novel PMN-derived effector mechanism against different invasive pathogens. Here, we showed that Atlantic salmon-derived PMN released ETs-like structures in vitro in response to highly pathogenic facultative intracellular rickettsial bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis. PMN were isolated from pre-smolt Atlantic salmon and stimulated in vitro with oleic acid and P. salmonis. Extracellular DNA was measured using the PicoGreen™ dye, while immunofluorescence image analysis was used to confirm the classical components of salmonid-extruded ETs. Future studies are required to better understand the role of Atlantic salmon-derived ETs orchestrating innate/adaptive immunity and the knowledge on regulation pathways involved in this cell death process. Thus, comprehension of salmonid-derived ETs against P. salmonis might represent novel alternative strategies to improve host innate defense mechanisms of farmed salmon against closely related rickettsial bacteria, as a complement to disease prevention and control strategies.
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Chang MX, Xiong F, Wu XM, Hu YW. The expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like in teleost fish: Recent advances and novel insights. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103859. [PMID: 32896535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family (NLR) proteins are innate immune sensors which recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Mammals have small numbers of NLR proteins, whereas in some species such as in invertebrates and jawless vertebrates, NLRs have expanded into very large families. Nearly 400 NLR proteins are identified in the zebrafish genome. Members of the NLR family can be divided into two functional sub-groups based on their ability to either positively or negatively regulate host immune response or inflammatory signaling cascades. Mammalian NLRC3 has been identified as an inhibitory NLR, and serves as a negative regulator in the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, STING-mediated DNA sensing and PI3K-mTOR pathways. Different from mammalian NLRC3, the analysis from genomes or transcriptomes revealed that the expansions of NLRC3 existed in different species of fish. Furthermore, piscine NLRC3-like genes were confirmed to have a negative or positive regulatory function in response to different kinds of pathogen infections and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like genes in teleost fish, and give our view of important directions for future studies. The knowledge of piscine NLRC3 or expansive NLRC3-like genes-mediated biological functions in homeostasis and diseases will shed new light on the prevention and control of inflammatory and/or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
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Abstract
The two biological evidences to endorse the antiviral activity of RNA interference (RNAi) are biogenesis of viral-siRNA (v-siRNA) by the host and encoding of RNAi-suppressor protein by viral genome. It has been recently established that mammals and mammalian cell lines mount antiviral RNAi to defend themselves against the invading viruses. The large part of viral pathogenicity is also due to the RNAi suppressor proteins. In this context it is only natural to ask what kinds of RNAi suppressors are encoded by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the central character of the present pandemic. The following mini review addresses this question.
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11
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Potts R, King JG, Pietri JE. Ex vivo characterization of the circulating hemocytes of bed bugs and their responses to bacterial exposure. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 174:107422. [PMID: 32526226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex spp.) are urban pests of global importance. Knowledge of the immune system of bed bugs has implications for understanding their susceptibility to biological control agents, their potential to transmit human pathogens, and the basic comparative immunology of insects. Nonetheless, the immunological repertoire of the family Cimicidae remains poorly characterized. Here, we use microscopy, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing to provide a basal characterization of the circulating hemocytes of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. We also examine the responses of these specialized cells to E. coli exposure using the same techniques. Our results show that circulating hemocytes are comprised of at least four morphologically distinct cell types that are capable of phagocytosis, undergo degranulation, and exhibit additional markers of activation following stimulation, including size shift and DNA replication. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling reveals expression of predicted Toll/IMD signaling pathway components, antimicrobial effectors and other potentially immunoresponsive genes in these cells. Together, our data demonstrate the conservation of several canonical cellular immune responses in the common bed bug and provide a foundation for additional mechanistic immunological studies with specific pathogens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashaun Potts
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Jonas G King
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jose E Pietri
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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Trancoso I, Morimoto R, Boehm T. Co-evolution of mutagenic genome editors and vertebrate adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 65:32-41. [PMID: 32353821 PMCID: PMC7768089 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune systems of all vertebrates rely on self-DNA mutating enzymes to assemble their antigen receptors in lymphocytes of their two principal lineages. In jawed vertebrates, the RAG1/2 recombinase directs V(D)J recombination of B cell and T cell receptor genes, whereas the activation-induced cytidine deaminase AID engages in their secondary modification. The recombination activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2 evolved from an ancient transposon-encoded genome modifier into a self-DNA mutator serving adaptive immunity; this was possible as a result of domestication, involving several changes in RAG1 and RAG2 proteins suppressing transposition and instead facilitating-coupled cleavage and recombination. By contrast, recent evidence supports the notion that the antigen receptors of T-like and B-like cells of jawless vertebrates, designated variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), are somatically assembled through a process akin to gene conversion that is believed to be dependent on the activities of distant relatives of AID, the cytidine deaminases CDA1 and CDA2, respectively. It appears, therefore, that the precursors of AID and CDAs underwent a domestication process that changed their target range from foreign nucleic acids to self-DNA; this multi-step evolutionary process ensured that the threat to host genome integrity was minimized. Here, we review recent findings illuminating the evolutionary steps associated with the domestication of the two groups of genome editors, RAG1/2 and cytidine deaminases, indicating how they became the driving forces underlying the emergence of vertebrate adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Fu X, Wang R, Li M, Yan X, Huang H, Li J, Chen S, Yue Z, Chen S, Li Y, Dong M, Xu A, Huang S. Chordate PIAS proteins act as conserved repressors of the TRAF6 self-polyubiquitination. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103554. [PMID: 31758961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, PIAS proteins are important SUMO E3 ligases and act as versatile regulators of over sixty different proteins, including components from the NF-κB pathways. But the PIAS functions are not well-understood due to complicated molecular mechanisms and multiple gene paralogs with overlapping roles, which is especially true in lower vertebrates where dedicated studies are scarce. As a basal chordate with a single PIAS gene, amphioxus is a convenient model to study PIAS from the evolutionary perspective. TRAF6 is a critical adaptor of the NF-κB pathways but it is not known whether TRAF6 is regulated by PIAS. Here we discover that in mammalian cells, amphioxus PIAS inhibited NF-κB activation by co-localizing and binding with TRAF6. The interaction relied on the N-terminal SAP and PINIT domains of PIAS. TRAF6 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which initiates downstream NF-κB signaling by promoting its self-ubiquitination. Both amphioxus SUMO1 and Ubc9 (SUMO E2 ligase) could suppress TRAF6 self-ubiquitination and NF-κB activation, suggesting that the SUMOylation activity competed away the ubiquitination activity of TRAF6. However, we show that the wild-type PIAS and the mutant PIAS without SUMO E3 ligase activity both could inhibit TRAF6-mediated NF-κB activation by reducing TRAF6 self-ubiquitination. This implies that SUMO ligase activity is not the only mechanism for PIAS to negatively regulate TRAF6. Finally, we tested the interactions between human PIAS1-4 and TRAF6. It reveals that human PIAS1, 3 and 4, but not 2, were able to repress NF-κB activation by reducing TRAF6 self-ubiquitination. Taken together, our study discovers a conserved regulatory interaction between chordate PIAS and TRAF6. It therefore sheds light on the complicated role of PIAS in immune regulation, and may help to understand the PIAS functions in other lower chordate taxa, such as jawless and jawed fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Huang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dong San Huang Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), China.
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14
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You L, Chi J, Huang S, Yu T, Huang G, Feng Y, Sang X, Gao X, Li T, Yue Z, Liu A, Chen S, Xu A. LanceletDB: an integrated genome database for lancelet, comparing domain types and combination in orthologues among lancelet and other species. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2019:5491331. [PMID: 31106360 PMCID: PMC6526094 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lancelet (amphioxus) represents the most basally divergent extant chordate (cephalochordates) that diverged from the other two chordate lineages (urochordates and vertebrates) more than half a billion years ago. As it occupies a key position in evolution, it is considered as one of the best proxies for understanding the chordate ancestral state. Thus, the construction of a database with multiple lancelet genomes and gene annotation data, including protein domains, is urgently needed to investigate the loss and gain of domains in orthologues among species, especially ancient domain types (non-vertebrate-specific domains) and novel domain combination, which is helpful for providing new insight into the chordate ancestral state and vertebrate evolution. Here, we present an integrated genome database for lancelet, LanceletDB, which provides reference haploid genome sequence and annotation data for lancelet (Branchiostoma belcheri), including gene models and annotation, protein domain types, gene expression pattern in embryogenesis, different expression sequence tag sets and alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites profiled by the sequencing APA sites method. Especially, LanceletDB allows comparison of domain types and combination in orthologues among type species so as to decode the ancient domain types and novel domain combination during evolution. We also integrated the released diploid lancelet genome annotation data (Branchiostoma floridae) to expand LanceletDB and extend its usefulness. These data are available through the search and analysis page, basic local alignment search tool page and genome browser to provide an integrated display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming You
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Chi
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopu Sang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting'an Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anlong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Wang Y, Garrido-Oter R, Wu J, Winkelmüller TM, Agler M, Colby T, Nobori T, Kemen E, Tsuda K. Site-specific cleavage of bacterial MucD by secreted proteases mediates antibacterial resistance in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2853. [PMID: 31253808 PMCID: PMC6599210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity restricts growth of bacterial pathogens that threaten global food security. However, the mechanisms by which plant immunity suppresses bacterial growth remain enigmatic. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana secreted aspartic protease 1 and 2 (SAP1 and SAP2) cleave the evolutionarily conserved bacterial protein MucD to redundantly inhibit the growth of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Antibacterial activity of SAP1 requires its protease activity in planta and in vitro. Plants overexpressing SAP1 exhibit enhanced MucD cleavage and resistance but incur no penalties in growth and reproduction, while sap1 sap2 double mutant plants exhibit compromised MucD cleavage and resistance against P. syringae. P. syringae lacking mucD shows compromised growth in planta and in vitro. Notably, growth of ΔmucD complemented with the non-cleavable MucDF106Y is not affected by SAP activity in planta and in vitro. Our findings identify the genetic factors and biochemical process underlying an antibacterial mechanism in plants. During innate immune responses, plant cells secrete proteases into apoplastic spaces where they contribute to pathogen resistance. Here Wang et al. show that the Arabidopsis SAP1 and SAP2 proteases cleave the bacterial MucD protein to inhibit growth of Pseudomonas syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jingni Wu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas M Winkelmüller
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew Agler
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Plant Microbiosis Lab, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Colby
- Plant Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Cao L, Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Nie P, Chang MX. The discrepancy function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:153-163. [PMID: 29454830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play critical roles in innate immunity against pathogens infection. NLRC5, the largest member of NLR family, has been characterized as a regulator of innate immunity and MHC class I expression. Alternative splicing of NLRC5 is only reported in human and zebrafish. However, the function of NLRC5 isoforms in the innate immune responses remains unknown. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d, two splicing isoforms of zebrafish NLRC5. zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d are generated by exon skipping, and whose alternative splicing sites exist in the region of LRRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zfNLRC5 isoforms were located throughout the entire cell including nuclear staining. The expression of zfNLRC5 isoform was inducible in response to bacterial and viral infections. During SVCV infection, the in vitro and in vivo studies found that zfNLRC5d overexpression increased protection against viral infection; however zfNLRC5a overexpression had no significant effect on antiviral activity. Interestingly, zfNLRC5 isoforms but not zfNLRC5 were involved in transcriptional regulation of TLRs and NF-κB signaling. Overexpression of zfNLRC5 isoforms also contributed to negative regulation of antibacterial immune response, with the decreased expression of nfkbiaa (IκBα). All together, these results firstly demonstrate the function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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17
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Tetreau G, Pinaud S, Portet A, Galinier R, Gourbal B, Duval D. Specific Pathogen Recognition by Multiple Innate Immune Sensors in an Invertebrate. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1249. [PMID: 29051762 PMCID: PMC5633686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of pathogens by all living organisms is the primary step needed to implement a coherent and efficient immune response. This implies a mediation by different soluble and/or membrane-anchored proteins related to innate immune receptors called PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors) to trigger immune signaling pathways. In most invertebrates, their roles have been inferred by analogy to those already characterized in vertebrate homologs. Despite the induction of their gene expression upon challenge and the presence of structural domains associated with the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in their sequence, their exact role in the induction of immune response and their binding capacity still remain to be demonstrated. To this purpose, we developed a fast interactome approach, usable on any host–pathogen couple, to identify soluble proteins capable of directly or indirectly detecting the presence of pathogens. To investigate the molecular basis of immune recognition specificity, different pathogens (Gram-positive bacterium, Micrococcus luteus; Gram-negative, Escherichia coli; yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and metazoan parasites, Echinostoma caproni or Schistosoma mansoni) were exposed to hemocyte-free hemolymph from the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Twenty-three different proteins bound to pathogens were identified and grouped into three different categories based on their primary function. Each pathogen was recognized by a specific but overlapping set of circulating proteins in mollusk’s hemolymph. While known PRRs such as C-type lectins were identified, other proteins not known to be primarily involved in pathogen recognition were found, including actin, tubulin, collagen, and hemoglobin. Confocal microscopy and specific fluorescent labeling revealed that extracellular actin present in snail hemolymph was able to bind to yeasts and induce their clotting, a preliminary step for their elimination by the snail immune system. Aerolysin-like proteins (named biomphalysins) were the only ones involved in the recognition of all the five pathogens tested, suggesting a sentinel role of these horizontally acquired toxins. These findings highlight the diversity and complexity of a highly specific innate immune sensing system. It paves the way for the use of such approach on a wide range of host–pathogen systems to provide new insights into the specificity and diversity of immune recognition by innate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Anaïs Portet
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- University of Perpignan, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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18
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Molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of the slp76 signalosome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1509. [PMID: 28473706 PMCID: PMC5431462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-defined mammalian slp76-signalosome is crucial for T-cell immune response, yet whether slp76-signalosome exists in invertebrates and how it evolved remain unknown. Here we investigated slp76-signalosome from an evolutionary perspective in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri (bb). We proved slp76-signalosome components bbslp76, bbGADS and bbItk are present in amphioxus and bbslp76 interacts with bbGADS and bbItk, but differences exist between the interaction manners within slp76-signalosome components of amphioxus and human (h). Specifically, bbslp76 has a unique WW-domain that blocked its association with hItk and decreased TCR-induced tyrosine-phosphorylation and NFAT-activation. Deletion of WW-domain shifted the constitutive association between bbslp76 and hPLCγ1 to a TCR-enhanced association. Among slp76-signalosome, the interaction between slp76 and PLCγ1 is the most conserved and the binding between Itk and slp76 evolved from constitutive to stimulation-regulated. Sequence alignment and 3D structural analysis of slp76-signalosome molecules from keystone species indicated slp76 evolved into a more unfolded and flexible adaptor due to lack of WW-domain and several low-complexity-regions (LCRs) while GADS turned into a larger protein by a LCR gain, thus preparing more space for nucleating the coevolving slp76-signalosome. Altogether, through deletion of WW-domain and manipulation of LCRs, slp76-signalosome evolves from a rigid and stimulation-insensitive to a more flexible and stimulation-responding complex.
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19
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Inupakutika MA, Sengupta S, Nechushtai R, Jennings PA, Onuchic JN, Azad RK, Padilla P, Mittler R. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic NEET proteins uncovers a link between a key gene duplication event and the evolution of vertebrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42571. [PMID: 28205535 PMCID: PMC5311916 DOI: 10.1038/srep42571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NEET proteins belong to a unique family of iron-sulfur proteins in which the 2Fe-2S cluster is coordinated by a CDGSH domain that is followed by the “NEET” motif. They are involved in the regulation of iron and reactive oxygen metabolism, and have been associated with the progression of diabetes, cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their important biological functions, the evolution and diversification of eukaryotic NEET proteins are largely unknown. Here we used the three members of the human NEET protein family (CISD1, mitoNEET; CISD2, NAF-1 or Miner 1; and CISD3, Miner2) as our guides to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic NEET proteins and their evolution. Our findings identified the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum’s CISD proteins as the closest to the ancient archetype of eukaryotic NEET proteins. We further identified CISD3 homologs in fungi that were previously reported not to contain any NEET proteins, and revealed that plants lack homolog(s) of CISD3. Furthermore, our study suggests that the mammalian NEET proteins, mitoNEET (CISD1) and NAF-1 (CISD2), emerged via gene duplication around the origin of vertebrates. Our findings provide new insights into the classification and expansion of the NEET protein family, as well as offer clues to the diverged functions of the human mitoNEET and NAF-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soham Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Patricia A Jennings
- Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose' N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Biosciences, 239 Brockman Hall, 6100 Main Street- MS-61, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Pamela Padilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA
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20
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Zhang L, Chen WQ, Hu YW, Wu XM, Nie P, Chang MX. TBK1-like transcript negatively regulates the production of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes through RLRs-MAVS-TBK1 pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:135-143. [PMID: 27060200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an essential serine/threonine-protein kinase required for Toll-like receptor (TLR)- and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -mediated induction of type I IFN and host antiviral defense. In the present study, TBK1-like transcript, namely TBK1L, was cloned from zebrafish. Compared with TBK1, TBK1L contains an incomplete S_TKc domain, and lacks UBL_TBK1_like domain. Realtime PCR showed that TBK1L was constitutively produced in embryos, early larvae and ZF4 cells, and unchanged in ZF4 cells following SVCV infection. Overexpression of TBK1 but not TBK1L resulted in significant activation of zebrafish IFN1 and IFN3 promoters. Similarly, TBK1L had little impact on the antiviral state of the cells. However, the overexpression of TBK1L negatively regulated the induction of zebrafish IFN1 and/or IFN3 promoters mediated by the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), MAVS and TBK1. In addition, the overexpression of TBK1L in zebrafish embryos led to the decreased production of many IFN-stimulated genes induced by TBK1. Collectively, these data support that zebrafish TBK1L negatively regulates RLRs-MAVS-TBK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Wen Qin Chen
- Hubei Vocational College of Bio-technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - P Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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21
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Yuan D, Pan M, Zou Q, Chen C, Chen S, Xu A. The effect of antibiotic exposure on eicosanoid generation from arachidonic acid and gene expression in a primitive chordate, Branchiostoma belcheri. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:615-24. [PMID: 26288743 PMCID: PMC4536258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloramphenicol treatment induced immunosuppression and severe tissue damage in amphioxus. KEGG clustering showed that chloramphenicol and ampicillin treatment resulted in immunostimulation. Chloramphenicol treatment induced a ∼3-fold decrease of eicosanoid levels. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin treatment resulted in a 1.7-fold increase of eicosanoid levels. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid provide insights into the effect of chloramphenicol treatment.
Chloramphenicol (Chl) is an effective antimicrobial agent widely used in veterinary medicine and commonly used in fish. Its use is restricted in the clinic because of adverse effects on the immune system and oxidative stress in mammals. However, the effects of Chl treatment on invertebrates remain unclear. Amphioxus, a basal chordate, is an ideal model to study the origin and evolution of the vertebrate immune system as it has a primary vertebrate-like arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic system. Here, we combined transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches to investigate the immune system and observe the oxygenated metabolites of AA to address the antibiotic effects on amphioxus. Tissue necrosis of the gill slits occurred in the Chl-treated amphioxus, but fewer epithelial cells were lost when treated with both Chl and ampicillin (Amp). The immune related pathways were dysregulated in both of the antibiotic treatment groups. The Chl alone treatment resulted in immunosuppression with down-regulation of the innate immune genes. In contrast, the Chl + Amp treatment resulted in immunostimulation to some extent, as shown by KEGG clustering. Furthermore, Chl induced a 3-fold reduction in the level of the eicosanoids, while the Chl + Amp treatment resulted in 1.7-fold increase of eicosanoid level. Thus in amphioxus, Amp might relieve the effects of the Chl-induced immune suppression and increase the level of eicosanoids from AA. Finally, the oxygenated metabolites from AA might be crucial to evaluate the effects of Chl treatment in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China ; Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Minming Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Qiuqiong Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Chengyong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Anlong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China ; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
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22
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Pan M, Yuan D, Chen S, Xu A. Diversity and composition of the bacterial community in Amphioxus feces. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1336-42. [PMID: 26173442 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amphioxus is a typical filter feeder animal and is confronted with a complex bacterial community in the seawater of its habitat. It has evolved a strong innate immune system to cope with the external bacterial stimulation, however, the ecological system of the bacterial community in Amphioxus remains unknown. Through massive parallel 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing, the investigation indicated that the composition of wild and lab-cultured Amphioxus fecal bacteria was complex with more than 85,000 sequence tags being assigned to 12/13 phyla. The bacterial diversity between the two fecal samples was similar according to OTU richness of V4 tag, Chao1 index, Shannon index and Rarefaction curves, however, the most prominent bacteria in wild feces were genera Pseudoalteromonas (gamma Proteobacteria) and Arcobacter (epsilon Proteobacteria); the highly abundant bacteria in lab-cultured feces were other groups, including Leisingera, Phaeobacter (alpha Proteobacteria), and Vibrio (gamma Proteobacteria). Such difference indicates the complex fecal bacteria with the potential for multi-stability. The bacteria of habitat with 28 assigned phyla had the higher bacterial diversity and species richness than both fecal bacteria. Shared bacteria between wild feces and its habitat reached to approximately 90% (153/169 genera) and 28% (153/548 genera), respectively. As speculative, the less diversity of both fecal bacteria compared to its habitat partly because Amphioxus lives buried and the feces will ultimately end up in the sediment. Therefore, our study comprehensively investigates the complex bacterial community of Amphioxus and provides evidence for understanding the relationship of this basal chordate with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minming Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dongjuan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Anlong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Yuan S, Ruan J, Huang S, Chen S, Xu A. Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:297-305. [PMID: 24877655 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As the most basal chordate, the cephalochordate amphioxus has unique features that make it a valuable model for understanding the phylogeny of immunity. Vertebrate adaptive immunity (VAI) mediated by lymphocytes bearing variable receptors has been well-studied in mammals but not observed in invertebrates. However, the identification of lymphocyte-like cells in the gill along with genes related with lymphoid proliferation and differentiation indicates the presence of some basic components of VAI in amphioxus. Without VAI, amphioxus utilizes about 10% of its gene repertoires, and an ongoing domain reshuffling mechanism among these genes, for innate immunity, suggesting extraordinary innate complexity and diversity not observed in other species. Innate diversity may not be comparable to the somatic diversity of the VAI, but there is no doubt of the success of this immune system, since amphioxus has existed for over 500 million years. Studies of amphioxus immunity may provide information on the reduction of innate immune complexity and the conflict between microbiota and host shaped the evolution of adaptive immune systems (AIS) during chordate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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