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Rohde N. Child gender and differences in risky health behavior among parents. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116474. [PMID: 38091855 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper documents differences in health outcomes and behaviors between parents who raise daughters and those who raise sons. Using Australian panel data from 2001 to 2019, we use OLS regression models to show that parents with daughters are physically healthier, a result linked to a reduced tendency to engage in risky behaviors such as binge drinking and smoking. The random nature of child gender implies our outcome gaps are likely to be causal, and the estimates survive a collection of diagnostics related to identification. We search for evidence that these effects occur via a general change in risk aversion, but this hypothesis is not supported. Fathers with daughters are actually more risk-seeking in both their broader life attitudes, and in their views on financial investment. We argue that this heterogeneity may come from a "breadwinner" effect, as part of a set of gender-varying norms around socially acceptable risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rohde
- Department of Accounting, Finance, and Economics, Griffith Business School, Brisbane, Australia.
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Kitsios F, Papageorgiou E, Kamariotou M, Perifanis NA, Talias MA. Emotional intelligence with the gender perspective in health organizations managers. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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The Old Man and the Meat: On Gender Differences in Meat Consumption across Stages of Human Life. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112809. [PMID: 34829090 PMCID: PMC8619336 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not a radically new insight that men eat more meat than women do. However, one piece of the puzzle was previously missing: the development of a gender bias in total and red meat consumption across stages of human life. To identify the gender bias across stages of human life, we apply a multiple-group regression across seven age classes. Data for the empirical analysis stem from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Regression results reveal that gender differences in meat consumption start only after the age of four and then move in some parallel with the development of biological differences, reaching a maximum between 51 and 65 years. The effect of both household income and education on meat consumption is negative and per-capita consumption of meat rises with household size.
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Does Emotional Intelligence of Dental Undergraduates Influence Their Patient Satisfaction? Int J Dent 2021; 2021:4573459. [PMID: 34608391 PMCID: PMC8487387 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4573459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The research aimed to investigate if emotional intelligence (EI) scores of dental undergraduates influenced their patients' satisfaction with the treatment received. Methods A 33-item EI questionnaire was completed by 46 dental undergraduates in a cross-sectional study. Responses, measured on a five-point Likert scale, were summed to yield EI scores. Patients treated by the same undergraduates were invited to complete a patient satisfaction (PS) questionnaire. EI and PS scores were calculated and compared by undergraduates' gender and the patients' age and education status. The four EI factors (optimism/mood regulation, appraisal of emotions, utilization of emotions, and social skills of students) were correlated with PS using Spearman's correlation test with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results EI scores did not differ significantly between male (N = 23) and female (N = 23) undergraduates (p=0.218). PS was not associated with patients' gender, but those educated to the secondary school level were more likely to be satisfied compared to those educated to the college/university level (p=0.022). Of the four EI factors, optimism/mood regulation was positively correlated with PS (p=0.049). Conclusion The results of the study suggest that the EI of the students can influence PS. Practical Implications. Interventions to enhance EI can be developed to improve the patient experience.
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Chad-Friedman E, Botdorf M, Riggins T, Dougherty LR. Parental hostility predicts reduced cortical thickness in males. Dev Sci 2020; 24:e13052. [PMID: 33091205 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although impacts of negative parenting on children's brain development are well-documented, little is known about how these associations may differ for males and females in childhood. We examined interactions between child sex and early and concurrent parental hostility on children's cortical thickness and surface area. Participants included 63 children (50.8% female) assessed during early childhood (Wave 1: M age = 4.23 years, SD = 0.84) and again three years later (Wave 2: M age = 7.19 years, SD = 0.89) using an observational parent-child interaction task. At Wave 2, children completed a structural MRI scan. Analyses focused on regions of interest. After correcting for multiple comparisons, Wave 1 parental hostility predicted males' reduced thickness in middle frontal and fusiform cortices, and Wave 2 parental hostility was concurrently associated with males' reduced thickness in the middle frontal cortex. Interactions between sex and parenting on children's surface area did not survive corrections for multiple comparisons. Our findings provide support for a male-specific neural vulnerability of hostile parenting across development. Results have important implications for uncovering neural pathways to sex-differences in psychopathology, learning, and cognitive disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Botdorf
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Stewart FA, Pruetz JD. Sex Bias and Social Influences on Savanna Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) Nest Building Behavior. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany primates show sex differences in behavior, particularly social behavior, but also tool use for extractive foraging. All great apes learn to build a supportive structure for sleep. Whether sex differences exist in building, as in extractive foraging, is unknown, and little is known about how building skills develop and vary between individuals in the wild. We therefore aimed to describe the nesting behavior of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Fongoli, Senegal to provide comparative data and to investigate possible sex or age differences in nest building behaviors and nest characteristics. We followed chimpanzee groups to their night nesting sites to record group (55 nights) and individual level data (17 individuals) on nest building initiation and duration (57 nests) during the dry season between October 2007 and March 2008. We returned the following morning to record nest and tree characteristics (71 nests built by 25 individuals). Fongoli chimpanzees nested later than reported for other great apes, but no sex differences in initiating building emerged. Observations were limited but suggest adult females and immature males to nest higher, in larger trees than adult males, and adult females to take longer to build than either adult or immature males. Smaller females and immature males may avoid predation or access thinner, malleable branches, by nesting higher than adult males. These differences suggest that sex differences described for chimpanzee tool use may extend to nest building, with females investing more time and effort in constructing a safe, warm structure for sleep than males do.
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Havighurst SS, Wilson KR, Harley AE, Kehoe CE. Dads Tuning in to Kids: A randomized controlled trial of an emotion socialization parenting program for fathers. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S. Havighurst
- Department of Psychiatry, Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Katherine R. Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Ann E. Harley
- Department of Psychiatry, Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Christiane E. Kehoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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Finke SR, Schroeder DC, Ecker H, Wingen S, Hinkelbein J, Wetsch WA, Köhler D, Böttiger BW. Gender aspects in cardiopulmonary resuscitation by schoolchildren: A systematic review. Resuscitation 2018; 125:70-78. [PMID: 29408490 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bystander CPR-rates are embarrassingly low in some European countries. To increase bystander CPR-rates, many different approaches are used; one of them is training of schoolchildren in CPR. Multiple authors investigated practical and theoretical CPR performance and demonstrated gender differences related to schoolchildren CPR. The objective was to elaborate gender aspects in practical and theoretical CPR-performance from the current literature to better address female and male students. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed-database with different search terms was performed for controlled and uncontrolled prospective investigations. Altogether, n = 2360 articles were identified and checked for aptitude. From n = 97 appropriated articles, n = 24 met the inclusion criteria and were finally included for full review and incorporated in the manuscript. RESULTS Female students demonstrated higher motivation to attend CPR-training (p < 0.001), to respond to cardiac arrest (CA) (p < 0.01), scored higher in a CPR-questionnaire (p < 0.025), revealed better remembrance of the national emergency phone-number (p < 0.05) and showed a higher multiplier effect (p < 0.0001). Male students showed higher confidence in CPR-proficiency (p < 0.05), revealed deeper chest compressions (CC) (p < 0.001; p < 0.0015; p < 0.01), a higher CC-fraction (p < 0.01) and a higher arbitrary cardiac output simulated equivalent index (p < 0.05). Male gender could not be detected to be a predictor for higher tidal volume (p = 0.70; p = 0.0212). CONCLUSION In context of schoolchildren CPR, gender aspects are underestimated. Female students seem to be more motivated to attend CPR-training, reach more people in the role of a multiplier and need to be individually addressed in intensified practical training. Male students achieve a more sufficient chest compression depth and -fraction and could benefit from individual motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-Richard Finke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel C Schroeder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannes Ecker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Wingen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Hinkelbein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Wetsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Köhler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd W Böttiger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; European Resuscitation Council (ERC), Niel, Belgium
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Lonsdorf EV. Sex differences in nonhuman primate behavioral development. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:213-221. [PMID: 27870433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in behavior and developmental trajectories in human children are of great interest to researchers in a variety of fields, and a persistent topic of discussion and debate is the relative contribution of biological vs. social influences to such differences. Given the potentially large effects of cultural and social influences on human child development, nonhuman primates are important model species for investigating the biological and evolutionary roots of sex differences in human development. This Mini-Review briefly summarizes the existing literature on sex-biased behavior toward infant nonhuman primates by mothers and other social partners, followed by a review of findings on sex differences (or lack thereof) in primate behavioral development from a variety of species in wild and naturalistic settings. These include differences in physical and social development, including play, grooming, and object manipulation patterns, as well as nursing and the development of foraging behavior. The Mini-Review concludes by providing potential avenues for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
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Krzyszczyk E, Patterson EM, Stanton MA, Mann J. The transition to independence: sex differences in social and behavioural development of wild bottlenose dolphins. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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van der Pol LD, Groeneveld MG, Endendijk JJ, van Berkel SR, Hallers-Haalboom ET, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Mesman J. Associations Between Fathers' and Mothers' Psychopathology Symptoms, Parental Emotion Socialization, and Preschoolers' Social-Emotional Development. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:3367-3380. [PMID: 27795659 PMCID: PMC5061838 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we tested whether the relation between fathers' and mothers' psychopathology symptoms and child social-emotional development was mediated by parents' use of emotion talk about negative emotions in a sample of 241 two-parent families. Parents' internalizing and externalizing problems were measured with the Adult Self Report and parental emotion talk was observed while they discussed a picture book with their children (child age: 3 years). Children's parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems and observed prosocial behaviors were assessed at the age of 3 years and again 12 months later. We found that mothers' use of emotion talk partially mediated the positive association between fathers' internalizing problems and child internalizing problems. Fathers' internalizing problems predicted more elaborative mother-child discussions about negative emotions, which in turn predicted more internalizing problems in children a year later. Mothers' externalizing problems directly predicted more internalizing and externalizing problems in children. These findings emphasize the importance of examining the consequences of parental psychological difficulties for child development from a family-wide perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte D. van der Pol
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen G. Groeneveld
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce J. Endendijk
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila R. van Berkel
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judi Mesman
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
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Meredith SL. Comparative perspectives on human gender development and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:72-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lonsdorf EV, Markham AC, Heintz MR, Anderson KE, Ciuk DJ, Goodall J, Murray CM. Sex differences in wild chimpanzee behavior emerge during infancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99099. [PMID: 24911160 PMCID: PMC4049619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of biological and social influences on sex differences in human child development is a persistent topic of discussion and debate. Given their many similarities to humans, chimpanzees are an important study species for understanding the biological and evolutionary roots of sex differences in human development. In this study, we present the most detailed analyses of wild chimpanzee infant development to date, encompassing data from 40 infants from the long-term study of chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Our goal was to characterize age-related changes, from birth to five years of age, in the percent of observation time spent performing behaviors that represent important benchmarks in nutritional, motor, and social development, and to determine whether and in which behaviors sex differences occur. Sex differences were found for indicators of social behavior, motor development and spatial independence with males being more physically precocious and peaking in play earlier than females. These results demonstrate early sex differentiation that may reflect adult reproductive strategies. Our findings also resemble those found in humans, which suggests that biologically-based sex differences may have been present in the common ancestor and operated independently from the influences of modern sex-biased parental behavior and gender socialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - A. Catherine Markham
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Heintz
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Anderson
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Ciuk
- Department of Government, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jane Goodall
- The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Carson M. Murray
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Lonsdorf EV, Anderson KE, Stanton MA, Shender M, Heintz MR, Goodall J, Murray CM. Boy will be boys: sex differences in wild infant chimpanzee social interactions. Anim Behav 2014; 88:79-83. [PMID: 24489384 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the behaviour of human children are a hotly debated and often controversial topic. However, several recent studies have documented a biological basis to key aspects of child social behaviour. To further explore the evolutionary basis of such differences, we investigated sex differences in sociability in wild chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, infants at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We used a long-term data set on mother-infant behaviour to analyse the diversity of infant chimpanzee social partners from age 30 to 36 months. Male infants (N = 12) interacted with significantly more individuals than female infants did (N = 8), even when maternal sociability was controlled for. Furthermore, male infants interacted with significantly more adult males than female infants did. Our data indicate that the well-documented sex differences in adult chimpanzee social tendencies begin to appear quite early in development. Furthermore, these data suggest that the behavioural sex differences of human children are fundamentally rooted in our biological and evolutionary heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, U.S.A ; Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Margaret A Stanton
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A
| | - Marisa Shender
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Matthew R Heintz
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, U.S.A ; Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | | | - Carson M Murray
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A
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Crittenden AN, Conklin-Brittain NL, Zes DA, Schoeninger MJ, Marlowe FW. Juvenile foraging among the Hadza: Implications for human life history. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wood W, Eagly AH. Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Alexander GM, Saenz J. Postnatal testosterone levels and temperament in early infancy. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2011; 40:1287-1292. [PMID: 21161361 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-010-9701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent research showing associations between behavior and postnatal testosterone levels in male infants has suggested that the transient activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in early infancy may influence the expression of gender phenotypes in later development (i.e., the postnatal hormone hypothesis). As a further test of the relationship between postnatal hormones and behavior in infancy, we measured digit ratios and salivary testosterone in 76 male and female infants (3-4 months of age) and parents completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, a well-established measure of temperament in the first year of life. Consistent with our earlier findings, there were no significant sex differences in salivary testosterone levels and testosterone levels were unrelated to measures of behavior in female infants. However, in male infants, higher androgen levels predicted greater Negative Affectivity. Further examination of the four scales contributing to the measure of Negative Affectivity showed testosterone levels were a significant predictor of scores on the Distress to Limitations scale, but not of scores on Fear, Sadness, or Reactivity scales. This sex-specific association between salivary testosterone and behavior in infants is consistent with animal research showing higher prenatal androgens associated with typical male development lower the threshold of sensitivity to endogenous testosterone in postnatal life. In sum, these data provide additional support for the postnatal hormone hypothesis and suggest postnatal testosterone levels may influence the development of emotional regulation in male infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerianne M Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Texas A & M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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McIntyre MH, Li AY, Chapman JF, Lipson SF, Ellison PT. Social status, masculinity, and testosterone in young men. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fausto-Sterling A, Coll CG, Lamarre M. Sexing the baby: Part 2--Applying dynamic systems theory to the emergences of sex-related differences in infants and toddlers. Soc Sci Med 2011; 74:1693-702. [PMID: 21862195 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the first three years of life, children acquire knowledge about their own gender and the gendered nature of their environment. At the same time, sex-related behavioral differences emerge. How are we to understand the processes by which bodily differentiation, behavioral differentiation and gendered knowledge intertwine to produce male and female, masculine and feminine? In this article, we describe four central developmental systems concepts applied by psychologists to the study of early human development and develop them in enough depth to show how they play out, and what sort of knowledge-gathering strategies they require. The general theoretical approach to understanding the emergence of bodily/behavioral difference has broad applicability for the health sciences and for the study of gender disparities. Using dynamic systems theory will deepen and extend the reach of theories of embodiment current in the health sciences literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fausto-Sterling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Meeting Street Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Alatupa S, Pulkki-Råback L, Hintsanen M, Mullola S, Lipsanen J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Childhood Disruptive Behaviour and School Performance across Comprehensive School: A Prospective Cohort Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2011.26084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pope Edwards C, Bloch M. The Whitings’ Concepts of Culture and How They Have Fared in Contemporary Psychology and Anthropology. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022110362566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a brief intellectual biography of John and Beatrice Whiting, followed by an examination of five key ideas that they put forward to the fields of psychology and anthropology through their theoretical and empirical writings. These key ideas are (a) the assumption of the psychic unity of humankind, (b) the cultural learning environment, (c) the psychocultural model, (d) the synergistic relationship of the disciplines of psychology and anthropology, and (e) the role of mothers as agents of social change through child-rearing roles as well as through various other ways they guide change in the communities and learning environments of their families and children. The authors provide readers with an introduction to several aspects of the Whitings’ contributions to social science and an evaluation of the Whitings’ enduring intellectual legacy.
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Best DL. The Contributions of the Whitings to the Study of the Socialization of Gender. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022110362570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Six Culture Study and the additional New Samples were the first studies to systematically examine the role of culture in the development of gender differences. Observations of children in their natural environments demonstrated the influential roles of parents, siblings, peers, task assignment, and the environmental setting in determining the course of gender-related learning. Relations between children’s experiences and the development of later social behaviors were clarified by examination of differences between cultural groups. Although sometimes not recognized as legacies of this research, many of the culturally determined aspects of socialization revealed in these studies have been incorporated into current research and theory of gender development.
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