1
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Liberali P, Schier AF. The evolution of developmental biology through conceptual and technological revolutions. Cell 2024; 187:3461-3495. [PMID: 38906136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Developmental biology-the study of the processes by which cells, tissues, and organisms develop and change over time-has entered a new golden age. After the molecular genetics revolution in the 80s and 90s and the diversification of the field in the early 21st century, we have entered a phase when powerful technologies provide new approaches and open unexplored avenues. Progress in the field has been accelerated by advances in genomics, imaging, engineering, and computational biology and by emerging model systems ranging from tardigrades to organoids. We summarize how revolutionary technologies have led to remarkable progress in understanding animal development. We describe how classic questions in gene regulation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and stem cell biology are being revisited. We discuss the connections of development with evolution, self-organization, metabolism, time, and ecology. We speculate how developmental biology might evolve in an era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and human engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Mira-Osuna M, Borgne RL. Assembly, dynamics and remodeling of epithelial cell junctions throughout development. Development 2024; 151:dev201086. [PMID: 38205947 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cell junctions play key roles in epithelial integrity. During development, when epithelia undergo extensive morphogenesis, these junctions must be remodeled in order to maintain mechanochemical barriers and ensure the cohesion of the tissue. In this Review, we present a comprehensive and integrated description of junctional remodeling mechanisms in epithelial cells during development, from embryonic to adult epithelia. We largely focus on Drosophila, as quantitative analyses in this organism have provided a detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms governing cell topologies, and discuss the conservation of these mechanisms across metazoans. We consider how changes at the molecular level translate to tissue-scale irreversible deformations, exploring the composition and assembly of cellular interfaces to unveil how junctions are remodeled to preserve tissue homeostasis during cell division, intercalation, invagination, ingression and extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mira-Osuna
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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3
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Yu F, Yang S, Ni H, Heng D, Wu X, Yang M, Zhang X, Cao Y, Pei Y, An D, Li D, Liu D, Liu L, Pan L, Chen Q, Zhu X, Zhou J. O-GlcNAcylation Regulates Centrosome Behavior and Cell Polarity to Reduce Pulmonary Fibrosis and Maintain the Epithelial Phenotype. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303545. [PMID: 37963851 PMCID: PMC10754140 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation functions as a cellular nutrient and stress sensor and participates in almost all cellular processes. However, it remains unclear whether O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, because mice lacking O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are embryonically lethal. Here, a mild Ogt knockout mouse model is constructed and the important role of O-GlcNAcylation in establishing and maintaining cell polarity is demonstrated. Ogt knockout leads to severe pulmonary fibrosis and dramatically promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistic studies reveal that OGT interacts with pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) and centrosomal protein 131 (CEP131), components of centriolar satellites required for anchoring microtubules to the centrosome. These data further show that O-GlcNAcylation of PCM1 and CEP131 promotes their centrosomal localization through phase separation. Decrease in O-GlcNAcylation prevents PCM1 and CEP131 from localizing to the centrosome, instead dispersing these proteins throughout the cell and impairing the microtubule-centrosome interaction to disrupt centrosome positioning and cell polarity. These findings identify a previously unrecognized role for protein O-GlcNAcylation in establishing and maintaining cell polarity with important implications for the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- School of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- School of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Hua Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Dai Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Mulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xinming Zhang
- Department of Endodontics and Laboratory of Stem Cells Endocrine ImmunologyTianjin Medical University School of StomatologyTianjin300070China
| | - Yuxin Cao
- Department of Endodontics and Laboratory of Stem Cells Endocrine ImmunologyTianjin Medical University School of StomatologyTianjin300070China
| | - Yandong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Di An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Laboratory of Stem Cells Endocrine ImmunologyTianjin Medical University School of StomatologyTianjin300070China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Leiting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemFrontiers Science Center for Cell ResponsesTianjin Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Center for Cell Structure and FunctionShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
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4
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Badaoui M, Chanson M. Intercellular Communication in Airway Epithelial Cell Regeneration: Potential Roles of Connexins and Pannexins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16160. [PMID: 38003349 PMCID: PMC10671439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins and pannexins are transmembrane proteins that can form direct (gap junctions) or indirect (connexons, pannexons) intercellular communication channels. By propagating ions, metabolites, sugars, nucleotides, miRNAs, and/or second messengers, they participate in a variety of physiological functions, such as tissue homeostasis and host defense. There is solid evidence supporting a role for intercellular signaling in various pulmonary inflammatory diseases where alteration of connexin/pannexin channel functional expression occurs, thus leading to abnormal intercellular communication pathways and contributing to pathophysiological aspects, such as innate immune defense and remodeling. The integrity of the airway epithelium, which is the first line of defense against invading microbes, is established and maintained by a repair mechanism that involves processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on the contribution of connexins and pannexins to necessary processes of tissue repair and speculate on their possible involvement in the shaping of the airway epithelium integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Chanson
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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5
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Watson JL, Krüger LK, Ben-Sasson AJ, Bittleston A, Shahbazi MN, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Chambers JE, Manton JD, Baker D, Derivery E. Synthetic Par polarity induces cytoskeleton asymmetry in unpolarized mammalian cells. Cell 2023; 186:4710-4727.e35. [PMID: 37774705 PMCID: PMC10765089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarized cells rely on a polarized cytoskeleton to function. Yet, how cortical polarity cues induce cytoskeleton polarization remains elusive. Here, we capitalized on recently established designed 2D protein arrays to ectopically engineer cortical polarity of virtually any protein of interest during mitosis in various cell types. This enables direct manipulation of polarity signaling and the identification of the cortical cues sufficient for cytoskeleton polarization. Using this assay, we dissected the logic of the Par complex pathway, a key regulator of cytoskeleton polarity during asymmetric cell division. We show that cortical clustering of any Par complex subunit is sufficient to trigger complex assembly and that the primary kinetic barrier to complex assembly is the relief of Par6 autoinhibition. Further, we found that inducing cortical Par complex polarity induces two hallmarks of asymmetric cell division in unpolarized mammalian cells: spindle orientation, occurring via Par3, and central spindle asymmetry, depending on aPKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Watson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lara K Krüger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ariel J Ben-Sasson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alice Bittleston
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta N Shahbazi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Manton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emmanuel Derivery
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Naturale VF, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Persistent cell contacts enable E-cadherin/HMR-1- and PAR-3-based symmetry breaking within a developing C. elegans epithelium. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1830-1846.e12. [PMID: 37552986 PMCID: PMC10592304 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-wide patterning is essential to multicellular development, requiring cells to individually generate polarity axes and coordinate them in space and time with neighbors. Using the C. elegans intestinal epithelium, we identified a patterning mechanism that is informed by cell contact lifetime asymmetry and executed via the scaffolding protein PAR-3 and the transmembrane protein E-cadherin/HMR-1. Intestinal cells break symmetry as PAR-3 and HMR-1 recruit apical determinants into punctate "local polarity complexes" (LPCs) at homotypic contacts. LPCs undergo an HMR-1-based migration to a common midline, thereby establishing tissue-wide polarity. Thus, symmetry breaking results from PAR-3-dependent intracellular polarization coupled to HMR-1-based tissue-level communication, which occurs through a non-adhesive signaling role for HMR-1. Differential lifetimes between homotypic and heterotypic cell contacts are created by neighbor exchanges and oriented divisions, patterning where LPCs perdure and thereby breaking symmetry. These cues offer a logical and likely conserved framework for how epithelia without obvious molecular asymmetries can polarize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Jafari G, Khan LA, Zhang H, Membreno E, Yan S, Dempsey G, Gobel V. Branched-chain actin dynamics polarizes vesicle trajectories and partitions apicobasal epithelial membrane domains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4022. [PMID: 37379384 PMCID: PMC10306301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In prevailing epithelial polarity models, membrane- and junction-based polarity cues such as the partitioning-defective PARs specify the positions of apicobasal membrane domains. Recent findings indicate, however, that intracellular vesicular trafficking can determine the position of the apical domain, upstream of membrane-based polarity cues. These findings raise the question of how vesicular trafficking becomes polarized independent of apicobasal target membrane domains. Here, we show that the apical directionality of vesicle trajectories depends on actin dynamics during de novo polarized membrane biogenesis in the C. elegans intestine. We find that actin, powered by branched-chain actin modulators, determines the polarized distribution of apical membrane components, PARs, and itself. Using photomodulation, we demonstrate that F-actin travels through the cytoplasm and along the cortex toward the future apical domain. Our findings support an alternative polarity model where actin-directed trafficking asymmetrically inserts the nascent apical domain into the growing epithelial membrane to partition apicobasal membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamali Jafari
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liakot A. Khan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Edward Membreno
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyang Yan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham Dempsey
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Verena Gobel
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, MGHfC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Naturale VF, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Context matters: Lessons in epithelial polarity from the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine and other tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:37-71. [PMID: 37100523 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia are tissues with diverse morphologies and functions across metazoans, ranging from vast cell sheets encasing internal organs to internal tubes facilitating nutrient uptake, all of which require establishment of apical-basolateral polarity axes. While all epithelia tend to polarize the same components, how these components are deployed to drive polarization is largely context-dependent and likely shaped by tissue-specific differences in development and ultimate functions of polarizing primordia. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) offers exceptional imaging and genetic tools and possesses unique epithelia with well-described origins and roles, making it an excellent model to investigate polarity mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the interplay between epithelial polarization, development, and function by describing symmetry breaking and polarity establishment in a particularly well-characterized epithelium, the C. elegans intestine. We compare intestinal polarization to polarity programs in two other C. elegans epithelia, the pharynx and epidermis, correlating divergent mechanisms with tissue-specific differences in geometry, embryonic environment, and function. Together, we emphasize the importance of investigating polarization mechanisms against the backdrop of tissue-specific contexts, while also underscoring the benefits of cross-tissue comparisons of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Naturale
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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9
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Pickett MA, Sallee MD, Cote L, Naturale VF, Akpinaroglu D, Lee J, Shen K, Feldman JL. Separable mechanisms drive local and global polarity establishment in the Caenorhabditiselegans intestinal epithelium. Development 2022; 149:dev200325. [PMID: 36264257 PMCID: PMC9845746 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apico-basolateral polarization is essential for epithelial cells to function as selective barriers and transporters, and to provide mechanical resilience to organs. Epithelial polarity is established locally, within individual cells to establish distinct apical, junctional and basolateral domains, and globally, within a tissue where cells coordinately orient their apico-basolateral axes. Using live imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and tissue-specific protein depletion in the Caenorhabditiselegans embryonic intestine, we found that local and global polarity establishment are temporally and genetically separable. Local polarity is initiated prior to global polarity and is robust to perturbation. PAR-3 is required for global polarization across the intestine but local polarity can arise in its absence, as small groups of cells eventually established polarized domains in PAR-3-depleted intestines in a HMR-1 (E-cadherin)-dependent manner. Despite the role of PAR-3 in localizing PKC-3 to the apical surface, we additionally found that PAR-3 and PKC-3/aPKC have distinct roles in the establishment and maintenance of local and global polarity. Taken together, our results indicate that different mechanisms are required for local and global polarity establishment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95112, USA
| | - Maria D. Sallee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren Cote
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Joo Lee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Villari G, Gioelli N, Valdembri D, Serini G. Vesicle choreographies keep up cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion dynamics in polarized epithelial and endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:62-71. [PMID: 35961423 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives the development, functioning, and repair of different tissues, organs, and systems. Disruption or dysregulation of cell-to-ECM adhesion promote the initiation and progression of several diseases, such as bleeding, immune disorders and cancer. Integrins are major ECM transmembrane receptors, whose function depends on both allosteric changes and exo-endocytic traffic, which carries them to and from the plasma membrane. In apico-basally polarized cells, asymmetric adhesion to the ECM is maintained by continuous targeting of the plasma membrane by vesicles coming from the trans Golgi network and carrying ECM proteins. Active integrin-bound ECM is indeed endocytosed and replaced by the exocytosis of fresh ECM. Such vesicular traffic is finely driven by the teamwork of microtubules (MTs) and their associated kinesin and dynein motors. Here, we review the main cytoskeletal actors involved in the control of the spatiotemporal distribution of active integrins and their ECM ligands, highlighting the key role of the synchronous (ant)agonistic cooperation between MT motors transporting vesicular cargoes, in the same or in opposite direction, in the regulation of traffic logistics, and the establishment of epithelial and endothelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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11
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Cote LE, Feldman JL. Won't You be My Neighbor: How Epithelial Cells Connect Together to Build Global Tissue Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887107. [PMID: 35800889 PMCID: PMC9253303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form continuous barriers to protect against external environments. Within these tissues, epithelial cells build environment-facing apical membranes, junction complexes that anchor neighbors together, and basolateral surfaces that face other cells. Critically, to form a continuous apical barrier, neighboring epithelial cells must align their apico-basolateral axes to create global polarity along the entire tissue. Here, we will review mechanisms of global tissue-level polarity establishment, with a focus on how neighboring epithelial cells of different origins align their apical surfaces. Epithelial cells with different developmental origins and/or that polarize at different times and places must align their respective apico-basolateral axes. Connecting different epithelial tissues into continuous sheets or tubes, termed epithelial fusion, has been most extensively studied in cases where neighboring cells initially dock at an apical-to-apical interface. However, epithelial cells can also meet basal-to-basal, posing several challenges for apical continuity. Pre-existing basement membrane between the tissues must be remodeled and/or removed, the cells involved in docking are specialized, and new cell-cell adhesions are formed. Each of these challenges can involve changes to apico-basolateral polarity of epithelial cells. This minireview highlights several in vivo examples of basal docking and how apico-basolateral polarity changes during epithelial fusion. Understanding the specific molecular mechanisms of basal docking is an area ripe for further exploration that will shed light on complex morphogenetic events that sculpt developing organisms and on the cellular mechanisms that can go awry during diseases involving the formation of cysts, fistulas, atresias, and metastases.
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12
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Simões S, Lerchbaumer G, Pellikka M, Giannatou P, Lam T, Kim D, Yu J, ter Stal D, Al Kakouni K, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Tepass U. Crumbs complex-directed apical membrane dynamics in epithelial cell ingression. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213229. [PMID: 35588693 PMCID: PMC9123285 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells often leave their tissue context and ingress to form new cell types or acquire migratory ability to move to distant sites during development and tumor progression. Cells lose their apical membrane and epithelial adherens junctions during ingression. However, how factors that organize apical-basal polarity contribute to ingression is unknown. Here, we show that the dynamic regulation of the apical Crumbs polarity complex is crucial for normal neural stem cell ingression. Crumbs endocytosis and recycling allow ingression to occur in a normal timeframe. During early ingression, Crumbs and its complex partner the RhoGEF Cysts support myosin and apical constriction to ensure robust ingression dynamics. During late ingression, the E3-ubiquitin ligase Neuralized facilitates the disassembly of the Crumbs complex and the rapid endocytic removal of the apical cell domain. Our findings reveal a mechanism integrating cell fate, apical polarity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and actomyosin contractility to promote cell ingression, a fundamental morphogenetic process observed in animal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Simões
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Lerchbaumer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milena Pellikka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paraskevi Giannatou
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lam
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David ter Stal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenana Al Kakouni
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence to Ulrich Tepass:
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13
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Chapuy-Regaud S, Allioux C, Capelli N, Migueres M, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Claire Allioux
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marion Migueres
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
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14
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Brandt JN, Voss L, Rambo FM, Nicholson K, Thein JR, Fairchild L, Seabrook L, Lewis D, Guevara-Hernandez L, White ML, Sax L, Eichten V, Harper L, Hermann GJ. Asymmetric organelle positioning during epithelial polarization of C. elegans intestinal cells. Dev Biol 2022; 481:75-94. [PMID: 34597675 PMCID: PMC8665101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While the epithelial cell cortex displays profound asymmetries in protein distribution and morphology along the apico-basal axis, the extent to which the cytoplasm is similarly polarized within epithelial cells remains relatively unexplored. We show that cytoplasmic organelles within C. elegans embryonic intestinal cells develop extensive apico-basal polarity at the time they establish cortical asymmetry. Nuclei and conventional endosomes, including early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, become polarized apically. Lysosome-related gut granules, yolk platelets, and lipid droplets become basally enriched. Removal of par-3 activity does not disrupt organelle positioning, indicating that cytoplasmic apico-basal asymmetry is independent of the PAR polarity pathway. Blocking the apical migration of nuclei leads to the apical positioning of gut granules and yolk platelets, whereas the asymmetric localization of conventional endosomes and lipid droplets is unaltered. This suggests that nuclear positioning organizes some, but not all, cytoplasmic asymmetries in this cell type. We show that gut granules become apically enriched when WHT-2 and WHT-7 function is disrupted, identifying a novel role for ABCG transporters in gut granule positioning during epithelial polarization. Analysis of WHT-2 and WHT-7 ATPase mutants is consistent with a WHT-2/WHT-7 heterodimer acting as a transporter in gut granule positioning. In wht-2(-) mutants, the polarized distribution of other organelles is not altered and gut granules do not take on characteristics of conventional endosomes that could have explained their apical mispositioning. During epithelial polarization wht-2(-) gut granules exhibit a loss of the Rab32/38 family member GLO-1 and ectopic expression of GLO-1 is sufficient to rescue the basal positioning of wht-2(-) and wht-7(-) gut granules. Furthermore, depletion of GLO-1 causes the mislocalization of the endolysosomal RAB-7 to gut granules and RAB-7 drives the apical mispositioning of gut granules when GLO-1, WHT-2, or WHT-7 function is disrupted. We suggest that ABC transporters residing on gut granules can regulate Rab dynamics to control organelle positioning during epithelial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Greg J. Hermann
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA, (G.J. Hermann)
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15
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Vasquez CG, de la Serna EL, Dunn AR. How cells tell up from down and stick together to construct multicellular tissues - interplay between apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272658. [PMID: 34714332 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia define a topological inside and outside, and hence constitute a key evolutionary innovation that enabled the construction of complex multicellular animal life. Over time, this basic function has been elaborated upon to yield the complex architectures of many of the organs that make up the human body. The two processes necessary to yield a polarized epithelium, namely regulated adhesion between cells and the definition of the apicobasal (top-bottom) axis, have likewise undergone extensive evolutionary elaboration, resulting in multiple sophisticated protein complexes that contribute to both functions. Understanding how these components function in combination to yield the basic architecture of a polarized cell-cell junction remains a major challenge. In this Review, we introduce the main components of apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion complexes, and outline what is known about their regulation and assembly in epithelia. In addition, we highlight studies that investigate the interdependence between these two networks. We conclude with an overview of strategies to address the largest and arguably most fundamental unresolved question in the field, namely how a polarized junction arises as the sum of its molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eva L de la Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Abstract
In the context of animal or plant development, we tend to think of cells as small, simple, building blocks, such that complex patterns or shapes can only be constructed from large numbers of cells, with cells in different parts of the organism taking on different fates. However, cells themselves are far from simple, and often take on complex shapes with a remarkable degree of intracellular patterning. How do these patterns arise? As in embryogenesis, the development of structure inside a cell can be broken down into a number of basic processes. For each part of the cell, morphogenetic processes create internal structures such as organelles, which might correspond to organs at the level of a whole organism. Given that mechanisms exist to generate parts, patterning processes are required to ensure that the parts are distributed in the correct arrangement relative to the rest of the cell. Such patterning processes make reference to global polarity axes, requiring mechanisms for axiation which, in turn, require processes to break symmetry. These fundamental processes of symmetry breaking, axiation, patterning, and morphogenesis have been extensively studied in developmental biology but less so at the subcellular level. This review will focus on developmental processes that give eukaryotic cells their complex structures, with a focus on cytoskeletal organization in free-living cells, ciliates in particular, in which these processes are most readily apparent.
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17
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Pierreux CE. Shaping the thyroid: From peninsula to de novo lumen formation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111313. [PMID: 33961919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A challenging and stimulating question in biology deals with the formation of organs from groups of undifferentiated progenitor cells. Most epithelial organs indeed derive from the endodermal monolayer and evolve into various shape and tridimensional organization adapted to their specialized adult function. Thyroid organogenesis is no exception. In most mammals, it follows a complex and sequential process initiated from the endoderm and leading to the development of a multitude of independent closed spheres equipped and optimized for the synthesis, storage and production of thyroid hormones. The first sign of thyroid organogenesis is visible as a thickening of the anterior foregut endoderm. This group of thyroid progenitors then buds and detaches from the foregut to migrate caudally and then laterally. Upon reaching their final destination in the upper neck region on both sides of the trachea, thyroid progenitors mix with C cell progenitors and finally organize into hormone-producing thyroid follicles. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling thyroid organogenesis have been identified in several species, but the fundamental cellular processes are not sufficiently considered. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of the key morphogenetic steps during thyroid organogenesis and highlights similarities and common mechanisms with developmental steps elucidated in other endoderm-derived organs, despite different final architecture and functions.
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18
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Sallee MD, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Apical PAR complex proteins protect against programmed epithelial assaults to create a continuous and functional intestinal lumen. eLife 2021; 10:64437. [PMID: 34137371 PMCID: PMC8245128 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained polarity and adhesion of epithelial cells is essential for the protection of our organs and bodies, and this epithelial integrity emerges during organ development amidst numerous programmed morphogenetic assaults. Using the developing Caenorhabditis elegans intestine as an in vivo model, we investigated how epithelia maintain their integrity through cell division and elongation to build a functional tube. Live imaging revealed that apical PAR complex proteins PAR-6/Par6 and PKC-3/aPkc remained apical during mitosis while apical microtubules and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) proteins were transiently removed. Intestine-specific depletion of PAR-6, PKC-3, and the aPkc regulator CDC-42/Cdc42 caused persistent gaps in the apical MTOC as well as in other apical and junctional proteins after cell division and in non-dividing cells that elongated. Upon hatching, gaps coincided with luminal constrictions that blocked food, and larvae arrested and died. Thus, the apical PAR complex maintains apical and junctional continuity to construct a functional intestinal tube.
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19
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Dolat L, Valdivia RH. An endometrial organoid model of interactions between Chlamydia and epithelial and immune cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.252403. [PMID: 33468625 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis reprograms the function of infected cells in the upper genital tract is largely based on observations made in cell culture with transformed epithelial cell lines. Here, we describe a primary organoid system derived from endometrial tissue to recapitulate epithelial cell diversity, polarity and ensuing responses to Chlamydia infection. Using high-resolution and time-lapse microscopy, we catalog the infection process in organoids from invasion to egress, including the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and positioning of intracellular organelles. We show this model is amenable to screening C. trachomatis mutants for defects in the fusion of pathogenic vacuoles, the recruitment of intracellular organelles and inhibition of cell death. Moreover, we reconstructed a primary immune cell response by co-culturing infected organoids with neutrophils, and determined that effectors like CPAF (also known as CT858) and TepP (also known as CT875) limit the recruitment of neutrophils to infected organoids. Collectively, our model can be applied to study the cell biology of Chlamydia infections in three-dimensional structures that better reflect the diversity of cell types and polarity encountered by Chlamydia in their animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Dolat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Raphael H Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
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20
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Castiglioni VG, Pires HR, Rosas Bertolini R, Riga A, Kerver J, Boxem M. Epidermal PAR-6 and PKC-3 are essential for larval development of C. elegans and organize non-centrosomal microtubules. eLife 2020; 9:e62067. [PMID: 33300872 PMCID: PMC7755398 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical polarity regulators PAR-6, PKC-3, and PAR-3 are essential for the polarization of a broad variety of cell types in multicellular animals. In C. elegans, the roles of the PAR proteins in embryonic development have been extensively studied, yet little is known about their functions during larval development. Using inducible protein degradation, we show that PAR-6 and PKC-3, but not PAR-3, are essential for postembryonic development. PAR-6 and PKC-3 are required in the epidermal epithelium for animal growth, molting, and the proper pattern of seam-cell divisions. Finally, we uncovered a novel role for PAR-6 in organizing non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in the epidermis. PAR-6 was required for the localization of the microtubule organizer NOCA-1/Ninein, and defects in a noca-1 mutant are highly similar to those caused by epidermal PAR-6 depletion. As NOCA-1 physically interacts with PAR-6, we propose that PAR-6 promotes non-centrosomal microtubule organization through localization of NOCA-1/Ninein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Castiglioni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Helena R Pires
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Rodrigo Rosas Bertolini
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Amalia Riga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jana Kerver
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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21
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Peng H, Qiao R, Dong B. Polarity Establishment and Maintenance in Ascidian Notochord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597446. [PMID: 33195278 PMCID: PMC7661463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarity due to the extracellular signaling and intracellular gene cascades, in turn, signals the directed cell behaviors and asymmetric tissue architectures that play a crucial role in organogenesis and embryogenesis. The notochord is a characteristic midline organ in chordate embryos that supports the body structure and produces positioning signaling. This review summarizes cellular and tissue-level polarities during notochord development in ascidians. At the early stage, planar cell polarity (PCP) is initialized, which drives cell convergence extension and migration to form a rod-like structure. Subsequently, the notochord undergoes a mesenchymal-epithelial transition, becoming an unusual epithelium in which cells have two opposing apical domains facing the extracellular lumen deposited between adjacent notochord cells controlled by apical-basal (AB) polarity. Cytoskeleton distribution is one of the main downstream events of cell polarity. Some cytoskeleton polarity patterns are a consequence of PCP: however, an additional polarized cytoskeleton, together with Rho signaling, might serve as a guide for correct AB polarity initiation in the notochord. In addition, the notochord's mechanical properties are associated with polarity establishment and transformation, which bridge signaling regulation and tissue mechanical properties that enable the coordinated organogenesis during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Peng
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Runyu Qiao
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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22
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Díaz-Díaz C, Martín-Belmonte F. Apical poles without neighbouring cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:935-937. [PMID: 32820290 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Díaz-Díaz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Belmonte
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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