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Gordon MN, Junkers LS, Googasian JS, Mathiesen JK, Zhan X, Morgan DG, Jensen KMØ, Skrabalak SE. Insights into the nucleation and growth of BiOCl nanoparticles by in situ X-ray pair distribution function analysis and in situ liquid cell TEM. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15544-15557. [PMID: 39028007 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of bismuth oxyhalides as defined nanostructures is hindered by their fast nucleation and growth in aqueous solutions. Using our recently developed single-source precursor, the formation of bismuth oxychloride in such solutions can be slowed significantly. As reported herein, this advance enables BiOCl formation to be investigated by in situ X-ray total scattering and in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. In situ pair distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering data reveals the local order of atomic structures throughout the synthesis, while in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy allows for tracking the growth of individual nanoparticles. Through this work, the precursor complex is shown to give rise to BiOCl upon heating in solution without the observation of structurally distinct intermediates. The emerging nanoparticles have a widened interlayer spacing, which moderately decreases as the particles grow. Mechanistic insights into the formation of bismuth oxyhalide nanoparticles, including the absence of distinct intermediates within the available time resolution, will help facilitate future design of controlled BiOX nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Laura S Junkers
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jack S Googasian
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Jette K Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Xun Zhan
- Electron Microscopy Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - David Gene Morgan
- Electron Microscopy Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sara E Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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2
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Takeguchi M, Hashimoto A, Mitsuishi K. Depth sectioning using environmental and atomic-resolution STEM. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:145-153. [PMID: 38252480 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(Scanning) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of samples in gas and liquid media are acquired with an environmental cell (EC) via silicon nitride membranes. The ratio of sample signal against the background is a significant factor for resolution. Depth-sectioning scanning TEM (STEM) is a promising technique that enhances the signal for a sample embedded in a matrix. It can increase the resolution to the atomic level, thereby enabling EC-STEM applications in important areas. This review introduces depth-sectioning STEM and its applications to high-resolution EC-STEM imaging of samples in gases and in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takeguchi
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mitsuishi
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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3
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Mulvey JT, Iyer KP, Ortega T, Merham JG, Pivak Y, Sun H, Hochbaum AI, Patterson JP. Correlating electrochemical stimulus to structural change in liquid electron microscopy videos using the structural dissimilarity metric. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113894. [PMID: 38056395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) with electrical biasing capabilities has emerged as an invaluable tool for directly imaging electrode processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, accurately quantifying structural changes that occur on the electrode and subsequently correlating them to the applied stimulus remains challenging. Here, we present structural dissimilarity (DSSIM) analysis as segmentation-free video processing algorithm for locally detecting and quantifying structural change occurring in LCTEM videos. In this study, DSSIM analysis is applied to two in-situ LCTEM videos to demonstrate how to implement this algorithm and interpret the results. We show DSSIM analysis can be used as a visualization tool for qualitative data analysis by highlighting structural changes which are easily missed when viewing the raw data. Furthermore, we demonstrate how DSSIM analysis can serve as a quantitative metric and efficiently convert 3-dimensional microscopy videos to 1-dimenional plots which makes it easy to interpret and compare events occurring at different timepoints in a video. In the analyses presented here, DSSIM is used to directly correlate the magnitude and temporal scale of structural change to the features of the applied electrical bias. ImageJ, Python, and MATLAB programs, including a user-friendly interface and accompanying documentation, are published alongside this manuscript to make DSSIM analysis easily accessible to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Katen P Iyer
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tomàs Ortega
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jovany G Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yevheniy Pivak
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Allon I Hochbaum
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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4
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Gobet F, Barberet P, Delville MH, Devès G, Guérin T, Liénard R, Tran HN, Vecco-Garda C, Würger A, Zein S, Seznec H. Electric Fields in Liquid Water Irradiated with Protons at Ultrahigh Dose Rates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178001. [PMID: 37955497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the effects of irradiating water with 3 MeV protons at high doses by observing the motion of charged polystyrene beads outside the proton beam. By single-particle tracking, we measure a radial velocity of the order of microns per second. Combining electrokinetic theory with simulations of the beam-generated reaction products and their outward diffusion, we find that the bead motion is due to electrophoresis in the electric field induced by the mobility contrast of cations and anions. This work sheds light on the perturbation of biological systems by high-dose radiations and paves the way for the manipulation of colloid or macromolecular dispersions by radiation-induced diffusiophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gobet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - P Barberet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - M-H Delville
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33608 Pessac, France
| | - G Devès
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - T Guérin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - R Liénard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - H N Tran
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - C Vecco-Garda
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33608 Pessac, France
| | - A Würger
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - S Zein
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - H Seznec
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
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5
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Vratsanos M, Xue W, Rosenmann ND, Zarzar LD, Gianneschi NC. Ouzo Effect Examined at the Nanoscale via Direct Observation of Droplet Nucleation and Morphology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:457-465. [PMID: 36968532 PMCID: PMC10037490 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the direct observation via liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) of the nucleation and growth pathways of structures formed by the so-called "ouzo effect", which is a classic example of surfactant-free, spontaneous emulsification. Such liquid-liquid phase separation occurs in ternary systems with an appropriate cosolvent such that the addition of the third component extracts the cosolvent and makes the other component insoluble. Such droplets are homogeneously sized, stable, and require minimal energy to disperse compared to conventional emulsification methods. Thus, ouzo precipitation processes are an attractive, straightforward, and energy-efficient technique for preparing dispersions, especially those made on an industrial scale. While this process and the resulting emulsions have been studied by numerous indirect techniques (e.g., X-ray and light scattering), direct observation of such structures and their formation at the nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we employed the nascent technique of LPTEM to simultaneously evaluate droplet growth and nanostructure. Observation of such emulsification and its rate dependence is a promising indication that similar LPTEM methodologies may be used to investigate emulsion formation and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
A. Vratsanos
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wangyang Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan D. Rosenmann
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lauren D. Zarzar
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of
Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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