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Krainc T, Monje MHG, Kinsinger M, Bustos BI, Lubbe SJ. Melanin and Neuromelanin: Linking Skin Pigmentation and Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:185-195. [PMID: 36350228 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are the most vulnerable neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work suggests that the accumulation of oxidized dopamine and neuromelanin mediate the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in patient-derived neurons. In addition, the expression of human tyrosinase in mouse SNpc led to the formation of neuromelanin resulting in the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, further highlighting the importance of neuromelanin in PD. The potential role of neuromelanin in PD pathogenesis has been supported by epidemiological observations, whereby individuals with lighter pigmentation or cutaneous malignant melanoma exhibit higher incidence of PD. Because neuromelanin and melanin share many functional characteristics and overlapping biosynthetic pathways, it has been postulated that genes involved in skin pigmentation and melanin formation may play a role in the susceptibility of vulnerable midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neurodegeneration. Here, we highlight potential mechanisms that may explain the link between skin pigmentation and PD, focusing on the role of skin pigmentation genes in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the importance of genetic ancestry in assessing the contribution of pigmentation-related genes to risk of PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Krainc
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariana H G Monje
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Morgan Kinsinger
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bernabe I Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Darbeheshti F. The Immunogenetics of Melanoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:383-396. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Motwani J, Eccles MR. Genetic and Genomic Pathways of Melanoma Development, Invasion and Metastasis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1543. [PMID: 34680938 PMCID: PMC8535311 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Recent studies have suggested that melanoma invasiveness is attributed to phenotype switching, which is a reversible type of cell behaviour with similarities to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Phenotype switching in melanoma is reported to be independent of genetic alterations, whereas changes in gene transcription, and epigenetic alterations have been associated with invasiveness in melanoma cell lines. Here, we review mutational, transcriptional, and epigenomic alterations that contribute to tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, and their potential to drive melanoma invasion and metastasis. We also discuss three models that are hypothesized to contribute towards aspects of tumour heterogeneity and tumour progression in melanoma, namely the clonal evolution model, the cancer stem cell model, and the phenotype switching model. We discuss the merits and disadvantages of each model in explaining tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, as a precursor to invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Ak M, Kahraman A, Arnold FM, Turko P, Levesque MP, Zoche M, Ramelyte E, Dummer R. Clinicopathological and Genomic Profiles of Atypical Fibroxanthoma and Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma Identify Overlapping Signatures with a High Mutational Burden. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070974. [PMID: 34202213 PMCID: PMC8303615 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) and pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) are rare tumors developing in chronically sun-exposed skin. Clinicopathological features are similar, but they differ in prognosis, while PDS has a more aggressive course with a higher risk for local recurrence and metastases. In current clinical practice, they are diagnosed by exclusion using immunohistochemistry. Thus, stringent diagnostic criteria and correct differentiation are critical in management and treatment for optimal outcomes. This retrospective single-center study collected clinicopathological data and tumor samples of 10 AFX and 18 PDS. Extracted genomic DNA from tumor specimens was analyzed by a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform (FoundationOne-CDx™). Among 65 identified mutations, TP53 inactivating mutations were observed in all tumor specimens. In both AFX and PDS, the known pathogenic gene alterations in CDKN2A, TERT promoter, and NOTCH1 were frequently present, along with high mutational burden and stable Micro-Satellite Instability status. The mutational profiles differed only in ASXL1, which was only present in AFX. Further differences were identified in likely pathogenic and unknown gene alterations. Similarities in their genomic signatures could help to distinguish them from other malignancies, but they are not distinguishable between each other using the FoundationOne-CDx™ NGS panel. Therefore, histological criteria to determine diagnosis remain valid. For further insight, performing deep tumor profiling may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Ak
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (P.T.); (M.P.L.); (E.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Abdullah Kahraman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian M. Arnold
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Turko
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (P.T.); (M.P.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Mitchell P. Levesque
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (P.T.); (M.P.L.); (E.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Martin Zoche
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Ramelyte
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (P.T.); (M.P.L.); (E.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (P.T.); (M.P.L.); (E.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.M.A.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-255-11-11
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5
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Rosenfeldt MT, O'Prey J, Lindsay CR, Nixon C, Roth S, Sansom OJ, Ryan KM. Loss of autophagy affects melanoma development in a manner dependent on PTEN status. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1437-1439. [PMID: 33664481 PMCID: PMC8027884 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias T Rosenfeldt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sabine Roth
- Department of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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6
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Yepes S, Tucker MA, Koka H, Xiao Y, Jones K, Vogt A, Burdette L, Luo W, Zhu B, Hutchinson A, Yeager M, Hicks B, Freedman ND, Chanock SJ, Goldstein AM, Yang XR. Using whole-exome sequencing and protein interaction networks to prioritize candidate genes for germline cutaneous melanoma susceptibility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17198. [PMID: 33057211 PMCID: PMC7560829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although next-generation sequencing has demonstrated great potential for novel gene discovery, confirming disease-causing genes after initial discovery remains challenging. Here, we applied a network analysis approach to prioritize candidate genes identified from whole-exome sequencing analysis of 98 cutaneous melanoma patients from 27 families. Using a network propagation method, we ranked candidate genes by their similarity to known disease genes in protein-protein interaction networks and identified gene clusters with functional connectivity. Using this approach, we identified several new candidate susceptibility genes that warrant future investigations such as NGLY1, IL1RN, FABP2, PRKDC, and PROSER2. The propagated network analysis also allowed us to link families that did not have common underlying genes but that carried variants in genes that interact on protein-protein interaction networks. In conclusion, our study provided an analysis perspective for gene prioritization in the context of genetic heterogeneity across families and prioritized top potential candidate susceptibility genes in our dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Yepes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hela Koka
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanzi Xiao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wen Luo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Identification of Germline Mutations in Melanoma Patients with Early Onset, Double Primary Tumors, or Family Cancer History by NGS Analysis of 217 Genes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100404. [PMID: 33050356 PMCID: PMC7601281 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest skin malignity with a rising prevalence worldwide. Patients carrying germline mutations in melanoma-susceptibility genes face an increased risk of melanoma and other cancers. To assess the spectrum of germline variants, we analyzed 264 Czech melanoma patients indicated for testing due to early melanoma (at <25 years) or the presence of multiple primary melanoma/melanoma and other cancer in their personal and/or family history. All patients were analyzed by panel next-generation sequencing targeting 217 genes in four groups: high-to-moderate melanoma risk genes, low melanoma risk genes, cancer syndrome genes, and other genes with an uncertain melanoma risk. Population frequencies were assessed in 1479 population-matched controls. Selected POT1 and CHEK2 variants were characterized by functional assays. Mutations in clinically relevant genes were significantly more frequent in melanoma patients than in controls (31/264; 11.7% vs. 58/1479; 3.9%; p = 2.0 × 10−6). A total of 9 patients (3.4%) carried mutations in high-to-moderate melanoma risk genes (CDKN2A, POT1, ACD) and 22 (8.3%) patients in other cancer syndrome genes (NBN, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, ATM, WRN, RB1). Mutations in high-to-moderate melanoma risk genes (OR = 52.2; 95%CI 6.6–413.1; p = 3.2 × 10−7) and in other cancer syndrome genes (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.4–3.8; p = 0.003) were significantly associated with melanoma risk. We found an increased potential to carry these mutations (OR = 2.9; 95%CI 1.2–6.8) in patients with double primary melanoma, melanoma and other primary cancer, but not in patients with early age at onset. The analysis revealed affected genes in Czech melanoma patients and identified individuals who may benefit from genetic testing and future surveillance management of mutation carriers.
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8
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Dunnett-Kane V, Burkitt-Wright E, Blackhall FH, Malliri A, Evans DG, Lindsay CR. Germline and sporadic cancers driven by the RAS pathway: parallels and contrasts. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:873-883. [PMID: 32240795 PMCID: PMC7322396 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in RAS and related pathway genes such as NF1 have been strongly implicated in the development of cancer while also being implicated in a diverse group of developmental disorders named the 'RASopathies', including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), Costello syndrome (CS), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and capillary malformation-arteriovenous syndrome (CM-AVM). It remains unclear why (i) there is little overlap in mutational subtype between Ras-driven malignancies associated with sporadic disease and those associated with the RASopathy syndromes, and (ii) RASopathy-associated cancers are usually of different histological origin to those seen with sporadic mutations of the same genes. For instance, germline variants in KRAS and NRAS are rarely found at codons 12, 13 or 61, the most common sites for somatic mutations in sporadic cancers. An exception is CS, where germline variants in codons 12 and 13 of HRAS occur relatively frequently. Given recent renewed drug interest following early clinical success of RAS G12C and farnesyl transferase inhibitors, an improved understanding of this relationship could help guide targeted therapies for both sporadic and germline cancers associated with the Ras pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dunnett-Kane
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - E Burkitt-Wright
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - F H Blackhall
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK; Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Malliri
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D G Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C R Lindsay
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK; Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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9
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Yang X, Hu F, Liu JA, Yu S, Cheung MPL, Liu X, Ng IOL, Guan XY, Wong KKW, Sharma R, Lung HL, Jiao Y, Lee LTO, Cheung M. Nuclear DLC1 exerts oncogenic function through association with FOXK1 for cooperative activation of MMP9 expression in melanoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:4061-4076. [PMID: 32214200 PMCID: PMC7220869 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP), deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), is known to function as a tumor suppressor in various cancer types; however, whether DLC1 is a tumor-suppressor gene or an oncogene in melanoma remains to be clarified. Here we revealed that high DLC1 expression was detected in most of the melanoma tissues where it was localized in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm. Functional studies unveiled that DLC1 was both required and sufficient for melanoma growth and metastasis. These tumorigenic events were mediated by nuclear-localized DLC1 in a RhoGAP-independent manner. Mechanistically, mass spectrometry analysis identified a DLC1-associated protein, FOXK1 transcription factor, which mediated oncogenic events in melanoma by translocating and retaining DLC1 into the nucleus. RNA-sequencing profiling studies further revealed MMP9 as a direct target of FOXK1 through DLC1-regulated promoter occupancy for cooperative activation of MMP9 expression to promote melanoma invasion and metastasis. Concerted action of DLC1–FOXK1 in MMP9 gene regulation was further supported by their highly correlated expression in melanoma patients’ samples and cell lines. Together, our results not only unravel a mechanism by which nuclear DLC1 functions as an oncogene in melanoma but also suggest an unexpected role of RhoGAP protein in transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jessica Aijia Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - May Pui Lai Cheung
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuelai Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research and Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K W Wong
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yufei Jiao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Djulbegovic MB, Uversky VN. Expanding the understanding of the heterogeneous nature of melanoma with bioinformatics and disorder-based proteomics. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1281-1293. [PMID: 31743721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades show that incidences of melanoma are on the rise. The risk associated with this disease is an interplay between genetic and host factors and sun exposure. While scientific progress in the treatment of melanoma is remarkable, additional research is needed to improve patient outcomes and to better understand the heterogenous nature of this disease. Fortunately, as the clinical community enters the era of "big data" and personalized medicine, the rise of bioinformatics that stems from recent advances in high throughout profiling of biological information offers potential for innovative treatment options. This study aims to provide an example of the usefulness of bioinformatics and disorder-based proteomics to identify the molecular pathway in melanoma, garner information on selected proteins from this pathway and uncover their intrinsically disordered proteins regions (IDPRs) and investigate functionality implicated in these IDPRs. The present study provides a new look at the melanoma heterogeneity and suggests that, in addition to the well-established genetic heterogeneity of melanoma, there is another level of heterogeneity that lies within the conformational ensembles that stem from intrinsic disorder in melanoma-related proteins. The hope is that these insights will inspire future drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak B Djulbegovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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11
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Wong K, Robles-Espinoza CD, Rodriguez D, Rudat SS, Puig S, Potrony M, Wong CC, Hewinson J, Aguilera P, Puig-Butille JA, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Zattara H, van der Weyden L, Fletcher CDM, Brenn T, Arends MJ, Quesada V, Newton-Bishop JA, Lopez-Otin C, Bishop DT, Harms PW, Johnson TM, Durham AB, Lombard DB, Adams DJ. Association of the POT1 Germline Missense Variant p.I78T With Familial Melanoma. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155:604-609. [PMID: 30586141 PMCID: PMC6506889 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance The protection of telomeres 1 protein (POT1) is a critical component of the shelterin complex, a multiple-protein machine that regulates telomere length and protects telomere ends. Germline variants in POT1 have been linked to familial melanoma, and somatic mutations are associated with a range of cancers including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Objective To characterize pathogenic variation in POT1 in families with melanoma to inform clinical management. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case study and pedigree evaluation, analysis of the pedigree of 1 patient with melanoma revealed a novel germline POT1 variant (p.I78T, c.233T>C, chromosome 7, g.124870933A>G, GRCh38) that was subsequently found in 2 other pedigrees obtained from the GenoMEL Consortium. Main Outcomes and Measures (1) Identification of the POT1 p.I78T variant; (2) evaluation of the clinical features and characteristics of patients with this variant; (3) analysis of 3 pedigrees; (4) genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of germline DNA; and (5) a somatic genetic analysis of available nevi and 1 melanoma lesion. Results The POT1 p.I78T variant was found in 3 melanoma pedigrees, all of persons who self-reported as being of Jewish descent, and was shown to disrupt POT1-telomere binding. A UV mutation signature was associated with nevus and melanoma formation in POT1 variant carriers, and somatic mutations in driver genes such as BRAF, NRAS, and KIT were associated with lesion development in these patients. Conclusions and Relevance POT1 p.I78T is a newly identified, likely pathogenic, variant meriting screening for in families with melanoma after more common predisposition genes such as CDKN2A have been excluded. It could also be included as part of gene panel testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - David Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saskia S. Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chi C. Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - James Hewinson
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Paula Aguilera
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1186, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hélène Zattara
- Département de Génétique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Brenn
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mark J. Arends
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia A. Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Paul W. Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
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12
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Yang X, Liang R, Liu C, Liu JA, Cheung MPL, Liu X, Man OY, Guan XY, Lung HL, Cheung M. SOX9 is a dose-dependent metastatic fate determinant in melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:17. [PMID: 30642390 PMCID: PMC6330758 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this research, we aimed to resolve contradictory results whether SOX9 plays a positive or negative role in melanoma progression and determine whether SOX9 and its closely related member SOX10 share the same or distinct targets in mediating their functions in melanoma. Methods Immunofluorescence, TCGA database and qPCR were used to analyze the correlation between the expression patterns and levels of SOX9, SOX10 and NEDD9 in melanoma patient samples. AlamarBlue, transwell invasion and colony formation assays in melanoma cell lines were conducted to investigate the epistatic relationship between SOX10 and NEDD9, as well as the effects of graded SOX9 expression levels. Lung metastasis was determined by tail vein injection assay. Live cell imaging was conducted to monitor dynamics of melanoma migratory behavior. RHOA and RAC1 activation assays measured the activity of Rho GTPases. Results High SOX9 expression was predominantly detected in patients with distant melanoma metastases whereas SOX10 was present in the different stages of melanoma. Both SOX9 and SOX10 exhibited distinct but overlapping expression patterns with metastatic marker NEDD9. Accordingly, SOX10 was required for NEDD9 expression, which partly mediated its oncogenic functions in melanoma cells. Compensatory upregulation of SOX9 expression in SOX10-inhibited melanoma cells reduced growth and migratory capacity, partly due to elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and lack of NEDD9 induction. Conversely, opposite phenomenon was observed when SOX9 expression was further elevated to a range of high SOX9 expression levels in metastatic melanoma specimens, and that high levels of SOX9 can restore melanoma progression in the absence of SOX10 both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, overexpression of SOX9 can also promote invasiveness of the parental melanoma cells by modulating the expression of various matrix metalloproteinases. SOX10 or high SOX9 expression regulates melanoma mesenchymal migration through the NEDD9-mediated focal adhesion dynamics and Rho GTPase signaling. Conclusions These results unravel NEDD9 as a common target for SOX10 or high SOX9 to partly mediate their oncogenic events, and most importantly, reconcile previous discrepancies that suboptimal level of SOX9 expression is anti-metastatic whereas high level of SOX9 is metastatic in a heterogeneous population of melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0998-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunxi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jessica Aijia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Pui Lai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuelai Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - On Ying Man
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Goldstein AM, Stidd KC, Yang XR, Fraser MC, Tucker MA. Pediatric melanoma in melanoma-prone families. Cancer 2018; 124:3715-3723. [PMID: 30207590 PMCID: PMC6214720 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, only approximately 0.4% of all melanomas are diagnosed in patients aged <20 years. To the authors' knowledge, melanoma in pediatric members of melanoma-prone families has not been fully investigated to date. The objective of the current study was to evaluate pediatric patients with melanoma with extensive follow-up in melanoma-prone families with and without cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) mutations. METHODS For this non-population-based study, families were followed prospectively for up to 40 years. A total of 60 families with ≥ 3 patients with melanoma were included for analysis: 30 CDKN2A mutation-positive (CDKN2A+) and 30 CDKN2A mutation-negative (CDKN2A-) families. Age at the time of first melanoma and number of melanomas were obtained for each patient and summarized by family or sets (CDKN2A + vs CDKN2A-). For set comparisons and categorical variables (occurrence of melanoma in pediatric patients, number of melanomas, number of patients with single or multiple melanomas), the Pearson chi-square or Fisher exact test was used. RESULTS Regardless of CDKN2A status, melanoma-prone families were found to have 6-fold to 28-fold higher percentages of patients with pediatric melanoma compared with the general population of patients with melanoma in the United States. Within CDKN2A + families, pediatric patients with melanoma were significantly more likely to have multiple melanomas compared with their relatives who were diagnosed at age >20 years (71% vs 38%, respectively; P = .004). CDKN2A + families had significantly higher percentages of pediatric patients with melanoma compared with CDKN2A- families (11.1% vs 2.5%; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS These observations have implications for the prevention of melanoma as well as clinical care for its early detection. Children in melanoma-prone families should have careful sun protection from an early age and skin surveillance to reduce their risk of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M. Goldstein
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelsey C. Stidd
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohong R. Yang
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary C. Fraser
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A. Tucker
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Thibodeau ML, Bonakdar M, Zhao E, Mungall KL, Reisle C, Zhang W, Bye MH, Thiessen N, Bleile D, Mungall AJ, Ma YP, Jones MR, Renouf DJ, Lim HJ, Yip S, Ng T, Ho C, Laskin J, Marra MA, Schrader KA, Jones SJM. Whole genome and whole transcriptome genomic profiling of a metastatic eccrine porocarcinoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:8. [PMID: 29872726 PMCID: PMC5871832 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccrine porocarcinomas (EPs) are rare malignant tumours of the intraepidermic sweat gland duct and most often arise from benign eccrine poromas. Some recurrent somatic genomic events have been identified in these malignancies, but very little is known about the complexity of their molecular pathophysiology. We describe the whole genome and whole transcriptome genomic profiling of a metastatic EP in a 66-year-old male patient with a previous history of localized porocarcinoma of the scalp. Whole genome and whole transcriptome genomic profiling was performed on the metastatic EP. Whole genome sequencing was performed on blood-derived DNA in order to allow a comparison between germline and somatic events. We found somatic copy losses of several tumour suppressor genes including APC, PTEN and CDKN2A, CDKN2B and CDKN1A. We identified a somatic hemizygous CDKN2A pathogenic splice site variant. De novo transcriptome assembly revealed abnormal splicing of CDKN2A p14ARF and p16INK4a. Elevated expression of oncogenes EGFR and NOTCH1 was noted and no somatic mutations were found in these genes. Wnt pathway somatic alterations were also observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that the molecular pathophysiology of malignant EP features high complexity and subtle interactions of multiple key genes. Cell cycle dysregulation and CDKN2A loss of function was found to be a new potential driver in EP tumourigenesis. Moreover, the combination of somatic copy number variants and abnormal gene expression perhaps partly related to epigenetic mechanisms, all likely contribute to the development of this rare malignancy in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Thibodeau
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, C201–4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Melika Bonakdar
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Eric Zhao
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Karen L. Mungall
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Caralyn Reisle
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Morgan H. Bye
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Nina Thiessen
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Dustin Bleile
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mungall
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Yussanne P. Ma
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Martin R. Jones
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Daniel J. Renouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Howard J. Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Cheryl Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Marco A. Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, C201–4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - Kasmintan A. Schrader
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Department of Medical Genetics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 614–750 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1H5 Canada
| | - Steven J. M. Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, C201–4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 100–570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
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15
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HLA class I loss in metachronous metastases prevents continuous T cell recognition of mutated neoantigens in a human melanoma model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28312-28327. [PMID: 28423700 PMCID: PMC5438652 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes against tumor-specific mutated neoantigens can induce tumor regression. Also, the size of the immunogenic cancer mutanome is supposed to correlate with the clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Herein, we studied the susceptibility of tumor cell lines from lymph node metastases occurring in a melanoma patient over several years towards blood-derived, neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In contrast to a cell line established during early stage III disease, all cell lines generated at later time points from stage IV metastases exhibited partial or complete loss of HLA class I expression. Whole exome and transcriptome sequencing of the four tumor lines and a germline control were applied to identify expressed somatic single nucleotide substitutions (SNS), insertions and deletions (indels). Candidate peptides encoded by these variants and predicted to bind to the patient's HLA class I alleles were synthesized and tested for recognition by autologous mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTCs). Peptides from four mutated proteins, HERPUD1G161S, INSIG1S238F, MMS22LS437F and PRDM10S1050F, were recognized by MLTC responders and MLTC-derived T cell clones restricted by HLA-A*24:02 or HLA-B*15:01. Intracellular peptide processing was verified with transfectants. All four neoantigens could only be targeted on the cell line generated during early stage III disease. HLA loss variants of any kind were uniformly resistant. These findings corroborate that, although neoantigens represent attractive therapeutic targets, they also contribute to the process of cancer immunoediting as a serious limitation to specific T cell immunotherapy.
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16
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Chen L, Aria AB, Silapunt S, Lee HH, Migden MR. Treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma with sonidegib: perspective from the 30-month update of the BOLT trial. Future Oncol 2018; 14:515-525. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonidegib, a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma which cannot be readily treated with surgery or radiotherapy. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sonidegib will be discussed in this review. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of the BOLT trial and data from the 30-month update will be included. This will serve as an update to a previously published article which reported the 12-month update of the BOLT trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander B Aria
- The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Michael R Migden
- Departments of Dermatology & Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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miR-7 reverses the resistance to BRAFi in melanoma by targeting EGFR/IGF-1R/CRAF and inhibiting the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53558-53570. [PMID: 27448964 PMCID: PMC5288205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are attractive therapeutic targets for various therapy-resistant tumors. However, the association between miRNA and BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma remains to be elucidated. We used microarray analysis to comprehensively study the miRNA expression profiling of vemurafenib resistant (VemR) A375 melanoma cells in relation to parental A375 melanoma cells. MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) was identified to be the most significantly down-regulated miRNA in VemR A375 melanoma cells. We also found that miR-7 was down-regulated in Mel-CVR cells (vemurafenib resistant Mel-CV melanoma cells). Reestablishment of miR-7 expression could reverse the resistance of both cells to vemurafenib. We showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and CRAF were over-expressed in VemR A375 melanoma cells. Introduction of miR-7 mimics could markedly decrease the expressions of EGFR, IGF-1R and CRAF and further suppressed the activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway in VemR A375 melanoma cells. Furthermore, tumor growth was inhibited in an in vivo murine VemR A375 melanoma tumor model transfected with miR-7 mimics. Collectively, our study demonstrated that miR-7 could reverse the resistance to BRAF inhibitors in certain vemurafenib resistant melanoma cell lines. It could advance the field and provide the basis for further studies in BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma.
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18
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Kansal RG, McCravy MS, Basham JH, Earl JA, McMurray SL, Starner CJ, Whitt MA, Albritton LM. Inhibition of melanocortin 1 receptor slows melanoma growth, reduces tumor heterogeneity and increases survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26331-45. [PMID: 27028866 PMCID: PMC5041983 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma risk is increased in patients with mutations of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) yet the basis for the increased risk remains unknown. Here we report in vivo evidence supporting a critical role for MC1R in regulating melanoma tumor growth and determining overall survival time. Inhibition of MC1R by its physiologically relevant competitive inhibitor, agouti signaling protein (ASIP), reduced melanin synthesis and morphological heterogeneity in murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. In the lungs of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, mCherry-marked, ASIP-secreting lung tumors inhibited MC1R on neighboring tumors lacking ASIP in a dose dependent manner as evidenced by a proportional loss of pigment in tumors from mice injected with 1:1, 3:1 and 4:1 mixtures of parental B16-F10 to ASIP-expressing tumor cells. ASIP-expressing B16-F10 cells formed poorly pigmented tumors in vivo that correlated with a 20% longer median survival than those bearing parental B16-F10 tumors (p=0.0005). Mice injected with 1:1 mixtures also showed survival benefit (p=0.0054), whereas injection of a 4:1 mixture showed no significant difference in survival. The longer survival time of mice bearing ASIP-expressing tumors correlated with a significantly slower growth rate than parental B16-F10 tumors as judged by quantification of numbers of tumors and total tumor load (p=0.0325), as well as a more homogeneous size and morphology of ASIP-expressing lung tumors. We conclude that MC1R plays an important role in regulating melanoma growth and morphology. Persistent inhibition of MC1R provided a significant survival advantage resulting in part from slower tumor growth, establishing MC1R as a compelling new molecular target for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita G Kansal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Matthew S McCravy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jacob H Basham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Joshua A Earl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Stacy L McMurray
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Chelsey J Starner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Michael A Whitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lorraine M Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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19
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Goedert L, Pereira CG, Roszik J, Plaça JR, Cardoso C, Chen G, Deng W, Yennu-Nanda VG, Silva WA, Davies MA, Espreafico EM. RMEL3, a novel BRAFV600E-associated long noncoding RNA, is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36711-36718. [PMID: 27167340 PMCID: PMC5095033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work identified RMEL3 as a lncRNA with enriched expression in melanoma. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data confirmed RMEL3 enriched expression in melanoma and demonstrated its association with the presence of BRAFV600E. RMEL3 siRNA-mediated silencing markedly reduced (95%) colony formation in different BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines. Multiple genes of the MAPK and PI3K pathways found to be correlated with RMEL3 in TCGA samples were experimentally confirmed. RMEL3 knockdown led to downregulation of activators or effectors of these pathways, including FGF2, FGF3, DUSP6, ITGB3 and GNG2. RMEL3 knockdown induces gain of protein levels of tumor suppressor PTEN and the G1/S cyclin-Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27, as well as a decrease of pAKT (T308), BRAF, pRB (S807, S811) and cyclin B1. Consistently, knockdown resulted in an accumulation of cells in G1 phase and subG0/G1 in an asynchronously growing population. Thus, TCGA data and functional experiments demonstrate that RMEL3 is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling, and its knockdown decrease BRAFV600E melanoma cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Goedert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano G Pereira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Clinical Oncology, Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele Cardoso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vashisht Gopal Yennu-Nanda
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wilson A Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Center for Integrative System Biology (CISBi-NAP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael A Davies
- Clinical Oncology, Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enilza M Espreafico
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Duan H, Jiang K, Wei D, Zhang L, Cheng D, Lv M, Xu Y, He A. Identification of epigenetically altered genes and potential gene targets in melanoma using bioinformatic methods. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 11:9-15. [PMID: 29302192 PMCID: PMC5741985 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s146663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze epigenetically and genetically altered genes in melanoma to get a better understanding of the molecular circuitry of melanoma and identify potential gene targets for the treatment of melanoma. The microarray data of GSE31879, including mRNA expression profiles (seven melanoma and four melanocyte samples) and DNA methylation profiles (seven melanoma and five melanocyte samples), were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were screened using the linear models for microarray data (limma) package in melanoma compared with melanocyte samples. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs were carried out using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Moreover, differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were identified, and a transcriptional regulatory network was constructed using the University of California Santa Cruz genome browser database. A total of 1,215 DEGs (199 upregulated and 1,016 downregulated) and 14,094 DMPs (10,450 upregulated and 3,644 downregulated) were identified in melanoma compared with melanocyte samples. Additionally, the upregulated and downregulated DEGs were significantly associated with different GO terms and pathways, such as pigment cell differentiation, biosynthesis, and metabolism. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulatory network showed that DMGs such as Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX), damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), and myelin basic protein (MBP) had higher node degrees. Our results showed that several methylated genes (ARX, DDB2, and MBP) may be involved in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Duan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Wei
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Deliang Cheng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuben Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin He
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Olsen C, Wilson L, Green A, Biswas N, Loyalka J, Whiteman D. How many melanomas might be prevented if more people applied sunscreen regularly? Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:140-147. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Olsen
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Public Health Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - L.F. Wilson
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - A.C. Green
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Public Health Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
- Cancer Research U.K. Manchester Institute and University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester U.K
| | - N. Biswas
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - J. Loyalka
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - D.C. Whiteman
- Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute 300 Herston Road Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Public Health Herston Queensland 4006 Australia
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Germline mutations in DNA repair genes predispose asbestos-exposed patients to malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Lett 2017; 405:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) #162200) is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome. Heritable constitutional mutations in the NF1 gene result in dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and are causative of NF1. The major known function of the NF1 gene product neurofibromin is to downregulate RAS. NF1 exhibits variable clinical expression and is characterized by benign cutaneous lesions including neurofibromas and café-au-lait macules, as well as a predisposition to various types of malignancy, such as breast cancer and leukaemia. However, acquired somatic mutations in NF1 are also found in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms that are not associated with NF1. Main body Capitalizing upon the availability of next-generation sequencing data from cancer genomes and exomes, we review current knowledge of somatic NF1 mutations in a wide variety of tumours occurring at a number of different sites: breast, colorectum, urothelium, lung, ovary, skin, brain and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as leukaemias, in an attempt to understand their broader role and significance, and with a view ultimately to exploiting this in a diagnostic and therapeutic context. Conclusion As neurofibromin activity is a key to regulating the RAS/MAPK pathway, NF1 mutations are important in the acquisition of drug resistance, to BRAF, EGFR inhibitors, tamoxifen and retinoic acid in melanoma, lung and breast cancers and neuroblastoma. Other curiosities are observed, such as a high rate of somatic NF1 mutation in cutaneous melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma and glioblastoma which are not usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Somatic NF1 mutations may be critical drivers in multiple cancers. The mutational landscape of somatic NF1 mutations should provide novel insights into our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer. The identification of high frequency of somatic NF1 mutations in sporadic tumours indicates that neurofibromin is likely to play a critical role in development, far beyond that evident in the tumour predisposition syndrome NF1.
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Olsen CM, Wilson LF, Green AC, Biswas N, Loyalka J, Whiteman DC. Prevention of DNA damage in human skin by topical sunscreens. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 33:135-142. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Olsen
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
- School of Public Health; the University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Louise F. Wilson
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Adèle C. Green
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
- School of Public Health; the University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Neela Biswas
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Juhi Loyalka
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
- School of Public Health; the University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
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Koulermou G, Shammas C, Vassiliou A, Kyriakides TC, Costi C, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA, Pantelidou M. CDKN2A and MC1R variants found in Cypriot patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. J Genet 2017; 96:155-160. [PMID: 28360400 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of genetic variants associated to cutaneous melanoma (CM) has never been determined within Cypriot melanomas. This study evaluates the frequency of variants in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) in 32 patients diagnosed with CM. Other characteristics and risk factors were also assessed. CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr was detected in three of 32 patients, while the control group revealed no variations within CDKN2A. MC1R screening in 32 patients revealed the following variations: p.Val60Leu in 11 patients, p.Arg142His in four patients, p.Thr314Thr in one patient, p.Arg160Trp in one patient, p.Val92Met/p.Thr314Thr in one patient and p.Val92Met/p.Arg142His/p.Thr314Thr in one patient. The control group revealed only p.Val60Leu (in 10 of 45 individuals), which is frequently found in general populations. Two unrelated patients carried CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr in combination with MC1R p.Arg142His, suggesting digenic inheritance that may provide evidence of different gene variants acting synergistically to contribute for CM development. This study confirms the presence of CDKN2A and MC1R variants among Cypriot melanomas and supports existing evidence of a role for these variants in susceptibility to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Koulermou
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus.
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Inzelberg R, Flash S, Friedman E, Azizi E. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and Parkinson disease: Common pathways? Ann Neurol 2016; 80:811-820. [PMID: 27761938 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in Parkinson disease (PD) are unclear, but plausibly involve common pathways. 129Ser-phosphorylated α-synuclein, a pathological PD hallmark, is abundantly expressed in CMM, but not in normal skin. In inherited PD, PARK genes harbor germline mutations; the same genes are somatically mutated in CMM, or their encoded proteins are involved in melanomagenesis. Conversely, genes associated with CMM affect PD risk. PD/CMM-targeted cells share neural crest origin and melanogenesis capability. Pigmentation gene variants may underlie their susceptibility. We review putative genetic intersections that may be suggestive of shared pathways in neurodegeneration/melanomagenesis. Ann Neurol 2016;80:811-820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Inzelberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
| | - Shira Flash
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Chen L, Silapunt S, Migden MR. Sonidegib for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma: a comprehensive review of sonidegib and the BOLT trial with 12-month update. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2095-105. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog inhibitors are promising alternative for patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma that are not amenable to radiotherapy or surgery. Sonidegib, also known as LDE225, is an orally available SMO antagonist that was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. This article will provide an overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sonidegib and in-depth analysis of the BOLT trial with additional data from the 12-month update. The present challenges associated with Hedgehog inhibitors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Migden
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Dermatology & Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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CDKN2A and BAP1 germline mutations predispose to melanoma and mesothelioma. Cancer Lett 2016; 378:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sondermann W, Zimmer L, Schadendorf D, Roesch A, Klode J, Dissemond J. Initial misdiagnosis of melanoma located on the foot is associated with poorer prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4332. [PMID: 27442685 PMCID: PMC5265802 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Acral melanoma has been reported to be associated with poorer outcomes than melanoma occurring on other cutaneous sites. It has been suggested that part of this disparity in outcomes may be related to delay in diagnosis. Therefore, we have analyzed the rate of misdiagnoses in patients with melanoma located on the foot and have characterized the influence on the clinical course and survival of the patients. A prospective, computerized melanoma database at the Skin Cancer Center of the University Hospital Essen, Germany was used to identify patients with histologically confirmed melanoma located on the foot between 2002 and July 2013 for subsequent analysis. A cohort of 151 patients diagnosed with primary melanoma located on the foot was identified. One hundred seven patients qualified for subsequent analysis. Forty-two patients were male (39.3%) and 65 (60.7%) were female; the mean age at first diagnosis was 61.6 years (median 66 years). The youngest patient was 19 years, the oldest 88 years old.Of the 107 patients analyzed, 32 (30%) were initially misdiagnosed. Misdiagnoses included chronic wounds, nevi, hematoma, fungal infections, warts, and paronychia. Misdiagnosis caused a median delay in diagnosis of 9 months. The 5-year disease-free survival rate (47.8% vs 72.7%) and the 5-year overall survival rate (63.5% vs 88.4%) were statistically significant lower in the misdiagnosis cohort.The awareness of potentially overlooked melanoma located on the foot has to increase among physicians.To improve early detection and, thus, the prognosis of patients with melanoma located on the foot, taking a biopsy from any suspicious lesion should be taken into consideration as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Sondermann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University School of Medicine Essen-Duisburg, Essen, Germany
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Inzelberg R, Samuels Y, Azizi E, Qutob N, Inzelberg L, Domany E, Schechtman E, Friedman E. Parkinson disease (PARK) genes are somatically mutated in cutaneous melanoma. Neurol Genet 2016; 2:e70. [PMID: 27123489 PMCID: PMC4832432 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether Parkinson disease (PD) genes are somatically mutated in cutaneous melanoma (CM) tissue, because CM occurs in patients with PD at higher rates than in the general population and PD is more common than expected in CM cohorts. METHODS We cross-referenced somatic mutations in metastatic CM detected by whole-exome sequencing with the 15 known PD (PARK) genes. We computed the empirical distribution of the sum of mutations in each gene (Smut) and of the number of tissue samples in which a given gene was mutated at least once (SSampl) for each of the analyzable genes, determined the 90th and 95th percentiles of the empirical distributions of these sums, and verified the location of PARK genes in these distributions. Identical analyses were applied to adenocarcinoma of lung (ADENOCA-LUNG) and squamous cell carcinoma of lung (SQUAMCA-LUNG). We also analyzed the distribution of the number of mutated PARK genes in CM samples vs the 2 lung cancers. RESULTS Somatic CM mutation analysis (n = 246) detected 315,914 mutations in 18,758 genes. Somatic CM mutations were found in 14 of 15 PARK genes. Forty-eight percent of CM samples carried ≥1 PARK mutation and 25% carried multiple PARK mutations. PARK8 mutations occurred above the 95th percentile of the empirical distribution for SMut and SSampl. Significantly more CM samples harbored multiple PARK gene mutations compared with SQUAMCA-LUNG (p = 0.0026) and with ADENOCA-LUNG (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The overrepresentation of somatic PARK mutations in CM suggests shared dysregulated pathways for CM and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Inzelberg
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nouar Qutob
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Lilah Inzelberg
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eytan Domany
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Edna Schechtman
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Department of Neurology (R.I.), Department of Dermatology (E.A.), Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (R.I.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Y.S., N.Q.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; The Sagol School of Neuroscience (L.I.), Tel Aviv University; Department of Physics of Complex Systems (E.D.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (E.S.), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit (E.F.), Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine (E.F.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Spoerri L, Brooks K, Chia K, Grossman G, Ellis JJ, Dahmer-Heath M, Škalamera D, Pavey S, Burmeister B, Gabrielli B. A novel ATM-dependent checkpoint defect distinct from loss of function mutation promotes genomic instability in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:329-39. [PMID: 26854966 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas have high levels of genomic instability that can contribute to poor disease prognosis. Here, we report a novel defect of the ATM-dependent cell cycle checkpoint in melanoma cell lines that promotes genomic instability. In defective cells, ATM signalling to CHK2 is intact, but the cells are unable to maintain the cell cycle arrest due to elevated PLK1 driving recovery from the arrest. Reducing PLK1 activity recovered the ATM-dependent checkpoint arrest, and over-expressing PLK1 was sufficient to overcome the checkpoint arrest and increase genomic instability. Loss of the ATM-dependent checkpoint did not affect sensitivity to ionizing radiation demonstrating that this defect is distinct from ATM loss of function mutations. The checkpoint defective melanoma cell lines over-express PLK1, and a significant proportion of melanomas have high levels of PLK1 over-expression suggesting this defect is a common feature of melanomas. The inability of ATM to impose a cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage increases genomic instability. This work also suggests that the ATM-dependent checkpoint arrest is likely to be defective in a higher proportion of cancers than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Spoerri
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kelly Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - KeeMing Chia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gavriel Grossman
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Ellis
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mareike Dahmer-Heath
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Dubravka Škalamera
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Sandra Pavey
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Bryan Burmeister
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Division of Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Low numbers of tryptase+ and chymase+ mast cells associated with reduced survival and advanced tumor stage in melanoma. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:479-85. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Metastatic melanoma treatment: Combining old and new therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:242-53. [PMID: 26616525 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer characterised by poor prognosis and a complex etiology. Until 2010, the treatment options for metastatic melanoma were very limited. Largely ineffective dacarbazine, temozolamide or fotemustine were the only agents in use for 35 years. In recent years, the development of molecularly targeted inhibitors in parallel with the development of checkpoint inhibition immunotherapies has rapidly improved the outcomes for metastatic melanoma patients. Despite these new therapies showing initial promise; resistance and poor duration of response have limited their effectiveness as monotherapies. Here we provide an overview of the history of melanoma treatment, as well as the current treatments in development. We also discuss the future of melanoma treatment as we go beyond monotherapies to a combinatorial approach. Combining older therapies with the new molecular and immunotherapies will be the most promising way forward for treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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van der Weyden L, Patton EE, Wood GA, Foote AK, Brenn T, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Cross-species models of human melanoma. J Pathol 2015; 238:152-65. [PMID: 26354726 PMCID: PMC4832391 DOI: 10.1002/path.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although transformation of melanocytes to melanoma is rare, the rapid growth, systemic spread, as well as the chemoresistance of melanoma present significant challenges for patient care. Here we review animal models of melanoma, including murine, canine, equine, and zebrafish models, and detail the immense contribution these models have made to our knowledge of human melanoma development, and to melanocyte biology. We also highlight the opportunities for cross-species comparative genomic studies of melanoma to identify the key molecular events that drive this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alastair K Foote
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
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35
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Saito RDF, Tortelli TC, Jacomassi MD, Otake AH, Chammas R. Emerging targets for combination therapy in melanomas. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3438-48. [PMID: 26450371 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanomas are often difficult to treat when diagnosed in advanced stages. Melanoma cells adapt to survive in extreme environmental conditions and are among the tumors with larger genomic instability. Here we discuss some intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of resistance of melanoma cells to both conventional and target therapies, such as autophagy, adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum stress, metabolic reprogramming, mechanisms of tumor repopulation and the role of extracellular vesicles in this later phenomenon. These biological processes are potentially targetable and thus provide a platform for research and discovery of new drugs for combination therapy to manage melanoma patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Freitas Saito
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Dept. of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tharcísio Citrângulo Tortelli
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Dept. of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara D'Auria Jacomassi
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Dept. of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Hanada Otake
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Dept. of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Dept. of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil.
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36
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Lyu J, Wu Y, Li C, Wang R, Song H, Ren G, Guo W. Mutation scanning of BRAF
,NRAS
,KIT,
and GNAQ
/GNA11
in oral mucosal melanoma: a study of 57 cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:295-301. [PMID: 26399561 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Lyu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yunteng Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Chaojun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Runxiang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Hao Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Guoxin Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology; Ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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37
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Barón AE, Asdigian NL, Gonzalez V, Aalborg J, Terzian T, Stiegmann RA, Torchia EC, Berwick M, Dellavalle RP, Morelli JG, Mokrohisky ST, Crane LA, Box NF. Interactions between ultraviolet light and MC1R and OCA2 variants are determinants of childhood nevus and freckle phenotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2829-39. [PMID: 25410285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic nevi (moles) and freckles are well known biomarkers of melanoma risk, and they are influenced by similar UV light exposures and genetic susceptibilities to those that increase melanoma risk. Nevertheless, the selective interactions between UV exposures and nevus and freckling genes remain largely undescribed. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study from ages 6 through 10 years in 477 Colorado children who had annual information collected for sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and full body skin exams. MC1R and HERC2/OCA2 rs12913832 were genotyped and linear mixed models were used to identify main and interaction effects. RESULTS All measures of sun exposure (chronic, sunburns, and waterside vacations) contributed to total nevus counts, and cumulative chronic exposure acted as the major driver of nevus development. Waterside vacations strongly increased total nevus counts in children with rs12913832 blue eye color alleles and facial freckling scores in those with MC1R red hair color variants. Sunburns increased the numbers of larger nevi (≥2 mm) in subjects with certain MC1R and rs12913832 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Complex interactions between different UV exposure profiles and genotype combinations determine nevus numbers and size, and the degree of facial freckling. IMPACT Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing sun-protective behavior in childhood regardless of genetic make-up, although children with particular genetic variants may benefit from specifically targeted preventive measures to counteract their inherent risk of melanoma. Moreover, we demonstrate, for the first time, that longitudinal studies are a highly powered tool to uncover new gene-environment interactions that increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Barón
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nancy L Asdigian
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jenny Aalborg
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Regan A Stiegmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Enrique C Torchia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Division of Epidemiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph G Morelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Lori A Crane
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Abstract
Public perception and anxiety of familial cancer have increased demands for clinical counseling, which may be well equipped for gene testing but less prepared for counseling of the large domain of familial cancer with unknown genetic background. The aim of the present study was to highlight the full scope of familial cancer and the variable levels of risk that need to be considered. Data on the 25 most common cancers were obtained from the Swedish Family Cancer Database and a Poisson regression model was applied to estimate relative risks (RR) distinguishing between family histories of single or multiple affected first-degree relatives and their diagnostic ages. For all cancers, individual risks were significantly increased if a parent or a sibling had a concordant cancer. While the RRs were around 2.00 for most cancers, risks were up to 10-fold increased for some cancers. Familial risks were even higher when multiple relatives were affected. Although familial risks were highest at ages below 60 years, most familial cases were diagnosed at older ages. The results emphasized the value of a detailed family history as a readily available tool for individualized counseling and its preventive potential for a large domain of non-syndromatic familial cancers.
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Abstract
The 2014 joint meeting of the International Society for Cellular Oncology (ISCO) and the European Workshop on Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics of Solid Tumors (EWCMST), organized by Nick Gilbert, Juan Cigudosa and Bauke Ylstra, was held from 11 to 14 May in Malaga, Spain. Since the previous meeting in 2012, the ever increasing availability of new sequencing technologies has enabled the analysis of cancer genomes at an increasingly greater detail. In addition to structural changes in the genome (i.e., translocations, deletions, amplifications), frequent mutations in important regulatory genes have been found to occur, as also frequent alterations in a large number of epigenetic factors. The challenge now is to relate structural changes in cancer genomes to the underlying disease mechanisms and to reveal opportunities for the design of novel (targeted) therapies. During the meeting, various topics related to these challenges and opportunities were addressed, including those dealing with functional genomics, genome instability, biomarkers and diagnostics, cancer genetics and epigenomics. Special attention was paid to therapy-driven cancer evolution (keynote lecture) and relationships between DNA repair, cancer and ageing (Prof. Ploem lecture). Based on the information presented at the meeting, several aspects of the cancer genome and its functional implications are provided in this report.
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40
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Antonopoulou K, Stefanaki I, Lill CM, Chatzinasiou F, Kypreou KP, Karagianni F, Athanasiadis E, Spyrou GM, Ioannidis JPA, Bertram L, Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Updated field synopsis and systematic meta-analyses of genetic association studies in cutaneous melanoma: the MelGene database. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1074-1079. [PMID: 25407435 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We updated a field synopsis of genetic associations of cutaneous melanoma (CM) by systematically retrieving and combining data from all studies in the field published as of August 31, 2013. Data were available from 197 studies, which included 83,343 CM cases and 187,809 controls and reported on 1,126 polymorphisms in 289 different genes. Random-effects meta-analyses of 81 eligible polymorphisms evaluated in >4 data sets confirmed 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 10 loci (TYR, AFG3L1P, CDK10, MYH7B, SLC45A2, MTAP, ATM, CLPTM1L, FTO, and CASP8) that have previously been published with genome-wide significant evidence for association (P<5 × 10(-8)) with CM risk, with certain variants possibly functioning as proxies of already tagged genes. Four other loci (MITF, CCND1, MX2, and PLA2G6) were also significantly associated with 5 × 10(-8)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Antonopoulou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina M Lill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina P Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fani Karagianni
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Athanasiadis
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George M Spyrou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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41
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Abstract
Exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has both risks and benefits for human health. Absorption of UV-B radiation by DNA results in mutations that underlie the development of skin cancers, as is apparent from genetic studies showing high occurrence of UV signature mutations within these tumors. UV-B radiation is also absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol to initiate vitamin D synthesis. In experimental studies vitamin D metabolites enhance apoptosis of malignant cells, inhibit angiogenesis and proliferation and increase differentiation, potentially reducing skin cancer development and improving prognosis after diagnosis. There are some supporting human data. We review the links between sun exposure, vitamin D and skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Wyatt
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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42
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Lee KC, Higgins HW, Qureshi AA. Familial risk of melanoma and links with other cancers. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:83-89. [PMID: 30190834 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic risk factors for melanoma are complex and involve both familial and environmental components. Of the thousands of melanomas diagnosed each year, only a fraction are due to familial causes. These melanomas typically present in younger individuals, and may be associated with genetic factors that put these individuals at risk for other tumors. CDKN2A and CDK4 are the most well-characterized mutations, as they have been identified in up to 40% of familial melanomas. Individuals with CDKN2A are also at risk for pancreatic cancer. The BRCA2 mutation has also been implicated in familial melanomas, breast and ovarian cancer. The BAP1, TERC and POT1 mutations are associated with melanomas and several other familial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kachiu C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - H William Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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43
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Alegre E, Sammamed M, Fernández-Landázuri S, Zubiri L, González Á. Circulating biomarkers in malignant melanoma. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:47-89. [PMID: 25934359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumor with increasing incidence worldwide. Biomarkers are valuable tools to minimize the cost and improve efficacy of treatment of this deadly disease. Serological markers have not widely been introduced in routine clinical practice due to their insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. It is likely that the lack of objective responses with traditional treatment hinder biomarker research and development in melanoma. Recently, new drugs and therapies have, however, emerged in advanced melanoma with noticeable objective response ratio and survival. In this new scenario, serological tumor markers should be revisited. In addition, other potential circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, exosomes, microRNA, and circulating tumor cells have also been identified. In this review, we summarize classical and emerging tumor markers and discuss their possible roles in emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Alegre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sammamed
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Leyre Zubiri
- Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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44
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Hosler GA, Davoli T, Mender I, Litzner B, Choi J, Kapur P, Shay JW, Wang RC. A primary melanoma and its asynchronous metastasis highlight the role of BRAF, CDKN2A, and TERT. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:108-17. [PMID: 25407517 PMCID: PMC4470704 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in pathways including BRAF, CDKN2A, and TERT contribute to the development of melanoma, but the sequence in which the genetic alterations occur and their prognostic significance remains unclear. To clarify the role of these pathways, we analyzed a primary melanoma and its metastasis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for BRAF-V600E, Sanger sequencing of BRAF and the TERT promoter, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and telomere analyses were performed on a primary melanoma and its asynchronous cerebellar metastasis. Using the log-rank test and Cox-proportional model, the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) cohort of melanomas was analyzed for the effect of BRAF mutation and CDKN2A loss on survival. RESULTS The primary melanoma expressed mutant BRAF-V600E and possessed a homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. In addition to these early defects, the metastatic lesion also possessed evidence of aneuploidy and an activating mutation of the TERT promoter. In the TCGA melanoma cohort, there was a non-significant trend toward poor prognosis in early stage cutaneous melanoma patients with concomitant BRAF mutation and CDKN2A loss. CONCLUSION BRAF mutation and CDKN2A loss occurred early and TERT promoter mutation later in a case of lethal metastatic melanoma. The effects of these pathways on survival warrant further investigation in early stage cutaneous melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Hosler
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- ProPath, Dallas, TX
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Teresa Davoli
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ilgen Mender
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Brandon Litzner
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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45
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Lucas RM, Norval M, Neale RE, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC. The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:53-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion, climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health
- The Australian National University
- Canberra 2601
- Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute
| | - M. Norval
- Biomedical Sciences
- University of Edinburgh Medical School
- Edinburgh EH8 9AG
- UK
| | - R. E. Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane 4029
- Australia
| | - A. R. Young
- King's College London (KCL)
- St John's Institute of Dermatology
- London SE1 9RT
- UK
| | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology
- Leiden University Medical Centre
- NL-2300 RC Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Akita Prefecture
- Japan
- National Institute for Minamata Diseases
- Kumamoto Prefecture
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46
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Recent advances in targeted nanoparticles drug delivery to melanoma. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:769-94. [PMID: 25555352 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers, notorious for its high multidrug resistance and low survival rate. Conventional therapies (e.g., dacarbazine, interferon-alpha-2b and interleukin-2) are limited by low response rate and demonstrate no overall survival benefit. Novel targeted therapies (e.g., vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib) have higher initial response rate and clear impact on the overall survival, but relapse usually occurs within 6 to 9 months. Although immunotherapy (e.g., ipilimumab, pembrolizumab and nivolumab) can achieve long-term and durable response, rate of adverse events is extremely high. With the development of nanotechnology, the applications of nanocarriers are widely expected to change the landscape of melanoma therapy for foreseeable future. In this review, we will relate recent advances in the application of multifunctional nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to melanoma, in melanoma nanotheranostics and combination therapy, and nanopharmaceutical associated melanoma clinical trials, followed by challenges and perspectives. From the clinical editor: The team of authors describes the current treatment regimes of malignant melanoma emphasizing the importance of achieving a better efficacy and the need to develop a better understanding of melanoma tumorigenesis.
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47
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Avril MF, Bahadoran P, Cabaret O, Caron O, de la Fouchardière A, Demenais F, Desjardins L, Frébourg T, Hammel P, Leccia MT, Lesueur F, Mahé E, Martin L, Maubec E, Remenieras A, Richard S, Robert C, Soufir N, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Thomas L, Vabres P, Bressac-de Paillerets B. [Recommendations for genetic testing and management of individuals genetically at-risk of cutaneous melanoma]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 142:26-36. [PMID: 25600792 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a multifactorial disease resulting from both environmental and genetic factors. Five susceptibility genes have been identified over the past years, comprising high-risk susceptibility genes (CDKN2A, CDK4, and BAP1 genes) and intermediate-risk susceptibility genes (MITF, and MC1R genes). The aim of this expert consensus was to define clinical contexts justifying genetic analyses, to describe the conduct of these analyses, and to propose surveillance recommendations. Given the regulatory constraints, it is recommended that dermatologists work in tandem with a geneticist. Genetic analysis may be prescribed when at least two episodes of histologically proven invasive cutaneous melanoma have been diagnosed before the age of 75 years in two 1st or 2nd degree relatives or in the same individual. The occurrence in the same individual or in a relative of invasive cutaneous melanoma with ocular melanoma, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, mesothelioma or a central nervous system tumour are also indications for genetic testing. Management is based upon properly managed photoprotection and dermatological monitoring according to genetic status. Finally, depending on the mutated gene and the familial history, associated tumour risks require specific management (e.g. ocular melanoma, pancreatic cancer). Due to the rapid progress in genetics, these recommendations will need to be updated regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Avril
- Service de dermatologie, groupe hospitalier Cochin-Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, AP-HP, pavillon Tarnier, 89, rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France
| | - P Bahadoran
- Inserm U895, service de dermatologie, hôpital Archet 2, CHU, 151, route Saint-Antoine-Ginestiere, BP 79, 06200 Nice cedex 3, France
| | - O Cabaret
- Service de génétique, département de biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France
| | - O Caron
- Consultation d'oncogénétique, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - A de la Fouchardière
- Département de biopathologie, centre Léon-Bérard, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - F Demenais
- Inserm, UMR946, variabilité génétique et maladies humaines, fondation Jean-Dausset, CEPH, 27, rue Juliette-Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
| | - L Desjardins
- Service d'ophtalmologie, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - T Frébourg
- Inserm U1079, service de génétique, CHU de Rouen, IRIB, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex, France
| | - P Hammel
- Service de gastro-entérologie-pancréatologie, hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 100, boulevard du Général-Leclerc, 92118 Clichy cedex, France
| | - M-T Leccia
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - F Lesueur
- Inserm U900, équipe épidémiologie génétique des cancers, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - E Mahé
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Victor-Dupouy, 69, rue du Lieutenant-Colonel-Prud'hon, 95107 Argenteuil cedex, France
| | - L Martin
- Service de dermatologie, CHU d'Angers, université d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - E Maubec
- Inserm, UMR946, variabilité génétique et maladies humaines, fondation Jean-Dausset, CEPH, 27, rue Juliette-Dodu, 75010 Paris, France; Service de dermatologie, hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - A Remenieras
- Département d'oncologie génétique, institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232, boulevard Saint-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - S Richard
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Bicêtre, Centre expert national cancers rares INCa PREDIR, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France
| | - C Robert
- Service de dermatologie, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - N Soufir
- Inserm U976, laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, unité fonctionnelle de génétique, hôpital Xavier-Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, Paris 7 université, 75018 Paris, France
| | - D Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Inserm U830, service de génétique, département de biologie des tumeurs, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - L Thomas
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, université Lyon 1, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
| | - P Vabres
- Service de dermatologie, CHU de Dijon, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - B Bressac-de Paillerets
- Service de génétique, département de biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France.
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48
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Law MH, Rowe CJ, Montgomery GW, Hayward NK, MacGregor S, Khosrotehrani K. PARP1 polymorphisms play opposing roles in melanoma occurrence and survival. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2488-9. [PMID: 25331333 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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49
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Akhbari P, Whitehouse A, Boyne JR. Long non-coding RNAs drive metastatic progression in melanoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2181-6. [PMID: 25269471 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is the leading cause of skin-cancer related deaths and while in recent years some progress has been made with targeted therapies, there remains an urgent unmet need for novel therapeutic treatments and reliable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. The emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS) has seen a growing appreciation for the role played by non-coding genomic transcripts in regulating gene expression and by extension impacting on disease progression. The long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the most enigmatic of these new regulatory molecules. Our understanding of how lncRNAs regulate biological functions and their importance to disease aetiology, while still limited, is rapidly improving, in particular with regards to their role in cancer. Herein we review the identification of several lncRNAs shown to impact on melanoma disease progression and discuss how these molecules are operating at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Akhbari
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James R Boyne
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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50
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Pergoli L, Favero C, Ruth M. P, Tarantini L, Calista D, Cavalleri T, Angelici L, Consonni D, Pier A. B, Angela C. P, Maria T. L, Bollati V. Blood DNA methylation, nevi number, and the risk of melanoma. Melanoma Res 2014; 24:480-7. [PMID: 25026000 PMCID: PMC6857929 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations determining increased cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) risk have been identified in familial and sporadic CMM cases, but they account only for a small proportion of CMM cases. Recent evidence suggests that germline epimutations (e.g. DNA methylation alterations), which can be inherited similarly to genomic mutations and can be detected in normal body cells (including blood), might increase susceptibility to cancer. The aim of the study was to identify germline epimutations of genes that were found to be mutated in familial CMM (p16, p14, CDK4, MC1R, hTERT), immune and inflammatory genes (ICAM-1, TNFα), DNA mismatch repair gene (MLH1), and repetitive elements (ALU, LINE-1, HERV-w). We measured DNA methylation using bisulfite pyrosequencing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 167 CMM cases and 164 sex-matched and age-matched controls. We used multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate the association between methylation levels and CMM status or presence of dysplastic nevi. We found an association between the risk of CMM and peripheral blood mononuclear cell methylation levels of TNFα [odds ratio (OR)=1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.03-1.18], CDK4 (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.64-0.91), and MLH1 (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.02-1.22). In control participants, the risk of developing dysplastic nevi was associated with methylation levels of TNFα (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.69-0.95), hTERT (OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.82-0.99), and ALU (OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.02-2.39). Epimutations in CMM susceptibility genes and in genes involved in response to oxidative damage are associated with the risk of developing CMM or dysplastic nevi. Further studies measuring methylation levels of these genes in prospectively collected samples are warranted to further elucidate their role in the development and progression of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pergoli
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pfeiffer Ruth M.
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Cavalleri
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Angelici
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Bertazzi Pier A.
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pesatori Angela C.
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Landi Maria T.
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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