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Suvarna K, Jayabal P, Ma X, Wang H, Chen Y, Weintraub ST, Han X, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. Ceramide-induced cleavage of GPR64 intracellular domain drives Ewing sarcoma. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114497. [PMID: 39024100 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue in children and young adults primarily driven by the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein, which has been undruggable. Here, we report that Ewing sarcoma depends on secreted sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1), a ceramide-generating enzyme, and ceramide. We find that G-protein-coupled receptor 64 (GPR64)/adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) responds to ceramide and mediates critical growth signaling in Ewing sarcoma. We show that ceramide induces the cleavage of the C-terminal intracellular domain of GPR64, which translocates to the nucleus and restrains the protein levels of RIF1 in a manner dependent on SPOP, a substrate adaptor of the Cullin3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase. We demonstrate that both SMPD1 and GPR64 are transcriptional targets of EWS-FLI1, indicating that SMPD1 and GPR64 are EWS-FLI1-induced cytokine-receptor dependencies. These results reveal the SMPD1-ceramide-GPR64 pathway, which drives Ewing sarcoma growth and is amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthi Suvarna
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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2
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Sakhrekar R, Iorio C, Yoon S, Monjardino MP, Lewis S, Gray R. Philosophies And Surgical Techniques for Ewing's Sarcoma of Spine with Review of Literature. J Orthop Case Rep 2024; 14:168-175. [PMID: 38560320 PMCID: PMC10976549 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i03.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignant and aggressive bony tumor affecting the most common age group of 5-20 years. It constitutes 10%-15% of all bone sarcomas and is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma. It usually presents with pain, which is typically constant and progressive in nature. The primary source of pain is due to the instability of the spine to support the weight of the body, the vertebral body's expanding cortices due to the growing mass, compression of nerve roots due to tumour mass, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and invasion of tissue by the tumour mass. Methods We reviewed the literature on Ewing's Sarcoma of the spine to evaluate its etiology, clinical presentations, differential diagnosis, imaging modalities and management with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical management. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Cochrane key articles were searched. Keywords like 'Ewing's Sarcoma,' 'Spine,' 'etiology,' 'treatment,' 'surgical management,' and 'en bloc resection' were used. Discussion The current management of Ewing's sarcoma of the spine usually involves three primary modalities: combination chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. Recent improvements in combination chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide +/- Ifosfamide and etoposide) are among the most significant factors for improving survival. Also, recent advancements in radiotherapy, instrumentation, and fusion techniques in surgical management have been demonstrated to improve local disease control and overall survival. Conclusion Primary Ewing sarcoma of the spine is a rare condition affecting the most common age group of 5-20 years, accounting for 1-3 cases/million/year. About 5 % of cases have spine involvement. Recent improvements in combination chemotherapy have improved the overall survival rates. Enbloc resection and/or radiotherapy have improved local control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Sakhrekar
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlo Iorio
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samuel Yoon
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Lewis
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Randolph Gray
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Children Hospital Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Jayabal P, Ma X, Shiio Y. Roles of USP1 in Ewing sarcoma. Genes Cancer 2024; 15:15-27. [PMID: 38323120 PMCID: PMC10843185 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue in children and young adults that is driven by the EWS-ETS fusion transcription factor, most commonly EWS-FLI1. We previously reported that Ewing sarcoma harbors two populations of cells, the CD133high population displaying higher growth rate and the CD133low population displaying chemotherapy resistance. We now find that the ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) is a transcriptional target of the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein, expressed at high and low levels in the CD133high and the CD133low populations, respectively, and determines chemo-sensitivity. We also find that USP1 inhibits cdc42, increases EWS-FLI1 transcriptional output, and simulates Ewing sarcoma growth. We show that chemo-sensitization by USP1 is independent of cdc42. A pharmacological inhibitor of USP1 was able to activate cdc42 and inhibit Ewing sarcoma growth. These results uncover critical roles for USP1 in Ewing sarcoma, which regulates growth and chemo-sensitivity via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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4
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Mallard HJ, Wan S, Nidhi P, Hanscom-Trofy YD, Mohapatra B, Woods NT, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Llombart-Bosch A, Machado I, Scotlandi K, Kreiling NF, Perry MC, Mirza S, Coulter DW, Band V, Band H, Ghosal G. USP1 Expression Driven by EWS::FLI1 Transcription Factor Stabilizes Survivin and Mitigates Replication Stress in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1186-1204. [PMID: 37478161 PMCID: PMC10618738 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identify USP1 as a transcriptional target of EWS::FLI1 and demonstrate the requisite function of USP1 in Ewing sarcoma (EWS) cell survival in response to endogenous replication stress. EWS::FLI1 oncogenic transcription factor drives most EWS, a pediatric bone cancer. EWS cells display elevated levels of R-loops and replication stress. The mechanism by which EWS cells override activation of apoptosis or cellular senescence in response to increased replication stress is not known. We show that USP1 is overexpressed in EWS and EWS::FLI1 regulates USP1 transcript levels. USP1 knockdown or inhibition arrests EWS cell growth and induces cell death by apoptosis. Mechanistically, USP1 regulates Survivin (BIRC5/API4) protein stability and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7 in response to endogenous replication stress. Notably, USP1 inhibition sensitizes cells to doxorubicin and etoposide treatment. Together, our study demonstrates that USP1 is regulated by EWS::FLI1, the USP1-Survivin axis promotes EWS cell survival, and USP1 inhibition sensitizes cells to standard of care chemotherapy. IMPLICATIONS High USP1 and replication stress levels driven by EWS::FLI1 transcription factor in EWS are vulnerabilities that can be exploited to improve existing treatment avenues and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle J. Mallard
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shibiao Wan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Prakriti Nidhi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yvan D. Hanscom-Trofy
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Bhopal Mohapatra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas T. Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Antonio Llombart-Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología and Patologika Laboratory, Hospital QuironSalud, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Machado
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología and Patologika Laboratory, Hospital QuironSalud, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Natasha F. Kreiling
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Megan C. Perry
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Donald W. Coulter
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gargi Ghosal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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5
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Legrand AJ, Choul-li S, Villeret V, Aumercier M. Poly(ADP-ribose) Polyremase-1 (PARP-1) Inhibition: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for ETS-Expressing Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13454. [PMID: 37686260 PMCID: PMC10487777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ETS transcription factors are a highly conserved family of proteins involved in the progression of many cancers, such as breast and prostate carcinomas, Ewing's sarcoma, and leukaemias. This significant involvement can be explained by their roles at all stages of carcinogenesis progression. Generally, their expression in tumours is associated with a poor prognosis and an aggressive phenotype. Until now, no efficient therapeutic strategy had emerged to specifically target ETS-expressing tumours. Nevertheless, there is evidence that pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a key DNA repair enzyme, specifically sensitises ETS-expressing cancer cells to DNA damage and limits tumour progression by leading some of the cancer cells to death. These effects result from a strong interplay between ETS transcription factors and the PARP-1 enzyme. This review summarises the existing knowledge of this molecular interaction and discusses the promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud J. Legrand
- CNRS, EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.L.); (V.V.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Deter-minants of Aging-Related Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Souhaila Choul-li
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, BP-20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Vincent Villeret
- CNRS, EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.L.); (V.V.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Deter-minants of Aging-Related Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marc Aumercier
- CNRS, EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.J.L.); (V.V.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Deter-minants of Aging-Related Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
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6
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Jain K, Henrich IC, Quick L, Young R, Mondal S, Oliveira AM, Blobel GA, Chou MM. Natural Killer Cell Activation by Ubiquitin-specific Protease 6 Mediates Tumor Suppression in Ewing Sarcoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1615-1627. [PMID: 37615015 PMCID: PMC10443598 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare and deadly pediatric bone cancer for which survival rates and treatment options have stagnated for decades. Ewing sarcoma has not benefited from immunotherapy due to poor understanding of how its immune landscape is regulated. We recently reported that ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6) functions as a tumor suppressor in Ewing sarcoma, and identified it as the first cell-intrinsic factor to modulate the Ewing sarcoma immune tumor microenvironment (TME). USP6 induces intratumoral infiltration and activation of multiple innate immune lineages in xenografted nude mice. Here we report that natural killer (NK) cells are essential for its tumor-inhibitory functions, as NK cell depletion reverses USP6-mediated suppression of Ewing sarcoma xenograft growth. USP6 expression in Ewing sarcoma cells directly stimulates NK cell activation and degranulation in vitro, and functions by increasing surface levels of multiple NK cell-activating ligands. USP6 also induces surface upregulation of the receptor for the apoptosis-inducing ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), providing an additional route for enhanced sensitivity to NK cell killing. Furthermore, USP6-expressing Ewing sarcoma and NK cells participate in a paracrine immunostimulatory feedforward loop, wherein IFNγ secreted by activated NK cells feeds back on USP6/Ewing sarcoma cells to induce synergistic expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Remarkably, expression of USP6 in subcutaneous Ewing sarcoma xenografts induces systemic activation and maturation of NK cells, and induces an abscopal response in which growth of distal tumors is inhibited, coincident with increased infiltration and activation of NK cells. This work reveals how USP6 reprograms the Ewing sarcoma TME to enhance antitumor immunity, and may be exploited for future therapeutic benefit. Significance This study provides novel insights into the immunomodulatory functions of USP6, the only cancer cell-intrinsic factor demonstrated to regulate the immune TME in Ewing sarcoma. We demonstrate that USP6-mediated suppression of Ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis is dependent on NK cells. USP6 directly activates NK cell cytolytic function, inducing both intratumoral and systemic activation of NK cells in an Ewing sarcoma xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Jain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian C. Henrich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Quick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shreya Mondal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andre M. Oliveira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gerd A. Blobel
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret M. Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Alhalabi O, Groisberg R, Zinner R, Hahn AW, Naing A, Zhang S, Tsimberidou AM, Rodon J, Fu S, Yap TA, Hong DS, Sun M, Jiang Y, Pant S, Shah AY, Zurita A, Tannir NM, Vikram R, Roszik J, Meric-Bernstam F, Subbiah V. Phase I study of sapanisertib with carboplatin and paclitaxel in mTOR pathway altered solid malignancies. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:37. [PMID: 37072571 PMCID: PMC10113233 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinically, the mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib restored sensitivity to platinums and enhanced paclitaxel-induced cancer cell killing. NCT03430882 enrolled patients with mTOR pathway aberrant tumors to receive sapanisertib, carboplatin and paclitaxel. Primary objective was safety and secondary objectives were clinical response and survival. One patient had a dose-limiting toxicity at dose level 4. There were no unanticipated toxicities. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events included anemia (21%), neutropenia (21%), thrombocytopenia (10.5%), and transaminitis (5%). Of 17 patients evaluable for response, 2 and 11 patients achieved partial response and stable disease, respectively. Responders included a patient with unclassified renal cell carcinoma harboring EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion and a patient with castrate resistant prostate cancer harboring PTEN loss. Median progression free survival was 3.84 months. Sapanisertib in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel demonstrated a manageable safety profile, with preliminary antitumor activity observed in advanced malignancies harboring mTOR pathway alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alhalabi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roman Groisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Ralph Zinner
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew W Hahn
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Apostolia M Tsimberidou
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunfang Jiang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amishi Y Shah
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amado Zurita
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghunandan Vikram
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Palombo R, Passacantilli I, Terracciano F, Capone A, Matteocci A, Tournier S, Alberdi A, Chiurchiù V, Volpe E, Paronetto MP. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes an M1 macrophage switch by repressing the ATF3-CXCL8 axis in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216042. [PMID: 36565919 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas are aggressive pediatric tumors of bone and soft tissues driven by in frame chromosomal translocations that yield fusion proteins guiding the oncogenic program. Promising alternative strategies to ameliorate current treatments involve inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In this study, we identified the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) as an important mediator of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in Ewing sarcoma cells. ATF3 exerted its pro-tumoral activity through modulation of several chemokine-encoding genes, including CXCL8. The product of CXCL8, IL-8, acts as a pro-inflammatory chemokine critical for cancer progression and metastasis. We found that ATF3/IL-8 axis impacts macrophages populating the surrounding tumor microenvironment by promoting the M2 phenotype. Our study reveals valuable information on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR derived chemokine signaling in Ewing sarcoma cells: by promoting ATF3 and CXCL8 downregulation, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes a proinflammatory response leading to upregulation of the protective anti-tumoral M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Palombo
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Passacantilli
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Terracciano
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Capone
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matteocci
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Tournier
- Plateforme Technologique IRSL UMS Saint-Louis US53 / UAR2030, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Antonio Alberdi
- Plateforme Technologique IRSL UMS Saint-Louis US53 / UAR2030, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Caltavituro A, Buonaiuto R, Salomone F, Morra R, Pietroluongo E, De Placido P, Tortora M, Peddio A, Picozzi F, Ottaviano M, Marino M, De Placido S, Palmieri G, Giuliano M. Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the mediastinum: Case report. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1074378. [PMID: 36776337 PMCID: PMC9911166 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1074378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma (ES) represents the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. ES is not a frequent finding in sites different from the skeletal. Common sites of appearance of ES are lower extremities, the pelvis, paravertebral spaces and head and neck. Primary extraskeletal ES located in the anterior mediastinum are very rare. These neoplasms should be discussed in specialized contests with a high volume of patients treated. Here, we present an uncommon mediastinal mass challenging in its characterization and management. Case description A thirty-year-old woman performed a thoracic CT scan for dyspnea and persistent cough. Imaging showed a solid mass of 14 x 11 cm involving the left thorax with mediastinal deviation to the right side. Patient underwent an en bloc resection of the mass. Initial histological examination was suggestive for B3 thymoma/thymic carcinoma. Patient was then referred to our rare tumor reference center where a histological review excluded the diagnosis of thymic/thymoma neoplasms meanwhile a third revision assessed a diagnosis of ES. Patient refused adjuvant chemotherapy due to her desire of maternity and radiation therapy was not indicated because surgery was performed too many months earlier. A close follow-up was considered. After a few months the patient relapsed and first line chemotherapy was proposed. She reached a complete response at the first evaluation maintained also at the end of the protocol. In order to consolidate the obtained response, high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/ASCT) was suggested and the patient agreed. Conclusions This case underlined that, potentially, ES can arise from any soft tissue site in the body, even in rare sites such as mediastinum. The evaluation of expert centers was critical to establish a correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach in this complex case. Taking into account the time lasting from the diagnosis and the aggressiveness of this kind of neoplasm, frequently relapsing, the patient after a multidisciplinary discussion was a candidate for a multimodal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Caltavituro
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Buonaiuto
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Salomone
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Morra
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Pietroluongo
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro De Placido
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Tortora
- Rare Tumors Coordinating Center of Campania Region (CRCTR) Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Peddio
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Fernanda Picozzi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale (A.O.R.N.) dei COLLI “Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico (CTO)”, Naples, Italy
| | - Margaret Ottaviano
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mirella Marino
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy,Rare Tumors Coordinating Center of Campania Region (CRCTR) Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovannella Palmieri
- Rare Tumors Coordinating Center of Campania Region (CRCTR) Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Giuliano
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy,Rare Tumors Coordinating Center of Campania Region (CRCTR) Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Mario Giuliano,
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10
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Wang S, Huo X, Yang Y, Mo Y, Kollipara RK, Kittler R. Ablation of EWS-FLI1 by USP9X inhibition suppresses cancer cell growth in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 552:215984. [PMID: 36330954 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neomorphic transcription factor EWS-FLI1 is a key driver of Ewing sarcoma. Ablation of EWS-FLI1 may present a promising therapeutic strategy for this malignancy. Here we found that the deubiquitinase, ubiquitin specific peptidase 9 X-linked (USP9X) stabilizes EWS-FLI1 protein expression in Ewing sarcoma. We show that USP9X binds the ETS domain of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma cells and deubiquitinates EWS-FLI1 and that USP9X and EWS-FLI1 protein expression is correlated in clinical Ewing sarcoma specimens. We found that treatment of Ewing sarcoma cells with the USP9X inhibitor WP1130 mediates rapid EWS-FLI1 degradation in vitro and in vivo which coincides with reduced growth of Ewing sarcoma cells and tumors. Our results suggest that USP9X might be a potential therapeutic target to mediate EWS-FLI1 depletion in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huo
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yingxi Mo
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rahul K Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Suvarna K, Jayabal P, Ma X, Shiio Y. Slit2 signaling stimulates Ewing sarcoma growth. Genes Cancer 2022; 13:88-99. [PMID: 36533189 PMCID: PMC9753566 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue in children driven by EWS::ETS fusion, most commonly EWS::FLI1. Because current cytotoxic chemotherapies are not improving the survival of those with metastatic or recurrent Ewing sarcoma cases, there is a need for novel and more effective targeted therapies. While EWS::FLI1 is the major driver of Ewing sarcoma, EWS::FLI1 has been difficult to target. A promising alternative approach is to identify and target the molecular vulnerabilities created by EWS::FLI1. Here we report that EWS::FLI1 induces the expression of Slit2, the ligand of Roundabout (Robo) receptors implicated in axon guidance and multiple other developmental processes. EWS::FLI1 binds to the Slit2 gene promoter and stimulates the expression of Slit2. Slit2 inactivates cdc42 and stabilizes the BAF chromatin remodeling complexes, enhancing EWS::FLI1 transcriptional output. Silencing of Slit2 strongly inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of Ewing sarcoma cells. Silencing of Slit2 receptors, Robo1 and Robo2, inhibited Ewing sarcoma growth as well. These results uncover a new role for Slit2 signaling in stimulating Ewing sarcoma growth and suggest that this pathway can be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthi Suvarna
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA,2Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA,3Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA,Correspondence to:Yuzuru Shiio, email:
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12
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Young LEA, Conroy LR, Clarke HA, Hawkinson TR, Bolton KE, Sanders WC, Chang JE, Webb MB, Alilain WJ, Vander Kooi CW, Drake RR, Andres DA, Badgett TC, Wagner LM, Allison DB, Sun RC, Gentry MS. In situ mass spectrometry imaging reveals heterogeneous glycogen stores in human normal and cancerous tissues. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16029. [PMID: 36059248 PMCID: PMC9641418 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen dysregulation is a hallmark of aging, and aberrant glycogen drives metabolic reprogramming and pathogenesis in multiple diseases. However, glycogen heterogeneity in healthy and diseased tissues remains largely unknown. Herein, we describe a method to define spatial glycogen architecture in mouse and human tissues using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. This assay provides robust and sensitive spatial glycogen quantification and architecture characterization in the brain, liver, kidney, testis, lung, bladder, and even the bone. Armed with this tool, we interrogated glycogen spatial distribution and architecture in different types of human cancers. We demonstrate that glycogen stores and architecture are heterogeneous among diseases. Additionally, we observe unique hyperphosphorylated glycogen accumulation in Ewing sarcoma, a pediatric bone cancer. Using preclinical models, we correct glycogen hyperphosphorylation in Ewing sarcoma through genetic and pharmacological interventions that ablate in vivo tumor growth, demonstrating the clinical therapeutic potential of targeting glycogen in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Lindsey R Conroy
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Kayli E Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - William C Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Josephine E Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Madison B Webb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Warren J Alilain
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Tom C Badgett
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Lars M Wagner
- Pediatric Hematology‐OncologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Derek B Allison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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13
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Ogura K, Elkrief A, Bowman AS, Koche RP, de Stanchina E, Benayed R, Mauguen A, Mattar MS, Khodos I, Meyers PA, Healey JH, Tap WD, Hameed M, Zehir A, Shukla N, Sawyers C, Bose R, Slotkin E, Ladanyi M. Prospective Clinical Genomic Profiling of Ewing Sarcoma: ERF and FGFR1 Mutations as Recurrent Secondary Alterations of Potential Biologic and Therapeutic Relevance. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200048. [PMID: 35952322 PMCID: PMC9384944 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a primitive sarcoma defined by EWSR1-ETS fusions as the primary driver alteration. To better define the landscape of cooperating secondary genetic alterations in ES, we analyzed clinical genomic profiling data of 113 patients with ES, a cohort including more adult patients (> 18 years) and more patients with advanced stage at presentation than previous genomic cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Arielle Elkrief
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anita S Bowman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marissa S Mattar
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Inna Khodos
- Anti-tumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Paul A Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - John H Healey
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,HHMI, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rohit Bose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Benioff Initiative for Prostate Cancer Research, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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14
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Fayzullina D, Tsibulnikov S, Stempen M, Schroeder BA, Kumar N, Kharwar RK, Acharya A, Timashev P, Ulasov I. Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081988. [PMID: 35454895 PMCID: PMC9032664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ewing sarcoma is an uncommon cancer that arises in mesenchymal tissues and represents the second most widespread malignant bone neoplasm after osteosarcoma in children. Therapy has increased the 5-year survival rate in the last 40 years, although the recurrence rate has remained high. There is an immediate and unmet need for the development of novel Ewing sarcoma therapies. We offer new prospective targets for the therapy of Ewing sarcoma. The EWSR1/FLI1 fusion protein, which is identified in 85–90% of Ewing sarcoma tumors, and its direct targets are given special focus in this study. Experimantal therapy that targets multiple signaling pathways activated during ES progression, alone or in combination with existing regimens, may become the new standard of care for Ewing sarcoma patients, improving patient survival. Abstract Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon cancer that arises in mesenchymal tissues and represents the second most widespread malignant bone neoplasm after osteosarcoma in children. Amplifications in genomic, proteomic, and metabolism are characteristics of sarcoma, and targeting altered cancer cell molecular processes has been proposed as the latest promising strategy to fight cancer. Recent technological advancements have elucidated some of the underlying oncogenic characteristics of Ewing sarcoma. Offering new insights into the physiological basis for this phenomenon, our current review examines the dynamics of ES signaling as it related to both ES and the microenvironment by integrating genomic and proteomic analyses. An extensive survey of the literature was performed to compile the findings. We have also highlighted recent and ongoing studies integrating metabolomics and genomics aimed at better understanding the complex interactions as to how ES adapts to changing biochemical changes within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fayzullina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Sergey Tsibulnikov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Mikhail Stempen
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Brett A. Schroeder
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (N.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Endocrine Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur 222146, India;
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (N.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
- Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2) regulates the expression of developmental genes and tumorigenesis in ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:2873-2884. [PMID: 35422476 PMCID: PMC9107507 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are difficult to treat and the therapy, even when effective, is associated with long-term and life-threatening side effects. In addition, the treatment regimens for many sarcomas, including Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, are relatively unchanged over the past two decades, indicating a critical lack of progress. Although differentiation-based therapies are used for the treatment of some cancers, the application of this approach to sarcomas has proven challenging. Here, using a CRISPR-mediated gene knockout approach, we show that Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) is a critical regulator of developmental-related genes and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in Ewing sarcoma tumors. We also identified that homoharringtonine, which is an inhibitor of protein translation and FDA-approved for the treatment of leukemia, decreases the level of the ID2 protein and significantly reduces tumor growth and prolongs mouse survival in an Ewing sarcoma xenograft model. Furthermore, in addition to targeting ID2, homoharringtonine also reduces the protein levels of ID1 and ID3, which are additional members of the ID family of proteins with well-described roles in tumorigenesis, in multiple types of cancer. Overall, these results provide insight into developmental regulation in Ewing sarcoma tumors and identify a novel, therapeutic approach to target the ID family of proteins using an FDA-approved drug.
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16
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Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Dall'Ora M, Casari G, Spano C, Talami R, Banchelli F, Prapa M, Chiavelli C, Rossignoli F, Candini O, D'Amico R, Nasi M, Cossarizza A, Casarini L, Dominici M. Anti-GD2 CAR MSCs against metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. Transl Oncol 2022; 15:101240. [PMID: 34649148 PMCID: PMC8517927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive cancer affecting children and young adults. We pre-clinically demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can deliver tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) against primary ES after local injection. However, ES is often metastatic calling for approaches able to support MSC targeting to the ES multiple remote sites. Considering that the disialoganglioside GD2 is expressed by ES and to optimise MSC tumour affinity, bi-functional (BF) MSCs expressing both TRAIL and a truncated anti-GD2 chimeric antigen receptor (GD2 tCAR) were generated and challenged against ES. METHODS The anti-GD2 BF MSCs delivering a soluble variant of TRAIL (sTRAIL) were tested in several in vitro ES models. Tumour targeting and killing by BF MSCs was further investigated by a novel immunodeficient ES metastatic model characterized by different metastatic sites, including lungs, liver and bone, mimicking the deadly clinical scenario. FINDINGS In vitro data revealed both tumour affinity and killing of BF MSCs. In vivo, GD2 tCAR molecule ameliorated the tumour targeting and persistence of BF MSCs counteracting ES in lungs but not in liver. INTERPRETATION We here generated data on the potential effects of BF MSCs within a complex ES metastatic in vivo model, exploring also the biodistribution of MSCs. Our BF MSC-based strategy promises to pave the way for potential improvements in the therapeutic delivery of TRAIL for the treatment of metastatic ES and other deadly GD2-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Golinelli
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Rigenerand Srl, Medolla, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Casari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Rebecca Talami
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Banchelli
- Center of Medical Statistic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Malvina Prapa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiavelli
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Roberto D'Amico
- Center of Medical Statistic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research - INRC, Bologna, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Rigenerand Srl, Medolla, Modena, Italy.
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17
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Jayabal P, Ma X, Shiio Y. EZH2 suppresses endogenous retroviruses and an interferon response in cancers. Genes Cancer 2021; 12:96-105. [PMID: 34966479 PMCID: PMC8711646 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissue in children. It is characterized by the chromosomal translocation between EWS and an Ets family transcription factor, most commonly FLI1. We recently reported that Ewing sarcoma depends on the autocrine signaling mediated by a cytokine, NELL2. NELL2 signaling stimulates the transcriptional output of EWS-FLI1 through the BAF chromatin remodeling complexes. While studying the impact of NELL2 silencing on Ewing sarcoma, we found that suppression of NELL2 signaling induces the expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and LINE-1 retrotransposons, an interferon response, and growth arrest. We determined that a histone methyltransferase, EZH2, is the critical downstream target of NELL2 signaling in suppressing ERVs, LINE-1, an interferon response, and growth arrest. We show that EZH2 inhibitors induce ERVs, LINE-1, and an interferon response in a variety of cancer types. These results uncover the role for NELL2–EZH2 signaling in suppressing endogenous virus-like agents and an antiviral response, and suggest the potential utility of EZH2 inhibitors in enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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18
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Ramachandran B, Rajkumar T, Gopisetty G. Challenges in modeling EWS-FLI1-driven transgenic mouse model for Ewing sarcoma. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12181-12194. [PMID: 34956445 PMCID: PMC8661172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
EWS-FLI1 is a master regulator of Ewing sarcoma (ES) oncogenesis. Although EWS-FLI1 represents a clear therapeutic target, targeted therapeutic inhibitors are lacking. Scientific literature has indicated accumulating information pertaining to EWS-FLI1 translocation, pathogenesis, function, oncogenic partnerships, and potential clinical relevance. However, attempts to develop EWS-FLI1-driven human-like ES mouse models or in vivo systems ended up with limited success. Establishing such models as preclinical screening tools may accelerate the development of EWS-FLI1 targeted therapeutic inhibitors. This review summarizes the current scenario, which focuses on the limitations, challenges, and possible reasons for past failures in model development and also plausible interim alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A) No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thangarajan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A) No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Gopal Gopisetty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A) No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600036, India
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19
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Schmidt O, Nehls N, Prexler C, von Heyking K, Groll T, Pardon K, Garcia HD, Hensel T, Gürgen D, Henssen AG, Eggert A, Steiger K, Burdach S, Richter GHS. Class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) critically contribute to Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:322. [PMID: 34654445 PMCID: PMC8518288 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Histone acetylation and deacetylation seem processes involved in the pathogenesis of Ewing sarcoma (EwS). Here histone deacetylases (HDAC) class I were investigated. Methods Their role was determined using different inhibitors including TSA, Romidepsin, Entinostat and PCI-34051 as well as CRISPR/Cas9 class I HDAC knockouts and HDAC RNAi. To analyze resulting changes microarray analysis, qRT-PCR, western blotting, Co-IP, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, invasion assays and xenograft-mouse models were used. Results Class I HDACs are constitutively expressed in EwS. Patients with high levels of individual class I HDAC expression show decreased overall survival. CRISPR/Cas9 class I HDAC knockout of individual HDACs such as HDAC1 and HDAC2 inhibited invasiveness, and blocked local tumor growth in xenograft mice. Microarray analysis demonstrated that treatment with individual HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) blocked an EWS-FLI1 specific expression profile, while Entinostat in addition suppressed metastasis relevant genes. EwS cells demonstrated increased susceptibility to treatment with chemotherapeutics including Doxorubicin in the presence of HDACi. Furthermore, HDACi treatment mimicked RNAi of EZH2 in EwS. Treated cells showed diminished growth capacity, but an increased endothelial as well as neuronal differentiation ability. HDACi synergizes with EED inhibitor (EEDi) in vitro and together inhibited tumor growth in xenograft mice. Co-IP experiments identified HDAC class I family members as part of a regulatory complex together with PRC2. Conclusions Class I HDAC proteins seem to be important mediators of the pathognomonic EWS-ETS-mediated transcription program in EwS and in combination therapy, co-treatment with HDACi is an interesting new treatment opportunity for this malignant disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02125-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Schmidt
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Nadja Nehls
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Carolin Prexler
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Kristina von Heyking
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Tanja Groll
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Katharina Pardon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heathcliff D Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Hensel
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dennis Gürgen
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton G Henssen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Günther H S Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Esfandiari Nazzaro E, Sabei FY, Vogel WK, Nazari M, Nicholson KS, Gafken PR, Taratula O, Taratula O, Davare MA, Leid M. Discovery and Validation of a Compound to Target Ewing's Sarcoma. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101553. [PMID: 34683845 PMCID: PMC8538197 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma, characterized by pathognomonic t (11; 22) (q24; q12) and related chromosomal ETS family translocations, is a rare aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissue. Current protocols that include cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents effectively treat localized disease; however, these aggressive therapies may result in treatment-related morbidities including second-site cancers in survivors. Moreover, the five-year survival rate in patients with relapsed, recurrent, or metastatic disease is less than 30%, despite intensive therapy with these cytotoxic agents. By using high-throughput phenotypic screening of small molecule libraries, we identified a previously uncharacterized compound (ML111) that inhibited in vitro proliferation of six established Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines with nanomolar potency. Proteomic studies show that ML111 treatment induced prometaphase arrest followed by rapid caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines. ML111, delivered via methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-polycaprolactone copolymer nanoparticles, induced dose-dependent inhibition of Ewing’s sarcoma tumor growth in a murine xenograft model and invoked prometaphase arrest in vivo, consistent with in vitro data. These results suggest that ML111 represents a promising new drug lead for further preclinical studies and is a potential clinical development for the treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Esfandiari Nazzaro
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 88723, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walter K. Vogel
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Mohamad Nazari
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Katelyn S. Nicholson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Philip R. Gafken
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Olena Taratula
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Monika A. Davare
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Mark Leid
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Han K, Dong X, Hou Q, Li T, Li L, Zhou G, Liu X, Zhao G, Li W. Case Report and Literature Review: Primary Pulmonary NUT-Midline Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700781. [PMID: 34527578 PMCID: PMC8435908 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) carcinoma is a very rare and aggressive carcinoma characterized by chromosomal rearrangement. NUT-midline carcinoma (NMC) can occur anywhere in the body, but most of the tumors are found in the midline anatomic structure or mediastinum. Pulmonary-originated NMC is extremely rare and often difficult to be distinguished from other poorly differentiated tumors, making the diagnosis awfully challenged in clinical practice. There are less than 100 cases of NUT carcinoma reported so far. In this study, the diagnosis and molecular mechanisms of reported NUT carcinoma cases were reviewed. Furthermore, a case of primary pulmonary NUT-midline carcinoma and its pathological features was reported. The process of pathological identification and genomic analysis for establishing the diagnosis was discussed. We found that NUT carcinoma could be identified by combining CT, H&E staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular tests. The development of NUT carcinoma might be associated with mutation of MYC, p63, and MED24 genes and the Wnt, MAPK, and PI3K signaling pathways. Our study provided a detailed molecular mechanistic review on NMC and established a procedure to identify pulmonary NMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhang
- Pathology Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Kai Han
- Pathology Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotong Dong
- Pathology Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Pathology Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Tianbao Li
- Scientific Research Department, Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Pathology Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gengyin Zhou
- Pathology Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Guifeng Zhao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
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22
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Jayabal P, Zhou F, Lei X, Ma X, Blackman B, Weintraub ST, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. NELL2-cdc42 signaling regulates BAF complexes and Ewing sarcoma cell growth. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109254. [PMID: 34233189 PMCID: PMC8312579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BAF chromatin remodeling complexes play important roles in chromatin regulation and cancer. Here, we report that Ewing sarcoma cells are dependent on the autocrine signaling mediated by NELL2, a secreted glycoprotein that has been characterized as an axon guidance molecule. NELL2 uses Robo3 as the receptor to transmit critical growth signaling. NELL2 signaling inhibits cdc42 and upregulates BAF complexes and EWS-FLI1 transcriptional output. We demonstrate that cdc42 is a negative regulator of BAF complexes, inducing actin polymerization and complex disassembly. Furthermore, we identify NELL2highCD133highEWS-FLI1high and NELL2lowCD133lowEWS-FLI1low populations in Ewing sarcoma, which display phenotypes consistent with high and low NELL2 signaling, respectively. We show that NELL2, CD133, and EWS-FLI1 positively regulate each other and upregulate BAF complexes and cell proliferation in Ewing sarcoma. These results reveal a signaling pathway regulating critical chromatin remodeling complexes and cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Fuchun Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiufen Lei
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barron Blackman
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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23
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Blattner-Johnson M, Jones DTW, Pfaff E. Precision medicine in pediatric solid cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 84:214-227. [PMID: 34116162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite huge advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cancers over the past several decades, it remains one of the leading causes of death during childhood in developed countries. The development of new targeted treatments for these diseases has been hampered by two major factors. First, the extremely heterogeneous nature of the types of tumors encountered in this age group, and their fundamental differences from common adult carcinomas, has made it hard to truly get a handle on the complexities of the underlying biology driving tumor growth. Second, a reluctance of the pharmaceutical industry to develop products or trials for this population due to the relatively small size of the 'market', and a too-easy mechanism of obtaining waivers for pediatric development of adult oncology drugs based on disease type rather than mechanism of action, led to significant difficulties in getting access to new drugs. Thankfully, the field has now started to change, both scientifically and from a regulatory perspective, in order to address some of these challenges. In this review, we will examine some of the recent insights into molecular features which make pediatric tumors so unique and how these might represent therapeutic targets; highlight ongoing international initiatives for providing comprehensive, personalized genomic profiling of childhood tumors in a clinically-relevant timeframe, and look briefly at where the field of pediatric precision oncology may be heading in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Blattner-Johnson
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Elke Pfaff
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Zhou F, Elzi DJ, Jayabal P, Ma X, Chiu YC, Chen Y, Blackman B, Weintraub ST, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. GDF6-CD99 Signaling Regulates Src and Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108332. [PMID: 33147457 PMCID: PMC7688343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the autocrine signaling mediated by growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of cytokines, maintains Ewing sarcoma growth by preventing Src hyperactivation. Surprisingly, Ewing sarcoma depends on the prodomain, not the BMP domain, of GDF6. We demonstrate that the GDF6 prodomain is a ligand for CD99, a transmembrane protein that has been widely used as a marker of Ewing sarcoma. The binding of the GDF6 prodomain to the CD99 extracellular domain results in recruitment of CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) to the YQKKK motif in the intracellular domain of CD99, inhibiting Src activity. GDF6 silencing causes hyperactivation of Src and p21-dependent growth arrest. We demonstrate that two GDF6 prodomain mutants linked to Klippel-Feil syndrome are hyperactive in CD99-Src signaling. These results reveal a cytokine signaling pathway that regulates the CSK-Src axis and cancer cell proliferation and suggest the gain-of-function activity for disease-causing GDF6 mutants. Ewing sarcoma is driven by the EWS-ETS fusion oncoprotein, but little is known about the extracellular signaling regulating this cancer. Zhou et al. report that the prodomain of GDF6 is a ligand for CD99, inhibiting Src through CSK and maintaining Ewing sarcoma growth in an autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David J Elzi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; BioAffinity Technologies, Inc., 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barron Blackman
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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25
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Yue B, Chen P, Yin P, Wang J, Liu F, Zhao D, Chen J, Jiang H. Successful Radical Pneumonectomy for a Primitive Neuroendodermal Tumor in the Lung: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Surg 2021; 8:667467. [PMID: 33996888 PMCID: PMC8113621 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.667467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral primitive neuroendodermal tumors (PNETs) and Ewing's sarcoma belong to the Ewing family of tumors and are small round-cell malignancies originating from spinal cord cells. These tumors account for 5% of all small round-cell malignant neoplasms. PNETs that arise from the lung parenchyma without pleural or chest wall involvement are very rare. We report a case of an adult female with a large pulmonary PNET who had given birth just 1 month prior to the diagnosis. She had cough and expectoration for 6 months, and the preoperative examination showed no metastases. Thus, we performed radical pneumonectomy and lymph node dissection. The patient recovered well without surgical complications and was discharged 7 days after the surgery. Postoperative pathology confirmed that the tumor was a small round-cell malignancy, and the tumor cells were positive for CD99, Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI-1), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), which was consistent with the diagnosis of a PNET. For primary large pulmonary PNETs, radical pneumonectomy may be a safe surgical method, worthy of further application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Yue
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Yin
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiankai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yanggu People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fanying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Duo Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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26
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Domenici G, Eduardo R, Castillo-Ecija H, Orive G, Montero Carcaboso Á, Brito C. PDX-Derived Ewing's Sarcoma Cells Retain High Viability and Disease Phenotype in Alginate Encapsulated Spheroid Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040879. [PMID: 33669730 PMCID: PMC7922076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES) is the second most frequent bone tumour in children and young adults, with very aggressive behaviour and significant disease recurrence. To better study the disease and find new therapies, experimental models are needed. Recently, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), obtained by implanting patient tumour samples in immunodeficient mice, have been developed. However, when ES cells are extracted from the patient’s tumour or from PDX and placed on plasticware surfaces, they lose their original 3D configuration, cell identity and function. To overcome these issues, we implemented cultures of PDX-derived ES cells, by making them aggregate to form ES cell spheroids and then encapsulating these 3D spheroids into a hydrogel, alginate, to stabilize the culture. We show that this methodology maintained ES cell viability and intrinsic characteristics of the original ES tumour cells for at least one month and that it is suitable for study the effect of anticancer drugs. Abstract Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES) is the second most frequent malignant bone tumour in children and young adults and currently only untargeted chemotherapeutic approaches and surgery are available as treatment, although clinical trials are on-going for recently developed ES-targeted therapies. To study ES pathobiology and develop novel drugs, established cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are the most employed experimental models. Nevertheless, the establishment of ES cell lines is difficult and the extensive use of PDX raises economic/ethical concerns. There is a growing consensus regarding the use of 3D cell culture to recapitulate physiological and pathophysiological features of human tissues, including drug sensitivity. Herein, we implemented a 3D cell culture methodology based on encapsulation of PDX-derived ES cell spheroids in alginate and maintenance in agitation-based culture systems. Under these conditions, ES cells displayed high proliferative and metabolic activity, while retaining the typical EWSR1-FLI1 chromosomal translocation. Importantly, 3D cultures presented reduced mouse PDX cell contamination compared to 2D cultures. Finally, we show that these 3D cultures can be employed in drug sensitivity assays, with results similar to those reported for the PDX of origin. In conclusion, this novel 3D cell culture method involving ES-PDX-derived cells is a suitable model to study ES pathobiology and can assist in the development of novel drugs against this disease, complementing PDX studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Domenici
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.D.); (R.E.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eduardo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.D.); (R.E.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Castillo-Ecija
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (H.C.-E.); (Á.M.C.)
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ángel Montero Carcaboso
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (H.C.-E.); (Á.M.C.)
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.D.); (R.E.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Cheng YW, Meyer A, Jakubowski MA, Keenan SO, Brock JE, Azzato EM, Weindel M, Farkas DH, Rubin BP. Gene Fusion Identification Using Anchor-Based Multiplex PCR and Next-Generation Sequencing. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6:917-930. [PMID: 33537766 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods for identifying gene fusion events, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transcriptome analysis, are either single gene approaches or require bioinformatics expertise not generally available in clinical laboratories. We analytically validated a customized next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel targeting fusion events in 34 genes involving soft-tissue sarcomas. METHODS Specimens included 87 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with known gene fusion status. Isolated total nucleic acid was used to identify fusion events at the RNA level. The potential fusions were targeted by gene-specific primers, followed by primer extension and nested PCR to enrich for fusion candidates with subsequent bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS The study generated results using the following quality metrics for fusion detection: (a) ≥100 ng total nucleic acid, (b) RNA average unique start sites per gene-specific primer control ≥10, (c) quantitative PCR assessing input RNA quality had a crossing point <30, (d) total RNA percentage ≥30%, and (e) total sequencing fragments ≥500 000. CONCLUSIONS The test validation study demonstrated analytical sensitivity of 98.7% and analytical specificity of 90.0%. The NGS-based panel generated highly concordant results compared to alternative testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anders Meyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS.,Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Maureen A Jakubowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sean O Keenan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,CellNetix Pathology & Laboratories, Seattle, WA
| | - Jay E Brock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Elizabeth M Azzato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael Weindel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel H Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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28
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Kato M, Tu BP, McKnight SL. Redox-mediated regulation of low complexity domain self-association. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 67:111-118. [PMID: 33454579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells express thousands of protein domains long believed to function in the absence of molecular order. These intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) domains are typified by gibberish-like repeats of only a limited number of amino acids that we refer to as domains of low sequence complexity. A decade ago, it was observed that these low complexity (LC) domains can undergo phase transition out of aqueous solution to form either liquid-like droplets or hydrogels. The self-associative interactions responsible for phase transition involve the formation of specific cross-β structures that are unusual in being labile to dissociation. Here we give evidence that the LC domains of two RNA binding proteins, ataxin-2 and TDP43, form cross-β interactions that specify biologically relevant redox sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9152, United States; Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9152, United States
| | - Steven L McKnight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9152, United States.
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29
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Bakshi N, Dhawan S, Bhalla S, Verma R. Primary non hodgkin lymphoma and Ewing's sarcoma/PNET: Two rare pancreatic round cell tumors with diverse clinical outlook. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 64:S184-S187. [PMID: 34135168 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_730_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bakshi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Bone Densitometry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Dhawan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Bone Densitometry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bhalla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Bone Densitometry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Verma
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
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30
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Park H, Kim H, Hassebroek V, Azuma Y, Slawson C, Azuma M. Chromosomal localization of Ewing sarcoma EWSR1/FLI1 protein promotes the induction of aneuploidy. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100164. [PMID: 33293370 PMCID: PMC7857440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone cancer that expresses the chimeric protein EWSR1/FLI1. We previously demonstrated that EWSR1/FLI1 impairs the localization of Aurora B kinase to the midzone (the midline structure located between segregating chromosomes) during anaphase. While localization of Aurora B is essential for faithful cell division, it is unknown whether interference with midzone organization by EWSR1/FLI1 induces aneuploidy. To address this, we generated stable Tet-on inducible cell lines with EWSR1/FLI1, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to integrate the transgene at the safe-harbor AAVS1 locus in DLD-1 cells. Induced cells expressing EWSR1/FLI1 displayed an increased incidence of aberrant localization of Aurora B, and greater levels of aneuploidy, compared with noninduced cells. Furthermore, the expression of EWSR1/FLI1-T79A, containing a threonine (Thr) to alanine (Ala) substitution at amino acid 79, failed to induce these phenotypes, indicating that Thr 79 is critical for EWSR1/FLI1 interference with mitosis. In contrast, the phosphomimetic mutant EWSR1/FLI1-T79D (Thr to aspartic acid (Asp)) retained the high activity as wild-type EWSR1/FLI1. Together, these findings suggest that phosphorylation of EWSR1/FLI1 at Thr 79 promotes the colocalization of EWSR1/FLI1 and Aurora B on the chromosomes during prophase and metaphase and, in addition, impairs the localization of Aurora B during anaphase, leading to induction of aneuploidy. This is the first demonstration of the mechanism for EWSR1/FLI1-dependent induction of aneuploidy associated with mitotic dysfunction and the identification of the phosphorylation of the Thr 79 of EWSR1/FLI1 as a critical residue required for this induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Haeyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Victoria Hassebroek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Chad Slawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City Kansas, USA
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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31
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Kumar N, Tan WLB, Wei W, Vellayappan BA. An overview of the tumors affecting the spine-inside to out. Neurooncol Pract 2020; 7:i10-i17. [PMID: 33299569 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spine tumors may arise within or surrounding the spinal cord and/or vertebral column. Spinal tumors can be benign or malignant. Based on their epicenter, they may be classified as intradural-intramedullary, intradural-extramedullary, or extradural. Of these, extradural lesions are the most common, and are typically metastatic. Primary bone tumors of the spinal column comprise 5% of all primary skeletal tumors. The majority of primary spinal column tumors are benign, with malignant tumors comprising only 20%. Overall, spine metastases are the most common malignant spine tumor, and these usually arise from primaries such as lung, breast, and prostate cancers. The advent of improved systemic therapies leading to improved survival and the frequent use of imaging has positioned metastatic spine disease as the new epidemic in oncology. For spine tumors, establishing the correct diagnosis is heavily reliant on magnetic resonance imaging and histological confirmation. In this review, we will provide an overview of the epidemiology, radiological and histopathological features, and the natural history of key primary (benign and malignant) spinal cord and column tumors and metastatic spine tumors. Treatment principles for primary spinal cord or column tumors are aimed toward curative resection, whereas palliative resection forms the treatment principle for most metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wei Loong Barry Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
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Shenoy N. Aggressive myoepithelial carcinoma with EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion highly responsive to Ewing sarcoma combination chemotherapy. Cancer 2020; 126:5198-5201. [PMID: 33048366 PMCID: PMC7756288 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a case of metastatic, bulky, high‐grade, rapidly progressive myoepithelial carcinoma with EWSR1‐POU5F1 fusion originating from the left kidney that demonstrated a dramatic, deep response within 2 cycles of treatment with a regimen used for patients with Ewing sarcoma and an ongoing sustained response of >10 months. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of a rapid and deep response using a systemic therapy regimen in a patient with myoepithelial carcinoma with EWSR1‐POU5F1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Experimental Therapeutics Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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33
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Walton SJ, Wang H, Quintero-Cadena P, Bateman A, Sternberg PW. Caenorhabditis elegans AF4/FMR2 Family Homolog affl-2 Regulates Heat-Shock-Induced Gene Expression. Genetics 2020; 215:1039-1054. [PMID: 32518061 PMCID: PMC7404228 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.302923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the deleterious effects of temperature increases on cellular organization and proteotoxicity, organisms have developed mechanisms to respond to heat stress. In eukaryotes, HSF1 is the master regulator of the heat shock transcriptional response, but the heat shock response pathway is not yet fully understood. From a forward genetic screen for suppressors of heat-shock-induced gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans, we found a new allele of hsf-1 that alters its DNA-binding domain, and we found three additional alleles of sup-45, a previously molecularly uncharacterized genetic locus. We identified sup-45 as one of the two hitherto unknown C. elegans orthologs of the human AF4/FMR2 family proteins, which are involved in regulation of transcriptional elongation rate. We thus renamed sup-45 as affl-2 (AF4/FMR2-Like). Through RNA-seq, we demonstrated that affl-2 mutants are deficient in heat-shock-induced transcription. Additionally, affl-2 mutants have herniated intestines, while worms lacking its sole paralog (affl-1) appear wild type. AFFL-2 is a broadly expressed nuclear protein, and nuclear localization of AFFL-2 is necessary for its role in heat shock response. affl-2 and its paralog are not essential for proper HSF-1 expression and localization after heat shock, which suggests that affl-2 may function downstream of, or parallel to, hsf-1 Our characterization of affl-2 provides insights into the regulation of heat-shock-induced gene expression to protect against heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Walton
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Han Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Porfirio Quintero-Cadena
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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34
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Precision medicine in Ewing sarcoma: a translational point of view. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1440-1454. [PMID: 32026343 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor that arises in bones of children and teenagers but, in 15% of the patients it is presented as a primary soft tissue tumor. Balanced reciprocal chimeric translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an oncogenic protein fusion (EWSR1/FLI1), is the most generalized and characteristic molecular event. Using conventional treatments, (chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy) long-term overall survival rate is 30% for patients with disseminated disease and 65-75% for patients with localized tumors. Urgent new effective drug development is a challenge. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical investigational knowledge about prognostic and targetable biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma, finally suggesting a workflow for precision medicine committees.
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H.S. Richter G, Hensel T, Schmidt O, Saratov V, von Heyking K, Becker-Dettling F, Prexler C, Yen HY, Steiger K, Fulda S, Dirksen U, Weichert W, Wang S, Burdach S, Schäfer BW. Combined Inhibition of Epigenetic Readers and Transcription Initiation Targets the EWS-ETS Transcriptional Program in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020304. [PMID: 32012890 PMCID: PMC7072515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previously, we used inhibitors blocking BET bromodomain binding proteins (BRDs) in Ewing sarcoma (EwS) and observed that long term treatment resulted in the development of resistance. Here, we analyze the possible interaction of BRD4 with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 9. Methods: Co-immunoprecipitation experiments (CoIP) to characterize BRD4 interaction and functional consequences of inhibiting transcriptional elongation were assessed using drugs targeting of BRD4 or CDK9, either alone or in combination. Results: CoIP revealed an interaction of BRD4 with EWS-FLI1 and CDK9 in EwS. Treatment of EwS cells with CDKI-73, a specific CDK9 inhibitor (CDK9i), induced a rapid downregulation of EWS-FLI1 expression and block of contact-dependent growth. CDKI-73 induced apoptosis in EwS, as depicted by cleavage of Caspase 7 (CASP7), PARP and increased CASP3 activity, similar to JQ1. Microarray analysis following CDKI-73 treatment uncovered a transcriptional program that was only partially comparable to BRD inhibition. Strikingly, combined treatment of EwS with BRD- and CDK9-inhibitors re-sensitized cells, and was overall more effective than individual drugs not only in vitro but also in a preclinical mouse model in vivo. Conclusion: Treatment with BRD inhibitors in combination with CDK9i offers a new treatment option that significantly blocks the pathognomonic EWS-ETS transcriptional program and malignant phenotype of EwS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther H.S. Richter
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Tim Hensel
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Vadim Saratov
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.S.); (B.W.S.)
| | - Kristina von Heyking
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Fiona Becker-Dettling
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Carolin Prexler
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia;
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Children’s Cancer Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 München, Germany; (T.H.); (O.S.); (K.v.H.); (F.B.-D.); (C.P.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.-Y.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.S.); (B.W.S.)
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Lee P, Malik D, Perkons N, Huangyang P, Khare S, Rhoades S, Gong YY, Burrows M, Finan JM, Nissim I, Gade TPF, Weljie AM, Simon MC. Targeting glutamine metabolism slows soft tissue sarcoma growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:498. [PMID: 31980651 PMCID: PMC6981153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells frequently utilize glutamine to meet bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapid cell growth. However, glutamine dependence can be highly variable between in vitro and in vivo settings, based on surrounding microenvironments and complex adaptive responses to glutamine deprivation. Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal tumours where cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary approach for metastatic or unresectable disease. Therefore, it is critical to identify alternate therapies to improve patient outcomes. Using autochthonous STS murine models and unbiased metabolomics, we demonstrate that glutamine metabolism supports sarcomagenesis. STS subtypes expressing elevated glutaminase (GLS) levels are highly sensitive to glutamine starvation. In contrast to previous studies, treatment of autochthonous tumour-bearing animals with Telaglenastat (CB-839), an orally bioavailable GLS inhibitor, successfully inhibits undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) tumour growth. We reveal glutamine metabolism as critical for sarcomagenesis, with CB-839 exhibiting potent therapeutic potential. Glutamine is an energetic source required for the proliferation of cancer cells. Here, the authors show that soft tissue sarcomas expressing high levels of glutaminase (GLS) are particularly sensitive to glutamine starvation and GLS inhibition in tumour-bearing allograft and autochthonous mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dania Malik
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Perkons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peiwei Huangyang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sanika Khare
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Seth Rhoades
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yao-Yu Gong
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Burrows
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer M Finan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Itzhak Nissim
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terence P F Gade
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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37
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Ross NT, Lohmann F, Carbonneau S, Fazal A, Weihofen WA, Gleim S, Salcius M, Sigoillot F, Henault M, Carl SH, Rodríguez-Molina JB, Miller HR, Brittain SM, Murphy J, Zambrowski M, Boynton G, Wang Y, Chen A, Molind GJ, Wilbertz JH, Artus-Revel CG, Jia M, Akinjiyan FA, Turner J, Knehr J, Carbone W, Schuierer S, Reece-Hoyes JS, Xie K, Saran C, Williams ET, Roma G, Spencer M, Jenkins J, George EL, Thomas JR, Michaud G, Schirle M, Tallarico J, Passmore LA, Chao JA, Beckwith REJ. CPSF3-dependent pre-mRNA processing as a druggable node in AML and Ewing's sarcoma. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 16:50-59. [PMID: 31819276 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The post-genomic era has seen many advances in our understanding of cancer pathways, yet resistance and tumor heterogeneity necessitate multiple approaches to target even monogenic tumors. Here, we combine phenotypic screening with chemical genetics to identify pre-messenger RNA endonuclease cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 3 (CPSF3) as the target of JTE-607, a small molecule with previously unknown target. We show that CPSF3 represents a synthetic lethal node in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Ewing's sarcoma cancer cell lines. Inhibition of CPSF3 by JTE-607 alters expression of known downstream effectors in AML and Ewing's sarcoma lines, upregulates apoptosis and causes tumor-selective stasis in mouse xenografts. Mechanistically, it prevents the release of newly synthesized pre-mRNAs, resulting in read-through transcription and the formation of DNA-RNA hybrid R-loop structures. This study implicates pre-mRNA processing, and specifically CPSF3, as a druggable target providing an avenue to therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Ross
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Lohmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seth Carbonneau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aleem Fazal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott Gleim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Salcius
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Henault
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah H Carl
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Howard R Miller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Zambrowski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Yuan Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aye Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Wilbertz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Min Jia
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan Turner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judith Knehr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Carbone
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schuierer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin Xie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric T Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matt Spencer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Jenkins
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason R Thomas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Michaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Markus Schirle
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lori A Passmore
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Chao
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Yan D, Zhang J, Zhong D. Ewing's sarcoma in the spinal canal of T12-L3: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6157-6163. [PMID: 31788090 PMCID: PMC6865001 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is rare, especially when it occurs in the spinal canal during middle or old age. The rarity of Ewing's sarcoma breakpoint region 1 fusion-negative ES has been reported in the literature. The present case report describes a 60-year-old Chinese patient who was diagnosed with ES originating from the spinal canal in 2016. The patient was hospitalized with pain resembling electric shock in the waist and buttocks, which occurred intermittently for 1 month, and incontinence for 1 week. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multiple inhomogeneous, oval-shaped nodules in the intradural and cauda equina spaces of T12-L3. The largest nodule was ~23×11×10 mm. The patient underwent right adrenal tumour resection. A histopathologic examination of the focal area revealed that the tumour consisted of small, circular haematoxylin stained cells that formed typical Homer-Wright rosettes. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the patient suffered from ES due to positive staining for membranous cluster of differentiation 99 (CD99), cytokeratin (CK) and nuclear foetal-liver infusion 1 (FLI-1). In conclusion, the histopathological presence of Homer-Wright rosettes and immunohistochemical markers such as CD99, FLI-1 and CK are valuable factors for the diagnosis of ES, although cytogenetic analysis is considered the gold standard. Complete surgery is the most effective treatment option for ES treatment. Adjuvant radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy can also improve the survival rate of patients postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Yan
- Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Dequan Zhong
- Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Dequan Zhong, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 19 Nonglin Xia Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China, E-mail:
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39
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Benini S, Gamberi G, Cocchi S, Righi A, Frisoni T, Longhi A, Gambarotti M. Identification of a novel fusion transcript EWSR1-VEZF1 by anchored multiplex PCR in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152760. [PMID: 31812440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to describe a novel genetic finding examining the molecular and pathological features of a case of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring in the thigh of a 17-year-old male. Fusion gene detection using a next-generation sequencing-based anchored multiplex PCR technique (Archer FusionPlex Sarcoma Panel) was used to identify the novel fusion of EWSR1-VEZF1 from the frozen tumor sample. EWSR1-VEZF1 fusion is a novel molecular gene rearrangement involving exon 8 of the EWSR1 gene and exon 2 of the VEZF1 gene. Data were validated with gene sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. This case report describes a novel rearrangement involving EWSR1 on chromosome 22 and VEZF1 on chromosome 17. The result obtained demonstrates the value of the next-generation sequencing-based anchored multiplex PCR technique (Archer FusionPlex Sarcoma Panel) both in diagnosis and patient care and might become a helpful diagnostic tool for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Benini
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Gamberi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Cocchi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Righi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Frisoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longhi
- Department of Chemotherapy, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Gambarotti
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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40
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Zhang Y, Song J, Shi Q, Song X, Shen L, Zhou J, Shao J. The prognostic signature of the somatic mutations in Ewing sarcoma: from a network view. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2019; 49:604-613. [PMID: 30927420 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor mainly affecting teenagers and young adults. Its main driver mutation, the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene, has been identified more than 20 years ago, whereas its other somatic mutations have been just recently reported. METHODS In this study, we organized the somatic mutations from 216 Ewing sarcoma cases into 216 individual protein-protein interaction networks by using interactome information. These mutation networks were then classified into five different clusters based on their structural similarities. The prognostic effect of mutation genes was evaluated according to their network features. RESULTS The cases in cluster two exhibited remarkably high metastasis and mortality rates, and STAG2, TP53 and TTN were the three most significantly mutated genes in this cluster. Microarray data demonstrate that the expression of STAG2, TP53 and TTN are down-regulated in the EWS-FLI1-knockdown Ewing sarcoma cells. However, the mutation effect analysis shows that the somatic mutations in TTN are less damaging than those in STAG2 and TP53. The analyses of functional network modules further revealed that STAG2, TP53 and their interacting gene partners participate in the oncogenic-related biological modules such as cell cycle and regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter while TTN, TP53 and their interacting gene partners constitute the modules less relevant to oncogenesis. The results of Gene Ontology analyses demonstrated that the uniquely mutated genes associated with poor prognosis in Clusters 1, 4 and 5 were distinctively enriched in epidermal growth factor-related functions and phosphoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified the highly lethal mutation combination cases and characterized the possible prognostic genes in Ewing sarcoma from a network perceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Zhang
- Spine Center, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Jia Song
- Spine Center, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Qili Shi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang
| | - Xupu Song
- Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai University of Finance & Economics, Shanghai
| | - Libing Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- School of Public health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Spine Center, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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41
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor developed in bone and soft tissues of children and teenagers. This entity is biologically led by a chromosomal translocation, typically including EWS and FLI1 genes. Little is known about Ewing sarcoma predisposition, although the role of environmental factors, ethnicity and certain polymorphisms on Ewing sarcoma susceptibility has been studied during the last few years. Its prevalence among cancer predisposition syndromes has also been thoroughly examined. This review summarizes the available evidence on predisposing factors involved in Ewing sarcoma susceptibility. On the basis of these data, an integrated approach of the most influential factors on Ewing sarcoma predisposition is proposed.
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42
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Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183265. [PMID: 31500307 PMCID: PMC6767272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are inhomogeneously crowded, possessing a wide range of intracellular liquid droplets abundantly present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and bacterial cells, in the mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm of eukaryotes, and in the chloroplast’s stroma of plant cells. These proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs) not only represent a natural method of intracellular compartmentalization, which is crucial for successful execution of various biological functions, but also serve as important means for the processing of local information and rapid response to the fluctuations in environmental conditions. Since PMLOs, being complex macromolecular assemblages, possess many characteristic features of liquids, they represent highly dynamic (or fuzzy) protein–protein and/or protein–nucleic acid complexes. The biogenesis of PMLOs is controlled by specific intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins with ordered domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs), which, due to their highly dynamic structures and ability to facilitate multivalent interactions, serve as indispensable drivers of the biological liquid–liquid phase transitions (LLPTs) giving rise to PMLOs. In this article, the importance of the disorder-based supramolecular fuzziness for LLPTs and PMLO biogenesis is discussed.
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43
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Noh BJ, Jung WW, Kim HS, Park YK. Pathogenetic implications of early growth response 1 in Ewing sarcoma. Pathology 2019; 51:605-609. [PMID: 31466866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary malignant bone tumour, mainly occurs in children and adolescents, and has an overwhelming mortality. Despite extensive studies, few effective oncogenic signals have been described. Therefore, it is crucial to exploit novel pathognomonic factors and targetable biomarkers for ES patients. Based on previous studies, we speculate that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), which is upregulated by early growth response 1 (EGR1), may play a pivotal role in strengthening the downward transmission of IGF1 cascades. Therefore, in this study, we concentrated on determining the pathogenetic contribution of EGR1 in diverse ES cells. This report is the first to study the pathogenic role of EGR1 in ES. ES cells were cultured and transfected with Stealth RNAi human EGR1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or negative control. Cell proliferation and invasion potential were measured. mRNA and protein expression of EGR1, IGF1R, and EWS-FLI1 also were assessed. In all EGR1 siRNA-transfected cells (SK-ES-1, RD-ES, and HS863.T), cell proliferation and invasive potential decreased significantly in EGR1 siRNA-transfected ES cells. mRNA and protein expression for EGR1, IGF1R, and EWS-FLI1 were also significantly reduced. In conclusion, EGR1 upregulated IGF1R expression and enhanced the expression of the oncogenic fusion protein EWS-FLI1. The EWS-FLI1/EGR1/IGF1R cascade combined with the previously confirmed pathways can form a speculative circuit, implicating positive feedback for tumourigenesis in ES. Therefore, EGR1 inhibitors are expected to be useful for the treatment of ES by preventing oncogenic IGF1/IGF1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Joo Noh
- Department of Pathology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Woon-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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44
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EWSR1-FLI1 Activation of the Cancer/Testis Antigen FATE1 Promotes Ewing Sarcoma Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00138-19. [PMID: 31036566 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00138-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is characterized by a pathognomonic chromosomal translocation that generates the EWSR1-FLI1 chimeric transcription factor. The transcriptional targets of EWSR1-FLI1 that are essential for tumorigenicity are incompletely defined. Here, we found that EWSR1-FLI1 modulates the expression of cancer/testis (CT) antigen genes, whose expression is biased to the testes but is also activated in cancer. Among these CT antigens, fetal and adult testis expressed 1 (FATE1) is most robustly induced. EWSR1-FLI1 associates with the GGAA repeats in the proximal promoter of FATE1, which exhibits accessible chromatin exclusively in mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) and Ewing sarcoma cells. Expression of EWSR1-FLI1 in non-Ewing sarcoma cells and in MPCs enhances FATE1 mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, depletion of EWSR1-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma cells leads to a loss of FATE1 expression. Importantly, we found that FATE1 is required for survival and anchorage-independent growth in Ewing sarcoma cells via attenuating the accumulation of BNIP3L, a BH3-only protein that is toxic when stabilized. This action appears to be mediated by the E3 ligase RNF183. We propose that engaging FATE1 function can permit the bypass of cell death mechanisms that would otherwise inhibit tumor progression.
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45
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Intrinsic Disorder-Based Emergence in Cellular Biology: Physiological and Pathological Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions in Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060990. [PMID: 31167414 PMCID: PMC6631845 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The visible outcome of liquid-liquid phase transitions (LLPTs) in cells is the formation and disintegration of various proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs). Although LLPTs and related PMLOs have been observed in living cells for over 200 years, the physiological functions of these transitions (also known as liquid-liquid phase separation, LLPS) are just starting to be understood. While unveiling the functionality of these transitions is important, they have come into light more recently due to the association of abnormal LLPTs with various pathological conditions. In fact, several maladies, such as various cancers, different neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, are known to be associated with either aberrant LLPTs or some pathological transformations within the resultant PMLOs. Here, we will highlight both the physiological functions of cellular liquid-liquid phase transitions as well as the pathological consequences produced through both dysregulated biogenesis of PMLOs and the loss of their dynamics. We will also discuss the potential downstream toxic effects of proteins that are involved in pathological formations.
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46
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Shi W, Zou R, Yang M, Mai L, Ren J, Wen J, Liu Z, Lai R. Analysis of Genes Involved in Ulcerative Colitis Activity and Tumorigenesis Through Systematic Mining of Gene Co-expression Networks. Front Physiol 2019; 10:662. [PMID: 31214045 PMCID: PMC6554330 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon, characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation. Recently, some studies have considered it as part of an inflammatory bowel disease-based global network. Herein, with the aim of identifying the underlying potential genetic mechanisms involved in the development of UC, multiple algorithms for weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), principal component analysis (PCA), and linear models for microarray data algorithm (LIMMA) were used to identify the hub genes. The map of platelet activation, ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway showed significant links with UC development, and the hub genes CCR7, CXCL10, CXCL9, IDO1, MMP9, and VCAM1, which are associated with immune dysregulation and tumorigenesis in biological function, were found by multiple powerful bioinformatics methods. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) also showed that the low expression of CCR7, CXCL10, CXCL9, and MMP9 may be correlated with a poor prognosis of overall survival (OS) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (all p < 0.05), while no significance detected in both of IDO1 and VCAM1. In addition, low expression of CCR7, CXCL10, CXCL9, MMP9, and IDO1 may be associated with a poor prognosis in recurrence free survival (RFS) time (all p < 0.05), but no significant difference was identified in VCAM1. Moreover, the NFKB1, FLI1, and STAT1 with the highest enrichment score were detected as the master regulators of hub genes. In summary, these results indicated the central role of the hub genes of CCR7, CXCL10, CXCL9, IDO1, VCAM1, and MMP9, in response to UC progression, as well as the development of UC to CRC, thus shedding light on the molecular mechanisms involved and assisting with drug target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Digestive Endoscopy Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Mai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiangnan Ren
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jialing Wen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoshi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Digestive Endoscopy Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Renxu Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Digestive Endoscopy Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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47
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Palombo R, Frisone P, Fidaleo M, Mercatelli N, Sette C, Paronetto MP. The Promoter-Associated Noncoding RNA pncCCND1_B Assembles a Protein-RNA Complex to Regulate Cyclin D1 Transcription in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3570-3582. [PMID: 31072811 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most Ewing sarcomas are characterized by the in-frame chromosomal translocation t(11;22) generating the EWS-FLI1 oncogene. EWS-FLI1 protein interacts with the RNA helicase DHX9 and affects transcription and processing of genes involved in neoplastic transformation, including CCND1 (the cyclin D1 gene), which contributes to cell-cycle dysregulation in cancer. In this study, we found that CCND1 expression is significantly higher in patients with Ewing sarcoma compared with other sarcomas and that the pncCCND1_B RNA, a previously uncharacterized CCND1 promoter-associated noncoding (pnc) transcript, is expressed in Ewing sarcoma cells. PncCCND1_B interacted with the RNA-binding protein Sam68 and repressed CCND1 expression. Notably, knockdown of Sam68 affected pncCCND1_B subcellular localization and cyclin D1 expression. Pharmacologic impairment of DHX9/EWS-FLI1 interaction promoted RNA-dependent association of Sam68 with DHX9 and recruitment of Sam68 to the CCND1 promoter, thus repressing it. Conversely, mitogenic stimulation of Ewing sarcoma cells with IGF1 impaired Sam68/DHX9 interaction and positively regulated CCND1 expression. These studies uncover a fine-tuned modulation of the proto-oncogene CCND1 in Ewing sarcoma cells via alternative complexes formed by DHX9 with either EWS-FLI1 or pncCCND1_B-Sam68. SIGNIFICANCE: A pncRNA-based mechanism represses expression of CCND1 through the formation of a protein-RNA complex and provides new therapeutic opportunities for patients with Ewing sarcoma.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/14/3570/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Palombo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frisone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Neri Mercatelli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Rome, Italy
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48
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Carter AC, Petersen CL, Wendt KL, Helff SK, Risinger AL, Mooberry SL, Cichewicz RH. In Situ Ring Contraction and Transformation of the Rhizoxin Macrocycle through an Abiotic Pathway. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:886-894. [PMID: 30865445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A Rhizopus sp. culture containing an endosymbiont partner ( Burkholderia sp.) was obtained through a citizen-science-based soil-collection program. An extract prepared from the pair of organisms exhibited strong inhibition of Ewing sarcoma cells and was selected for bioassay-guided fractionation. This led to the purification of rhizoxin (1), a potent antimitotic agent that inhibited microtubule polymerization, along with several new (2-5) and known (6) analogues of 1. The structures of 2-6 were established using a combination of NMR data analysis, while the configurations of the new stereocenters were determined using ROESY spectroscopy and comparison of GIAO-derived and experimental data for NMR chemical shift and 3 JHH coupling values. Whereas compound 1 showed modest selectivity for Ewing sarcoma cell lines carrying the EWSR1/ FLI1 fusion gene, the other compounds were determined to be inactive. Chemically, compound 2 stands out from other rhizoxin analogues because it is the first member of this class that is reported to contain a one-carbon-smaller 15-membered macrolactone system. Through a combination of experimental and computational tests, we determined that 2 is likely formed via an acid-catalyzed Meinwald rearrangement from 1 because of the mild acidic culture environment created by the Rhizopus sp. isolate and its symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Carter
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Cora L Petersen
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - Karen L Wendt
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Sara K Helff
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - April L Risinger
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
- Mays Cancer Center , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - Susan L Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
- Mays Cancer Center , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
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49
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Loganathan SN, Tang N, Holler AE, Wang N, Wang J. Targeting the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT Pathway Sensitizes Ewing Sarcoma to BET Bromodomain Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:929-936. [PMID: 30926641 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins modulate EWS-FLI1 activities in Ewing sarcoma. However, the efficacy of BET inhibitors as a monotherapy was moderate and transient in preclinical models. The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to BET inhibitors and develop more effective combination treatments for Ewing sarcoma. Using a panel of Ewing sarcoma cell lines and patient-derived xenograft lines (PDX), we demonstrated that IGF1R inhibitors synergistically increased sensitivities to BET inhibitors and induced potent apoptosis when combined with BET inhibitors. Constitutively activated AKT significantly protected Ewing sarcoma cells against BET inhibitors, suggesting that IGF1R regulates responsiveness to BET inhibitors mainly through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Although two Ewing sarcoma cell lines were resistant to IGF1R inhibitors, they retained synergistic response to a combination of BET inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors, suggesting that BET proteins, when IGF1R is not functional, cross-talk with its downstream molecules. Furthermore, the combination of a BET inhibitor and an IGF1R inhibitor induced potent and durable response in xenograft tumors, whereas either agent alone was less effective. Taken together, our results suggest that IGF1R and the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR kinase cascade mediate intrinsic resistance to BET inhibitors in Ewing sarcoma. These results provide the proof-of-concept for combining BET inhibitors with agents targeting the IGF1R pathway for treating advanced Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan N Loganathan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nan Tang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Albert E Holler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nenghui Wang
- Ningbo Wenda Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ninghai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Cullgen Inc., San Diego, California
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50
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Perry JA, Seong BKA, Stegmaier K. Biology and Therapy of Dominant Fusion Oncoproteins Involving Transcription Factor and Chromatin Regulators in Sarcomas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A third of soft tissue sarcomas have been shown to carry recurrent, characteristic chromosomal translocations, many of which generate fusion proteins that act as dominant transcription factors or as chromatin regulators. With routine use of massively parallel sequencing and advances in technology for the study of epigenetics and protein complexes, the last decade has seen a marked advancement in the identification of novel fusions and in our understanding of the mechanisms by which they contribute to the malignant state. Moreover, with new approaches in chemistry, such as the strategy of targeted protein degradation, we are now better poised to address these previously intractable targets. In this review, we describe three of the most common fusion-driven sarcomas (Ewing sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma), mechanistic themes emerging across these diseases, and novel approaches to their targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Perry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bo Kyung Alex Seong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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