1
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Wang Y, Zhan S, Hu Y, Chen X, Yin S. Understanding the Formation and Growth of New Atmospheric Particles at the Molecular Level through Laboratory Molecular Beam Experiments. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400108. [PMID: 38497136 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which exerts comprehensive implications for climate, air quality and human health, has received extensive attention. From molecule to cluster is the initial and most important stage of the nucleation process of atmospheric new particles. However, due to the complexity of the nucleation process and limitations of experimental characterization techniques, there is still a great uncertainty in understanding the nucleation mechanism at the molecular level. Laboratory-based molecular beam methods can experimentally implement the generation and growth of typical atmospheric gas-phase nucleation precursors to nanoscale clusters, characterize the key physical and chemical properties of clusters such as structure and composition, and obtain a series of their physicochemical parameters, including association rate coefficients, electron binding energy, pickup cross section and pickup probability and so on. These parameters can quantitatively illustrate the physicochemical properties of the cluster, and evaluate the effect of different gas phase nucleation precursors on the formation and growth of atmospheric new particles. We review the present literatures on atmospheric cluster formation and reaction employing the experimental method of laboratory molecular beam. The experimental apparatuses were classified and summarized from three aspects of cluster generation, growth and detection processes. Focus of this review is on the properties of nucleation clusters involving different precursor molecules of water, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and NxOy, respectively. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for effects of cluster physicochemical properties on nucleation, and reveal the formation and growth mechanism of atmospheric new particle at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
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2
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Xie F, Tikhonov DS, Schnell M. Electric nuclear quadrupole coupling reveals dissociation of HCl with a few water molecules. Science 2024; 384:1435-1440. [PMID: 38843353 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the dissociation of acids in the presence of a limited number of water molecules is crucial for understanding various elementary chemical processes. In our study, focusing on HCl(H2O)n clusters (where HCl is hydrogen chloride and H2O is water) formed in a cold and isolated jet expansion, we used the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor obtained through rotational spectroscopy to decipher the nature of the hydrogen-chlorine (H-Cl) chemical bond in a microaqueous environment. For n = 1 to 4, the H-Cl bond is covalent. At n = 5 and 7, the contact ion pair of H3O+Cl- is spontaneously formed within the hydrogen bond networks of book and cube acid-water clusters, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xie
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Zhuang L, Wang J, Wan J, Huang C. Why do dipole moments of HCl-water clusters fail to determine acid dissociation? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17910-17917. [PMID: 38888219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This paper quantitatively examines why dipole moments of HCl(H2O)n=1-8 cannot serve as the dissociation criterion for acid molecules using the Hirshfeld-I approach. Also, we propose the possible experimental parameter 〈P(HCl)〉, whose statistical average enables the assessment of acid dissociation in mixed clusters. Furthermore, our calculations reveal that a minimum of four water molecules are necessary to dissociate an HCl molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhuang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Jianguo Wan
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chuanfu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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4
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Munar I, Özer MÖ, Fusco E, Uner D, Aviyente V, Bühl M. Dissociation of HNO 3 in water revisited: experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16616-16624. [PMID: 38807500 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01667j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nitric acid dissociation in water is studied as a function of concentration, employing experimental techniques (1H NMR spectroscopy and calorimetry), quantum chemical methods (B3LYP and PBE functionals for molecular clusters) and molecular dynamics simulations (the PBE-D3 functional for solutions under periodic boundary conditions). The extent of dissociation, via proton transfer to a neighboring water molecule, as a function of concentration is studied computationally for molecular nitric acid clusters HNO3(H2O)x (x = 1-8), as well as periodic liquids (HNO3 mole fractions of 0.19 and 0.5, simulated at T = 300 K and 450 K). Despite the simple nature of these structural models, their computed and simulated average 1H chemical shifts compare well with the experimental measurements in this study. Finally, the measured and calculated chemical shifts have shown reasonable relationships with the enthalpy change upon mixing of this binary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Munar
- Chemistry Department, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melike Özkan Özer
- Middle East Technical University, Chemical Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Edoardo Fusco
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Deniz Uner
- Middle East Technical University, Chemical Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Chemistry Department, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
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5
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Mattioli EJ, Cipriani B, Zerbetto F, Marforio TD, Calvaresi M. Interaction of Au(III) with amino acids: a vade mecum for medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5162-5170. [PMID: 38687242 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Au(III) is highly reactive. At odds with its reduced counterpart, Au(I), it is hardly present in structural databases. And yet, it is the starting reactant to form gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and the constitutive component of a new class of drugs. Its reactivity is a world apart from that of the iso-electronic Pt(II) species. Rather than DNA, it targets proteins. Its interaction with amino acid residues is manifold. It can strongly interact with the residue backbones, amino acid side chains and protein ends, it can form appropriate complexes whose stabilization energy reaches up to more than 40 kcal mol-1, it can affect the pKa of amino acid residues, and it can promote charge transfer from the residues to the amount that it is reduced. Here, quantum chemical calculations provide quantitative information on all the processes where Au(III) can be involved. A myriad of structural arrangements are examined in order to determine the strongest interactions and quantify the amount of charge transfer between protonated and deprotonated residues and Au(III). The calculated interaction energies of the amino acid side chains with Au(III) quantitatively reproduce the experimental tendency of Au(III) to interact with selenocysteine, cysteine and histidine and negatively charged amino acids such as Glu and Asp. Also, aromatic residues such as tyrosine and tryptophan strongly interact with Au(III). In proteins, basic pH plays a role in the deprotonation of cysteine, lysine and tyrosine and strongly increases the binding affinity of Au(III) toward these amino acids. The amino acid residues in the protein can also trigger the reduction of Au(III) ions. Sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and selenocysteine provide almost one electron to Au(III) upon binding. Tyrosine also shows a considerable tendency to act as a reductant. Other amino acids, commonly identified in Au-protein adducts, such as Ser, Trp, Thr, Gln, Glu, Asn, Asp, Lys, Arg and His, possess a notable reducing power toward Au(III). These results and their discussion form a vade mecum that can find application in medicinal chemistry and nanotech applications of Au(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Bachler J, Daidone I, Zanetti-Polzi L, Loerting T. Tuning the low-temperature phase behavior of aqueous ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9741-9753. [PMID: 38470827 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Water's anomalous behavior is often explained using a two-liquid model, where two types of water, high-density liquid (HDL) and low-density liquid (LDL), can be separated via a liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) at low temperature. Mixtures of water and the ionic liquid hydrazinium trifluoroacetate were suggested to also show an LLPT but with the advantage that there is no rapid ice crystallization hampering its observation. It remains controversial whether these solutions exhibit an LLPT or are instead associated with complex phase separation phenomena. We here show detailed low-temperature calorimetry and diffraction experiments on aqueous solutions containing hydrazinium trifluoroacetate and other similar ionic liquids, all at a solute mole fraction of x = 0.175. Hydrazinium trifluoroacetate, ammonium trifluoroacetate, ethylammonium trifluoroacetate and hydrazinium pentafluoropropionate all boast exothermic transitions unrelated to crystallization as well as remarkable structural changes upon cooling into the glassy state. We propose a model inspired by micelle formation and decomposition in surfactant solutions, which is complemented by MD simulations and allows rationalizing the rich phase behavior of our mixtures during cooling. The fundamental aspect of the model is the hydrophobic nature of fluorinated anions that enables aggregation, which is reversed upon cooling and culminates in the remarkable exothermic first-order transition observed at low temperature. That is, we assign the first-order transition not to an LLPT but to phase-separations similar to the ones when falling below the Krafft temperature. All other solutions merely show simple vitrification behavior. Still, they exhibit distinct differences in liquid fragility, which is decreased continuously with decreasing hydrophobicity of the anions. This might enable the systematic tuning of ionic liquids with the goal of designing aqueous solutions of specific fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Isabella Daidone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67010, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
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7
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Khramchenkova A, Pysanenko A, Ďurana J, Kocábková B, Fárník M, Lengyel J. Does HNO 3 dissociate on gas-phase ice nanoparticles? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21154-21161. [PMID: 37458324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the dissociation of nitric acid on large water clusters (H2O)N, N̄ ≈ 30-500, i.e., ice nanoparticles with diameters of 1-3 nm, in a molecular beam. The (H2O)N clusters were doped with single HNO3 molecules in a pickup cell and probed by mass spectrometry after a low-energy (1.5-15 eV) electron attachment. The negative ion mass spectra provided direct evidence for HNO3 dissociation with the formation of NO3-⋯H3O+ ion pairs, but over half of the observed cluster ions originated from non-dissociated HNO3 molecules. This behavior is in contrast with the complete dissociation of nitric acid on amorphous ice surfaces above 100 K. Thus, the proton transfer is significantly suppressed on nanometer-sized particles compared to macroscopic ice surfaces. This can have considerable implications for heterogeneous processes on atmospheric ice particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Khramchenkova
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Ďurana
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Kocábková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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8
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Huff AK, Love N, Leopold KR. Microwave and Computational Study of Methanesulfonic Acid and Its Complex with Water. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3658-3667. [PMID: 37043823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectra of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H, MSA) and its complex with water have been studied by microwave spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. For the monomer, spectra were obtained for both the parent and -OD isotopologues and, in each case, revealed a pair of tunneling states that are attributed to large amplitude motion of the hydroxyl hydrogen about the S-O(H) bond. Transitions crossing between tunneling states were not found in the parent spectrum and are estimated to be outside the range of the spectrometer, thus precluding the direct determination of the tunneling energy. For the -OD form, however, the tunneling energy was determined to be ΔE = 6471.9274(18) MHz from direct measurement of the cross-state c-type transitions. In its complex with water, the acidic hydrogen of the MSA forms a hydrogen bond with the water oxygen. A secondary hydrogen bond involving the water hydrogen and an SO3 oxygen completes a six-membered ring, forming a cyclic structure typical of hydrated oxyacids. No evidence of internal motion was observed. Rotational spectra of the CH3SO3H···D2O and CH3SO3D···D2O isotopologues were also obtained and analyzed. Comparison with theoretical calculations confirms the cyclic structure, though the orientation of the unbound water hydrogen is ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathan Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Abstract
![]()
We
report a computational study of the little-studied neutral bisulfite,
bisulfate, dihydro-phosphite, and dihydro-phosphate radicals (HSOx•, H2POx•, x =
3,4), calling special attention to their various tautomeric structures
together with pKa values estimated from
the Gibbs free energies of their dissociations (at the G4 and CAM-B3LYP
levels of density functional theory). The energetics of microhydration
clusters with up to four water molecules for the S-based species and
up to eight water molecules for the P-based species were investigated.
The number of microhydrating water molecules needed to induce spontaneous
de-protonation is found to correlate the acid strength of each radical.
According to the computed Gibbs free reaction and activation energies,
S- and P-centered radicals preferentially add to the double bond of
propene (a lipid model), whereas the O-centered radical tautomers
prefer H-abstraction. The likely downstream reactions of these radicals
in biological media are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Tallulah Hutson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alice Missio
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - John C Walton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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10
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Fischer TLL, Bödecker MADI, Zehnacker A, Mata RA, Suhm MA. Setting up the HyDRA blind challenge for the microhydration of organic molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11442-11454. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The procedure leading to the first HyDRA blind challenge for the prediction of water donor stretching vibrations in monohydrates of organic molecules is described. A training set of 10 monohydrates...
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11
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Patkar D, Ahirwar MB, Shrivastava SP, Deshmukh MM. Assessment of hydrogen bond strengths and cooperativity in self- and cross-associating cyclic (HF)m(H2O)n (m + n = 2 to 8) clusters. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the strengths of various self- and cross-associating hydrogen bonds (HBs) in mixed hydrogen fluoride–water cyclic (HF)m(H2O)n (m + n = 2 to 8) clusters, employing a molecular tailoring approach (MTA)-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Patkar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Mini Bharati Ahirwar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Milind M. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India
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12
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Roet S, Daub CD, Riccardi E. Chemistrees: Data-Driven Identification of Reaction Pathways via Machine Learning. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6193-6202. [PMID: 34555907 PMCID: PMC8515787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We propose to analyze
molecular dynamics (MD) output via a supervised machine
learning (ML) algorithm, the decision tree.
The approach aims to identify the predominant geometric features which
correlate with trajectories that transition between two arbitrarily
defined states. The data-driven algorithm aims to identify these features
without the bias of human “chemical intuition”. We demonstrate
the method by analyzing the proton exchange reactions in formic acid
solvated in small water clusters. The simulations were performed with ab initio MD combined with a method to efficiently sample
the rare event, path sampling. Our ML analysis identified relevant
geometric variables involved in the proton transfer reaction and how
they may change as the number of solvating water molecules changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Roet
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christopher D Daub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enrico Riccardi
- Department of Informatics, UiO, Gaustadalléen 23B, 0373 Oslo, Norway
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Huff AK, Love N, Leopold KR. Microwave Study of Triflic Acid Hydrates: Evidence for the Transition from Hydrogen-Bonded Clusters to a Microsolvated Ion Pair. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8033-8046. [PMID: 34478288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rotational spectra of the mono-, di-, and trihydrates of triflic acid, CF3SO3H···(H2O)n=1-3, have been recorded by pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and spectroscopic constants obtained have been compared with values calculated at several levels of theory. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical predictions presented here and elsewhere, indicating that with only one or two water molecules, triflic acid remains un-ionized in a cold molecular complex. The experiments further concur with theoretical predictions that the addition of a third water molecule transforms the system into what is best regarded as a hydrated hydronium triflate ion pair. Thus, only three water molecules are needed to induce ionization of triflic acid in a cold molecular cluster. This number is somewhat low compared with that for other simple protic acids and likely reflects the superacidity of triflic acid. Simple energetic arguments can be used to rationalize this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathan Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Ahlmann S, Münzner P, Moch K, Sokolov AP, Böhmer R, Gainaru C. The relationship between charge and molecular dynamics in viscous acid hydrates. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014505. [PMID: 34241375 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillatory shear rheology has been employed to access the structural rearrangements of deeply supercooled sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SA4H) and phosphoric acid monohydrate, the latter in protonated (PA1H) and deuterated (PA1D) forms. Their viscoelastic responses are analyzed in relation to their previously investigated electric conductivity. The comparison of the also presently reported dielectric response of deuterated sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SA4D) and that of its protonated analog SA4H reveals an absence of isotope effects for the charge transport in this hydrate. This finding clearly contrasts with the situation known for PA1H and PA1D. Our analyses also demonstrate that the conductivity relaxation profiles of acid hydrides closely resemble those exhibited by classical ionic electrolytes, even though the charge transport in phosphoric acid hydrates is dominated by proton transfer processes. At variance with this dielectric simplicity, the viscoelastic responses of these materials depend on their structural compositions. While SA4H displays a "simple liquid"-like viscoelastic behavior, the mechanical responses of PA1H and PA1D are more complex, revealing relaxation modes, which are faster than their ubiquitous structural rearrangements. Interestingly, the characteristic rates of these fast mechanical relaxations agree well with the characteristic frequencies of the charge rearrangements probed in the dielectric investigations, suggesting appearance of a proton transfer in mechanical relaxation of phosphoric acid hydrates. These findings open the exciting perspective of exploiting shear rheology to access not only the dynamics of the matrix but also that of the charge carriers in highly viscous decoupled conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahlmann
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Münzner
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - K Moch
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - R Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Love N, Huff AK, Leopold KR. Proton Transfer in a Bare Superacid-Amine Complex: A Microwave and Computational Study of Trimethylammonium Triflate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5061-5068. [PMID: 34096305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The complex formed from trimethylamine ((CH3)3N) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid, CF3SO3H) has been observed by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in a supersonic jet. Spectroscopic data, most notably 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, are combined with computational results at several levels of theory to unambiguously demonstrate complete or near-complete proton transfer from the triflic acid to the trimethylamine upon complexation. Thus, the system is best regarded as a trimethylammonium triflate ion pair in the gas phase. The formation of an isolated ion pair in a 1:1 complex of a Brønsted acid and base is unusual and likely arises due to the strong acidity of triflic acid. Simple energetic arguments based on proton affinities and the Coulomb interaction energy can be used to rationalize this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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17
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Walton JC. Dissociations of free radicals to generate protons, electrophiles or nucleophiles: role in DNA strand breaks. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7496-7512. [PMID: 34019058 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concept behind the research described in this article was that of marrying the 'soft' methods of radical generation with the effectiveness and flexibility of nucleophile/electrophile synthetic procedures. Classic studies with pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis had shown that free radicals could be more acidic than their closed shell counterparts. QM computations harmonised with this and helped to define which radical centres and which structural types were most effective. Radicals based on the sulfonic acid moiety and on the Meldrum's acid moiety (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) were found to be extreme examples in the superacid class. The ethyne unit could be used as a very effective spacer between the radical centre and the site of proton donation. The key factor in promoting acidity was understood to be the thermodynamic stabilisation of the conjugate anion-radicals released on deprotonation. Solvation played a key part in promoting this and theoretical microhydration studies provided notable support. A corollary was that heterolytic dissociations of free radicals to yield either electrophiles or nucleophiles were also enhanced relative to non-radical models. The most effective radical types for spontaneous releases of both these types of reagents were identified. Ethyne units were again effective as spacers. The enhancement of release of phosphate anions by adjacent radical centres was an important special case. Reactive oxygen species and also diradicals from endiyne antibiotics generate C4'-deoxyribose radicals from nucleotides. Radicals of these types spontaneously release phosphate and triphosphate and this is a contributor to DNA and RNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Walton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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18
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Reactivity of Undissociated Molecular Nitric Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:453-462. [PMID: 33355444 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that HNO3 may exist in molecular form in aqueous environments, where in principle one would expect this strong acid to be completely dissociated. Much effort has been devoted to understanding this fact, which has huge environmental relevance since nitric acid is a component of acid rain and also contributes to renoxification processes in the atmosphere. Although the importance of heterogeneous processes such as oxidation and photolysis have been evidenced by experiments, most theoretical studies on hydrated molecular HNO3 have focused on the acid dissociation mechanism. In the present work, we carry out calculations at various levels of theory to obtain insight into the properties of molecular nitric acid at the surface of liquid water (the air-water interface). Through multi-nanosecond combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the interface affinity of nitric acid and provide an order of magnitude for its lifetime with regard to acid dissociation, which is close to the value deduced using thermodynamic data in the literature (∼0.3 ns). Moreover, we study the electronic absorption spectrum and calculate the rate constant for the photolytic process HNO3 + hν → NO2 + OH, leading to 2 × 10-6 s-1, about twice the value in the gas phase. Finally, we describe the reaction HNO3 + OH → NO3 + H2O using a cluster model containing 21 water molecules with the help of high-level ab initio calculations. A large number of reaction paths are explored, and our study leads to the conclusion that the most favorable mechanism involves the formation of a pre-reactive complex (HNO3)(OH) from which product are obtained through a coupled proton-electron transfer mechanism that has a free-energy barrier of 6.65 kcal·mol-1. Kinetic calculations predict a rate constant increase by ∼4 orders of magnitude relative to the gas phase, and we conclude that at the air-water interface, a lower limit for the rate constant is k = 1.2 × 10-9 cm3·molecule-1·s-1. The atmospheric significance of all these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC - CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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19
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Rojas-Valencia N, Gómez S, Guerra D, Restrepo A. A detailed look at the bonding interactions in the microsolvation of monoatomic cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13049-13061. [PMID: 32478372 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Global and local descriptors of the properties of intermolecular bonding, formally derived from independent methodologies (QTAIM, NCI, NBO, density differences) afford a highly complex picture of the bonding interactions responsible for microsolvation of monoatomic cations. In all cases, the dominant factor dictating geometries and interaction strengths is the electrophilic power of the metal cation. The formal charge disrupts the hydrogen bonding network otherwise present in pristine water clusters, making the hydrogen bonds considerably stronger, even inducing some degree of covalency. All MO interactions are highly ionic, with strengths than in some cases approach that of the reference LiCl bond. Accumulation of electron density in the region connecting MO is observed, thus, ionic bonding in the microsolvation of monoatomic cations is not as simple as an electrostatic interaction between opposing charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rojas-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia. and Escuela de Ciencias y Humanidades, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Eafit, AA 3300, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Doris Guerra
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Lagodzinskaya GV, Laptinskaya TV, Kazakov AI. Supramolecular structuring of aqueous solutions of strong acids: manifestations in light scattering, NMR, and oxidation kinetics. Does liquid have a drop-like nature? 1. Nitric acid. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Walton JC. Reflex Carbocation Release from Covalent Molecules by Endogenous Free Radicals. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13290-13297. [PMID: 30411034 PMCID: PMC6217609 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbocations are pervasive in contemporary organic synthesis, so new and innocuous methods of making them are always desirable. A theoretical approach revealed that compounds in which radical generation takes place may release carbocations advantageously. The radical types and molecular substructures that promote this effect were identified. The best substructures were found to be 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, particularly those based on the Meldrum's acid theme. Sulfate esters and dithiane rings could also be employed. Radicals generated on oxygen atoms or ethyne units were particularly effective. For these species, carbocation release could be reflex, that is, concurrent with radical generation. Only small radical enhancements were observed for release of lithium cations because of the ionic character of most of the precursors. Ethyne units could be incorporated as spacers between the radical center and the site of carbocation generation. Moreover, the enhancement was transmitted down polyethyne chains of at least six units.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Walton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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22
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Fárník M, Lengyel J. Mass spectrometry of aerosol particle analogues in molecular beam experiments. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:630-651. [PMID: 29178389 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-size particles such as ultrafine aerosol particles, ice nanoparticles, water nanodroplets, etc, play an important, however, not yet fully understood role in the atmospheric chemistry and physics. These species are often composed of water with admixture of other atmospherically relevant molecules. To mimic and investigate such particles in laboratory experiments, mixed water clusters with atmospherically relevant molecules can be generated in molecular beams and studied by various mass spectrometric methods. The present review demonstrates that such experiments can provide unprecedented details of reaction mechanisms, and detailed insight into the photon-, electron-, and ion-induced processes relevant to the atmospheric chemistry. After a brief outline of the molecular beam preparation, cluster properties, and ionization methods, we focus on the mixed clusters with various atmospheric molecules, such as hydrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid clusters, Nx Oy and halogen-containing molecules with water. A special attention is paid to their reactivity and solvent effects of water molecules on the observed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Smith CJ, Huff AK, Mackenzie RB, Leopold KR. Hydration of an Acid Anhydride: The Water Complex of Acetic Sulfuric Anhydride. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4549-4554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anna K. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca B. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Abstract
The dynamics of chemical reactions in liquid solutions are now amenable to direct study using ultrafast laser spectroscopy techniques and advances in computer simulation methods. The surrounding solvent affects the chemical reaction dynamics in numerous ways, which include: (i) formation of complexes between reactants and solvent molecules; (ii) modifications to transition state energies and structures relative to the reactants and products; (iii) coupling between the motions of the reacting molecules and the solvent modes, and exchange of energy; (iv) solvent caging of reactants and products; and (v) structural changes to the solvation shells in response to the changing chemical identity of the solutes, on timescales which may be slower than the reactive events. This article reviews progress in the study of bimolecular chemical reaction dynamics in solution, concentrating on reactions which occur on ground electronic states. It illustrates this progress with reference to recent experimental and computational studies, and considers how the various ways in which a solvent affects the chemical reaction dynamics can be unravelled. Implications are considered for research in fields such as mechanistic synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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25
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Microhydration and the Enhanced Acidity of Free Radicals. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020423. [PMID: 29443952 PMCID: PMC6017598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theoretical research employing a continuum solvent model predicted that radical centers would enhance the acidity (RED-shift) of certain proton-donor molecules. Microhydration studies employing a DFT method are reported here with the aim of establishing the effect of the solvent micro-structure on the acidity of radicals with and without RED-shifts. Microhydration cluster structures were obtained for carboxyl, carboxy-ethynyl, carboxy-methyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals. The numbers of water molecules needed to induce spontaneous ionization were determined. The hydration clusters formed primarily round the CO2 units of the carboxylate-containing radicals. Only 4 or 5 water molecules were needed to induce ionization of carboxyl and carboxy-ethynyl radicals, thus corroborating their large RED-shifts.
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26
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Ohtake S, Feng S, Shalaev E. Effect of Water on the Chemical Stability of Amorphous Pharmaceuticals: 2. Deamidation of Peptides and Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:42-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Özsoy H, Uras-Aytemiz N, Balcı FM. Hydrogen-bonding behavior of various conformations of the HNO 3…(CH 3OH) 2 ternary system. J Mol Model 2017; 24:23. [PMID: 29270854 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nine minima were found on the intermolecular potential energy surface for the ternary system HNO3(CH3OH)2 at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. The cooperative effect, which is a measure of the hydrogen-bonding strength, was probed in these nine conformations of HNO3…(CH3OH)2. The results are discussed here in terms of structures, energetics, infrared vibrational frequencies, and topological parameters. The cooperative effect was observed to be an important contributor to the total interaction energies of the cyclic conformers of HNO3…(CH3OH)2, meaning that it cannot be neglected in simulations in which the pair-additive potential is applied. Graphical abstract The H-bonding behavior of various conformations of the HNO3(CH3OH)2 trimer was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Özsoy
- Department of Chemistry, Karabük University, 78050, Karabük, Turkey
| | | | - F Mine Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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28
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Pérez de Tudela R, Marx D. Acid Dissociation in HCl-Water Clusters is Temperature Dependent and Cannot be Detected Based on Dipole Moments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:223001. [PMID: 29286767 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of acids in aqueous environments at low temperatures in the presence of a limited amount of water is underlying a wealth of processes from atmospheric to interstellar science. For the paradigmatic case of HCl(H_{2}O)_{n} clusters, our extensive ab initio path integral simulations quantify in terms of free energy differences and barriers that n=4 water molecules are indeed required to dissociate HCl at low temperatures. Increasing the temperature, however, reverses the process and thus counteracts dissociation by fluctuation-driven recombination. The size of the electric dipole moment is shown to not correlate with the acid being in its dissociated or molecular state, thus rendering its measurement as a function of n unable to detect the dissociation transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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30
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Kinetic solvation and electrical conductance of proton in infinitely diluted solutions of hydrogen halides in primary alcohols and in water: influence of temperature and solvent. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Krishnakumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Director's Office, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Maity
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Director's Office, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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32
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Lengyel J, Ončák M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Pysanenko A, Beyer MK, Fárník M. Electron-triggered chemistry in HNO 3/H 2O complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11753-11758. [PMID: 28397887 PMCID: PMC5450009 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds, which consist mainly of nitric acid containing ice particles, play a pivotal role in stratospheric chemistry. We investigate mixed nitric acid-water clusters (HNO3)m(H2O)n, m ≈ 1-6, n ≈ 1-15, in a laboratory molecular beam experiment using electron attachment and mass spectrometry and interpret our experiments using DFT calculations. The reactions are triggered by the attachment of free electrons (0-14 eV) which leads to subsequent intracluster ion-molecule reactions. In these reactions, the nitrate anion NO3- turns out to play the central role. This contradicts the electron attachment to the gas-phase HNO3 molecule, which leads almost exclusively to NO2-. The nitrate containing clusters are formed through at least three different reaction pathways and represent terminal product ions in the reaction cascade initiated by the electron attachment. Besides, the complex reaction pathways represent a new hitherto unrecognized source of atmospherically important OH and HONO molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague , Czech Republic .
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria .
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria .
| | - Juraj Fedor
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria .
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague , Czech Republic .
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33
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Zhang R, Murata M, Wakamiya A, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T, Murata Y. Isolation of the simplest hydrated acid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602833. [PMID: 28439559 PMCID: PMC5400425 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dissociation of an acid molecule in aqueous media is one of the most fundamental solvation processes but its details remain poorly understood at the distinct molecular level. Conducting high-pressure treatments of an open-cage fullerene C70 derivative with hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the presence of H2O, we achieved an unprecedented encapsulation of H2O·HF and H2O. Restoration of the opening yielded the endohedral C70s, that is, (H2O·HF)@C70, H2O@C70, and HF@C70 in macroscopic scales. Putting an H2O·HF complex into the fullerene cage was a crucial step, and it would proceed by the synergistic effects of "pushing from outside" and "pulling from inside." The structure of the H2O·HF was unambiguously determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The nuclear magnetic resonance measurements revealed the formation of a hydrogen bond between the H2O and HF molecules without proton transfer even at 140°C.
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34
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Slow large-scale supramolecular structuring as a cause of kinetic anomalies in the liquid-phase oxidation with nitric acid. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Krishnakumar
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Maity
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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36
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37
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Abstract
C6H5COOH requires at least eight H2O molecules for its dissociation. A linear correlation is observed between pKa and nH2O; an unknown pKa can thus be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Krishnakumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Training School Complex
- Mumbai-400094
- India
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
| | - Dilip Kumar Maity
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Training School Complex
- Mumbai-400094
- India
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
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38
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Litman YE, Videla PE, Rodriguez J, Laria D. Positional Isotope Exchange in HX·(H2O)n (X = F, I) Clusters at Low Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7213-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yair E. Litman
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física
and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E. Videla
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física
and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- ECyT, UNSAM, Martín
de Irigoyen 3100, 1650 San Martín, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Laria
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física
and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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39
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Vargas-Caamal A, Cabellos JL, Ortiz-Chi F, Rzepa HS, Restrepo A, Merino G. How Many Water Molecules Does it Take to Dissociate HCl? Chemistry 2016; 22:2812-8. [PMID: 26774026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of the HCl(H2O)n (n is the number of water molecules) clusters are systematically explored using density functional theory and high-level ab initio computations. On the basis of electronic energies, the number of water molecules needed for HCl dissociation is four as reported by some experimental groups. However, this number is five owing to the inclusion of entropic factors. Wiberg bond indices are calculated and analyzed, and the results provide a quadratic correlation and classification of clusters according to the nondissociated, partially dissociated, and fully dissociated character of the H-Cl bond. Our computations show that if temperature is not controlled during the experiment, the values obtained for the dipole moment (or for any measurable property) are susceptible to change, providing a different picture of the number of water molecules needed for HCl dissociation in a nanoscopic droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vargas-Caamal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Filiberto Ortiz-Chi
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, Av. Ah-Canul s/n, Carr. Fed. Calkiní-Campeche, CP, 24900, Calkiní, Campeche, México
| | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México.
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40
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Murdachaew G, Nathanson GM, Benny Gerber R, Halonen L. Deprotonation of formic acid in collisions with a liquid water surface studied by molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29756-29770. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid has a lower barrier to deprotonation at the air–water interface than in bulk liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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41
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Bühl M, DaBell P, Manley DW, McCaughan RP, Walton JC. Bicarbonate and Alkyl Carbonate Radicals: Structural Integrity and Reactions with Lipid Components. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:16153-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bühl
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St.
Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Peter DaBell
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St.
Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Manley
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St.
Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Rory P. McCaughan
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St.
Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Walton
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St.
Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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42
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Kim SK, Lee HM, Kim KS. Disulfuric acid dissociated by two water molecules: ab initio and density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28556-64. [PMID: 26400266 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied geometries, energies and vibrational spectra of disulfuric acid (H2S2O7) and its anion (HS2O7(-)) hydrated by a few water molecules, using density functional theory (M062X) and ab initio theory (SCS-MP2 and CCSD(T)). The most noteworthy result is found in H2S2O7(H2O)2 in which the lowest energy conformer shows deprotonated H2S2O7. Thus, H2S2O7 requires only two water molecules, the fewest number of water molecules for deprotonation among various hydrated monomeric acids reported so far. Even the second deprotonation of the first deprotonated species HS2O7(-) needs only four water molecules. The deprotonation is supported by vibration spectra, in which acid O-H stretching peaks disappear and specific three O-H stretching peaks for H3O(+) (eigen structure) appear. We have also kept track of variations in several geometrical parameters, atomic charges, and hybrid orbital characters upon addition of water. As the number of water molecules added increases, the S-O bond weakens in the case of H2S2O7, but strengthens in the case of HS2O7(-). It implies that the decomposition leading to H2SO4 and SO3 hardly occurs prior to the 2nd deprotonation at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Han Myoung Lee
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
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43
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Li JW, Morita M, Takahashi K, Kuo JL. Features in Vibrational Spectra Induced by Ar-Tagging for H3O+Arm, m = 0–3. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10887-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Wei Li
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Masato Morita
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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44
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YADAV SWATANTRAK, MISHRA HIRDYESH, TIWARI ASHWANIK. A DFT study of temperature dependent dissociation mechanism of HF in HF(H2O)7 cluster. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Verdes M, Paniagua M. Facet shapes and thermo-stabilities of H₂SO₄•HNO₃ hydrates involved in polar stratospheric clouds. J Mol Model 2015; 21:238. [PMID: 26287119 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nucleation, ice crystal shapes and thermodynamic stability of polar stratospheric clouds particles are interesting concerns owing to their implication in the ozone layer destruction. Some of these particles are formed by conformers of H2O, HNO3, and H2SO4. We carried out calculations using density functional theory (DFT) to obtain optimized structures. Several stable trimers are achieved -divided in two groups, one with HNO3 moiety, second with H2SO4 moiety- after pre-optimization at B3LYP/6-31G and subsequently optimization at B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. For both most stable conformers five H2O molecules are added to their optimized trimers to calculate hydrated geometries. The OH stretching harmonic frequencies are provided for all aggregates. The zero-point energy correction (ZEPC), relative electronic energies (∆E), relative reaction Gibbs free energies ∆(∆G)k-relative, and cooling constant (K cooling ) are reported at three temperatures: 188 K, 195 K, and 210 K. Shapes given in our calculations are compared with various experimental shapes as well as comparisons with their thermo-stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Verdes
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, C-14, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain,
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46
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Pathak AK. A theoretical study on microhydration of chromate dianion: on the number of water molecules necessary to mimic the bulk. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1022608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Hollas D, Svoboda O, Slavíček P. Fragmentation of HCl–water clusters upon ionization: Non-adiabatic ab initio dynamics study. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Guggemos N, Slavíček P, Kresin VV. Electric dipole moments of nanosolvated acid molecules in water clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:043401. [PMID: 25679889 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electric dipole moments of (H2O)nDCl (n=3-9) clusters have been measured by the beam-deflection method. Reflecting the (dynamical) charge distribution within the system, the dipole moment contributes information about the microscopic structure of nanoscale solvation. The addition of a DCl molecule to a water cluster results in a strongly enhanced susceptibility. There is evidence for a noticeable rise in the dipole moment occurring at n≈5-6. This size is consistent with predictions for the onset of ionic dissociation. Additionally, a molecular-dynamics model suggests that even with a nominally bound impurity an enhanced dipole moment can arise due to the thermal and zero-point motion of the proton and the water molecules. The experimental measurements and the calculations draw attention to the importance of fluctuations in defining the polarity of water-based nanoclusters and generally to the essential role played by motional effects in determining the response of fluxional nanoscale systems under realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Guggemos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vitaly V Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
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49
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Mancini JS, Bowman JM. Isolating the spectral signature of H3O+ in the smallest droplet of dissociated HCl acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6222-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05685j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The smallest droplet of HCl acid, H3O+(H2O)3Cl−, and its isolated H3O+ infrared signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Mancini
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry
- Emory University
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Joel M. Bowman
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry
- Emory University
- Atlanta
- USA
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50
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Miao SK, Jiang S, Chen J, Ma Y, Zhu YP, Wen Y, Zhang MM, Huang W. Hydration of a sulfuric acid–oxalic acid complex: acid dissociation and its atmospheric implication. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated structural characteristics and thermodynamics of the hydration of a sulfuric acid–oxalic acid complex using density functional theory to gain insight into the ternary nucleation and its atmospheric implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Kui Miao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yu-Peng Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yang Wen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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