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Timilsina S, Kaur A, Sharma A, Ramamoorthy S, Vallad GE, Wang N, White FF, Potnis N, Goss EM, Jones JB. Xanthomonas as a Model System for Studying Pathogen Emergence and Evolution. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1433-1446. [PMID: 38648116 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-24-0084-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight studies in which whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and population genomics have provided unprecedented insights into past and ongoing pathogen evolution. These include new understandings of the adaptive evolution of secretion systems and their effectors. We focus on Xanthomonas pathosystems that have seen intensive study and improved our understanding of pathogen emergence and evolution, particularly in the context of host specialization: citrus canker, bacterial blight of rice, and bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Across pathosystems, pathogens appear to follow a pattern of bursts of evolution and diversification that impact host adaptation. There remains a need for studies on the mechanisms of host range evolution and genetic exchange among closely related but differentially host-specialized species and to start moving beyond the study of specific strain and host cultivar pairwise interactions to thinking about these pathosystems in a community context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | | | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Akila AH, Ali MAS, Khairy AM, Elnahal ASM, Alfassam HE, Rudayni HA, Jaber FA, Tohamy MRA. Biological Control of Tomato Bacterial Leaf Spots and Its Impact on Some Antioxidant Enzymes, Phenolic Compounds, and Pigment Content. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:369. [PMID: 38927249 PMCID: PMC11201276 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tomato bacterial spots, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv1) and X. euvesicatoria (Xe2), as well as bacterial specks, caused by two strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst1 and Pst2), represent significant threats to tomato production in the El-Sharkia governorate, often resulting in substantial yield losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various biocontrol culture filtrates, including bacteria and fungi agents, in managing the occurrence and severity of these diseases, while also monitoring physiological changes in tomato leaves, including antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, and pigment content. The culture filtrates from examined Trichoderma species (T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. album), as well as the tested bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Serratia marcescens) at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, significantly inhibited the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria In vitro. For the In vivo experiments, we used specific doses of 5 mL of spore suspension per plant for the fungal bioagents at a concentration of 2.5 × 107 spores/mL. The bacterial bioagents were applied as a 10 mL suspension per plant at a concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/mL. Spraying the culture filtrates of the tested bioagents two days before infection In vivo significantly reduced disease incidence and severity. Trichoderma viride exhibited the highest efficacy among the fungal bioagents, followed by T. harzianum and T. album. Meanwhile, the culture filtrate of B. subtilis emerged as the most potent among the bacterial bioagents, followed by P. fluorescens. Furthermore, applying these culture filtrates resulted in elevated levels of chitinase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity. This effect extended to increased phenol contents, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in sprayed tomato plants compared to the control treatment. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of these biocontrol strategies to effectively mitigate disease incidence and severity while enhancing plant defense mechanisms and physiological parameters, thus offering promising avenues for sustainable disease management in tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H. Akila
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt (M.A.S.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. S. Ali
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt (M.A.S.A.)
| | - Ahmed M. Khairy
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt (M.A.S.A.)
| | - Ahmed S. M. Elnahal
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt (M.A.S.A.)
| | - Haifa E. Alfassam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatima A. Jaber
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed R. A. Tohamy
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt (M.A.S.A.)
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Sharma A, Timilsina S, Abrahamian P, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Vallad GE, Goss EM. Bacterial Mutation During Seasonal Epidemics. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:93-97. [PMID: 38105425 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0164-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly evolving bacterial pathogens pose a unique challenge for long-term plant disease management. In this study, we investigated the types and rate of mutations in bacterial populations during seasonal disease epidemics. Two phylogenetically distinct strains of the bacterial spot pathogen, Xanthomonas perforans, were marked, released in tomato fields, and recaptured at several time points during the growing season. Genomic variations in recaptured isolates were identified by comparative analysis of their whole-genome sequences. In total, 180 unique variations (116 substitutions, 57 insertions/deletions, and 7 structural variations) were identified from 300 genomes, resulting in the overall host-associated mutation rate of ∼0.3 to 0.9/genome/week. This result serves as a benchmark for bacterial mutation during epidemics in similar pathosystems. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, U.S.A
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Peter Abrahamian
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, U.S.A
| | - Gerald V Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, U.S.A
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Sadhukhan S, Jacques MA, Potnis N. Influence of Co-occurring Weakly Pathogenic Bacterial Species on Bacterial Spot Disease Dynamics on Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:190-199. [PMID: 37537791 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0837-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Mixed infections caused by multiple pathogenic and weakly pathogenic strains inhabiting the same host plants are common in nature and may modify pathogen dynamics. However, traditional plant pathogen studies have mostly focused on the binary interaction between a single host and a single pathogen. In this study, we have looked beyond this binary interaction and evaluated the impact of coinfection on disease dynamics on tomato using the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas perforans (Xp), the co-occurring weakly pathogenic strain of X. arboricola (Xa), and the co-occurring potential weak pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas capsici (Pc). Time-series coinfection experiments monitoring disease severity and within-host population dynamics revealed higher disease severity in coinfection by three species compared with infection by Xp alone. However, coinfection by dual species, Xp and Pc, or Xa resulted in lower disease severity compared with Xp alone. Thus, coinfection outcomes depend on interacting species. Weak pathogens could exploit Xp to colonize the host plant as indicated by their higher populations in coinfection. However, Xp population dynamics were dependent on the coinfecting partner. While resource competition might be a possible explanation for lower Xp population in dual coinfection, interaction of Pc with the host was found to influence Xp population. Interestingly, Xp population was higher in the presence of three-species interaction compared with Xp and Xa coinfection, suggesting potential modulation of cooperative interactions among Xp and Xa in three-species coinfection rather than competitive interactions. Humidity played a significant role in population dynamics of the three species. Overall, this study highlighted the importance of coinfection dynamics in studying plant disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sadhukhan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | | | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
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Bianco MI, Ponso MA, Garita-Cambronero J, Conforte VP, Galván TE, Dunger G, Morales GM, Vojnov AA, Romero AM, Cubero J, Yaryura PM. Genomic and phenotypic insight into Xanthomonas vesicatoria strains with different aggressiveness on tomato. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1185368. [PMID: 37440880 PMCID: PMC10333488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas vesicatoria is one of the causal agents of bacterial spot, a disease that seriously affects the production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annum) worldwide. In Argentina, bacterial spot is found in all tomato producing areas, with X. vesicatoria being one of the main species detected in the fields. Previously, we isolated three X. vesicatoria strains BNM 208, BNM 214, and BNM 216 from tomato plants with bacterial spot, and found they differed in their ability to form biofilm and in their degree of aggressiveness. Here, the likely causes of those differences were explored through genotypic and phenotypic studies. The genomes of the three strains were sequenced and assembled, and then compared with each other and also with 12 other publicly available X. vesicatoria genomes. Phenotypic characteristics (mainly linked to biofilm formation and virulence) were studied in vitro. Our results show that the differences observed earlier between BNM 208, BNM 214, and BNM 216 may be related to the structural characteristics of the xanthan gum produced by each strain, their repertoire of type III effectors (T3Es), the presence of certain genes associated with c-di-GMP metabolism and type IV pili (T4P). These findings on the pathogenicity mechanisms of X. vesicatoria could be useful for developing bacterial spot control strategies aimed at interfering with the infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Bianco
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein – Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Ponso
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentario y Biotecnológica (IMITAB, UNVM-CONICET), Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María, Argentina
| | | | - Valeria Paola Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein – Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tadeo E. Galván
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein – Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán Dunger
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M. Morales
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto – CONICET, Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Adrián Alberto Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein – Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Romero
- Cátedra de Fitopatología, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Marcelo Yaryura
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentario y Biotecnológica (IMITAB, UNVM-CONICET), Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María, Argentina
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Jibrin MO, Timilsina S, Minsavage GV, Vallad GE, Roberts PD, Goss EM, Jones JB. Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper in Africa: Diversity, Emergence of T5 Race, and Management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835647. [PMID: 35509307 PMCID: PMC9058171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot disease was first reported from South Africa by Ethel M. Doidge in 1920. In the ensuing century after the initial discovery, the pathogen has gained global attention in plant pathology research, providing insights into host-pathogen interactions, pathogen evolution, and effector discovery, such as the first discovery of transcription activation-like effectors, among many others. Four distinct genetic groups, including Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (proposed name: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria), Xanthomonas perforans (proposed name: X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans), Xanthomonas gardneri (proposed name: Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri), and Xanthomonas vesicatoria, are known to cause bacterial spot disease. Recently, a new race of a bacterial spot pathogen, race T5, which is a product of recombination between at least two Xanthomonas species, was reported in Nigeria. In this review, our focus is on the progress made on the African continent, vis-à-vis progress made in the global bacterial spot research community to provide a body of information useful for researchers in understanding the diversity, evolutionary changes, and management of the disease in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ojonuba Jibrin
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gerald V. Minsavage
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Garry E. Vallad
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Pamela D. Roberts
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- UF/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Erica M. Goss
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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