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Yang MZ, Sheeran P. Who follows through? Different factors predict initial commitment vs. Following through in a national survey of organ donor registration. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302587. [PMID: 38809885 PMCID: PMC11135768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little research has investigated factors that determine whether people falter in the face of an obstacle or successfully follow through on an initial commitment to act. We integrated multiple theories (the Reasoned Action Approach [RAA], Prototype Willingness Model, and anticipated regret theory) to test which factors predict initial commitment to register as an organ donor and to discover whether different factors predict initial commitment vs. following through with registration. METHODS Participants from a nationally representative UK sample (N = 1,008) reported their beliefs about organ donation and indicated their decision to register. An obstacle that participants could not foresee was that they had to complete registration in a second survey 3 days after making their initial commitment. RESULTS Findings showed that 14.8% of participants followed through, 19.7% demonstrated initial commitment, and 65.5% declined to register. Linear discriminant function analysis derived two functions that distinguished these registration patterns. The first function discriminated participants who declined to register from the other groups. The declined group had lower scores on RAA variables compared to their counterparts. The second function distinguished participants who made an initial commitment to register from those who followed through. Follow-through was associated with less anticipated negative affect, more favorable descriptive norms, and stronger identification with organ donors. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that even modest friction leads to a large reduction in follow-through. Moreover, different factors influence initial commitment vs. following through. Whereas RAA variables predicted initial commitment, following through was a function of anticipated negative affect and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z. Yang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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2
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Anyolitho MK, Nyakato VN, Huyse T, Poels K, Masquillier C. Health-seeking behaviour regarding schistosomiasis treatment in the absence of a mass drug administration (MDA) program: the case of endemic communities along Lake Albert in Western Uganda. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1072. [PMID: 37277773 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schistosomiasis poses a serious public health problem and a social challenge affecting over 240 million people, the majority of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends praziquantel (PZQ) drug treatment through regular mass drug administration (MDA) accompanied by social mobilisation and health education and sensitisation. With social mobilisation and health education and sensitisation, there is bound to be increased demand for the PZQ, especially in the case of endemic communities. However, it is not clear where communities go for PZQ treatment in the absence of PZQ MDA. We explored the health-seeking behaviours regarding schistosomiasis treatment among communities along Lake Albert in Western Uganda when MDA had delayed, to inform a review of the implementation policy for the achievement of the WHO's 2030 target of 75% coverage and uptake. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a community-based qualitative study in Kagadi and Ntoroko, an endemic community in January and February 2020. We interviewed 12 individuals: local leaders, village health teams, and health workers, and conducted 28 focus group discussion sessions with 251 purposively selected community members. The audio recordings of the data were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis model. RESULTS Generally, participants seldom seek medication for schistosomiasis-related signs and symptoms from government hospitals and health centres II, III and IV. Instead, they rely on community volunteers such as VHTs, private facilities, such as clinics and drug shops nearby, or traditional sources (e.g. witch doctors and herbalists). Results show that factors influencing people to seek treatment from sources other than the government are: the absence of PZQ drugs in the government health facility; health workers' negative attitude towards patients; long distances to the government hospitals and health facilities; poor and inaccessible roads; medication-related costs; and negative perceptions of the PZQ drug. CONCLUSIONS Availability and accessibility of PZQ seem to be a big challenge. PZQ uptake is further hampered by health systems and community-related and socio-cultural factors. Thus there is a need to bring schistosomiasis drug treatment and services closer to endemic communities, stock nearby facilities with PZQ and encourage endemic communities to take the drug. Contextualised awareness-raising campaigns are needed to debunk myths and misconceptions surrounding the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxson Kenneth Anyolitho
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Lira University, Lira, Uganda.
- Department of Human Development and Relational Sciences, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Viola Nilah Nyakato
- Department of Human Development and Relational Sciences, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Tine Huyse
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Karolien Poels
- Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Masquillier
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health - FAMPOP, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Family, Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Jones MS, Niemiec RM. Motivating relational organizing behavior for biodiversity conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Jones
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Rebecca M. Niemiec
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Lim JR, Liu BF, Atwell Seate A. Are you prepared for the next storm? Developing social norms messages to motivate community members to perform disaster risk mitigation behaviors. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:2550-2568. [PMID: 35701149 PMCID: PMC10084415 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preparing for natural disasters and adapting to climate change can save lives. Yet, minimal research has examined how governments can motivate community members to prepare for disasters (e.g., purchasing flood insurance or installing water barriers in homes for floods and hurricanes). Instead, studies have focused on how to communicate actions individuals should take during disasters, rather than before disasters. This study develops messages targeting social norms, which are promising approaches to motivate community members to adopt disaster risk preparedness and mitigation behaviors. Specifically, we developed a variety of messages integrating descriptive norms (i.e., what others do), injunctive norms (i.e., what others believe should be done), and a social norms-based fear appeal, or social disapproval rationale (i.e., a negative social result of [not] taking behaviors). Then, we tested these messages through two between-subject factorial online experiments in flood- and hurricane-prone U.S. states with adult samples (N = 2,286). In experiment 1 (i.e., purchasing flood insurance), the injunctive norms message using weather forecasters and the social disapproval rationale message significantly increased social norms perceptions, which in turn influenced behavioral intentions. In experiment 2 (i.e., installing water barriers), the injunctive norms message using weather forecasters, the injunctive norms message using neighbors, and the social disapproval rationale message significantly increased social norms perceptions, which in turn influenced mitigation intentions. However, the descriptive social norms message was not effective in increasing social norms perceptions. We provide some of the first empirical evidence on how organizations' risk communication can empower community members to prepare and mitigate the impact of disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- JungKyu Rhys Lim
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Brooke Fisher Liu
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Anita Atwell Seate
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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Gausel N, Berndsen M. Refusing to tolerate ongoing prejudicial behavior toward immigrants: Together we can object to prejudicial flag displays. Front Psychol 2022; 13:981065. [PMID: 36312176 PMCID: PMC9597677 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, immigrants have been met with unjust prejudiced behavior instead of warm welcome. However, not all citizens of a nation endorse such behavior, instead they try to oppose it through social mobilization. In the context of an ongoing situation where the national flag is used as a prejudiced means to exclude immigrants, individuals who felt attached with all members of the nation felt significantly more shame for the unjust than individuals who glorify their nation. Consequently, attached identifiers expressed a significantly greater motivation than glorified identifiers to start thinking about social mobilization to reclaim the meaning of the flag as a symbol of inclusion, not exclusion. The current study contributes to the growing debate on how immigrants are received, and it helps explain how national identification and feelings such as shame motivate individuals to start thinking about objecting to prejudicial flag displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolay Gausel
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mariëtte Berndsen
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mariëtte Berndsen,
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6
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Robinson CD. A Framework for Motivating Teacher-Student Relationships. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-022-09706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Kirkegaard A, Wagner Z, Mariano LT, Martinez MC, Yan XS, Romanelli RJ, Watkins KE. Evaluating the effectiveness of email-based nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061980. [PMID: 36123066 PMCID: PMC9486294 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical patients are commonly prescribed more opioids at discharge than needed to manage their postoperative pain. These excess opioids increase the risks of new persistent opioid use, opioid-induced ventilatory impairment and opioid diversion. This study tests the effectiveness of two behavioural nudges, one based on peer behaviour and one based on best practice guidelines, in reducing excessive postoperative opioid prescriptions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will be conducted at 19 hospitals within a large healthcare delivery system in northern California, USA. Three surgical specialties (general surgery, orthopaedic surgery and obstetric/gynaecological surgery) at each hospital will be randomised either to a control group or to one of two active intervention arms. One intervention is grounded in the theory of injunctive norms, and provides feedback to surgeons on their postoperative opioid prescribing relative to prescribing guidelines endorsed by their institution. The other intervention draws from the theory of descriptive norms, and provides feedback similar to the first intervention but using peers' behaviour rather than guidelines as the benchmark for the surgeon's prescribing behaviour. The interventions will be delivered by a monthly email. Both interventions will be active for twelve months. The effects of each intervention relative to the control group and to each other will be tested using a four-level hierarchical model adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Using behavioural nudges rather than rigid policy changes allows us to target excessive prescribing without preventing clinicians from using their clinical judgement to address patient pain. All study activities have been approved by the RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee (ID 2018-0988). Findings will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and social media accounts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05070338.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meghan C Martinez
- Center for Health Systems Research (West), Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Xiaowei Sherry Yan
- Center for Health Systems Research (East), Walnut Creek, California, USA
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Számadó S, Balliet D, Giardini F, Power EA, Takács K. The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200286. [PMID: 34601918 PMCID: PMC8487738 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale non-kin cooperation is a unique ingredient of human success. This type of cooperation is challenging to explain in a world of self-interested individuals. There is overwhelming empirical evidence from different disciplines that reputation and gossip promote cooperation in humans in different contexts. Despite decades of research, important details of reputation systems are still unclear. Our goal with this theme issue is to promote an interdisciplinary approach that allows us to explore and understand the evolution and maintenance of reputation systems with a special emphasis on gossip and honest signalling. The theme issue is organized around four main questions: What are the necessary conditions for reputation-based systems? What is the content and context of reputation systems? How can reputations promote cooperation? And, what is the role of gossip in maintaining reputation systems and thus cooperation? This article is part of the theme issue 'The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Számadó
- Department of Sociology and Communication, BUTE, Budapest, Hungary
- CSS-RECENS, Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D. Balliet
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Giardini
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E. A. Power
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - K. Takács
- CSS-RECENS, Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Hanschke C, Baer J, Gangaramany A, Verheijen J, Kilonzo N, Okiya B, Ranji LK, Amolo SA, Zwane S, Nkambule R, Buluma V, Ojoo S, Kim S, Kibwana S, Dybul M, Kretschmer S. Supporting communities of practice – A Journey to effective problem-solving. Gates Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13149.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contexts of scarce resources, varied assets, and diverse communities, engaging local stakeholders in the problem-solving process is critical to develop interventions for HIV prevention and treatment. Communities of practice (CoPs) – groups of people organized around a key purpose and a delivery point – can develop expertise in identifying their local community’s key challenges and selecting viable solutions. We propose a framework, adapted from the CoP model developed by Etienne Wenger, for systematically understanding the stages a CoP may go through as it develops its capacity to identify and solve problems and implement good practices. Our framework is based on the experience of practitioners of the LISTEN model (Local Initiatives Scaled Through Enterprise Networks) in eight local-level CoPs in Kenya and Eswatini. LISTEN seeks to help CoPs integrate continuous improvement processes, data, and human-centered design into their development and solutioning activities. The four stages in our framework for a CoP’s problem-solving journey are: 1) Community Identity: Identify and understand the CoP’s purpose and goals, and build rapport with its members and leaders; 2) Quick Win: Use a process of human-centered design to obtain a rapid and clear success in addressing a problem that the CoP has identified for itself and which it can tackle with its own resources; 3) Stewardship: Support the CoP in addressing more complex or long-term issues, including links to other CoPs at the local-community or higher levels to disseminate knowledge and obtain resources and support, where needed; and 4) Evolution: Support the CoP as it transitions into potentially new structures or functions. For each stage of the framework, we describe the kinds of support that may be provided to the CoP in the LISTEN model, and the types of tools that could be developed to assist them in problem-solving and in disseminating sustainable solutions.
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10
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Robinson CD, Gallus J, Lee MG, Rogers T. The demotivating effect (and unintended message) of awards. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Gelfand MJ, Jackson JC, Pan X, Nau D, Pieper D, Denison E, Dagher M, Van Lange PAM, Chiu CY, Wang M. The relationship between cultural tightness-looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: a global analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e135-e144. [PMID: 33524310 PMCID: PMC7946418 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis, yet certain countries have had far more success in limiting COVID-19 cases and deaths. We suggest that collective threats require a tremendous amount of coordination, and that strict adherence to social norms is a key mechanism that enables groups to do so. Here we examine how the strength of social norms-or cultural tightness-looseness-was associated with countries' success in limiting cases and deaths by October, 2020. We expected that tight cultures, which have strict norms and punishments for deviance, would have fewer cases and deaths per million as compared with loose cultures, which have weaker norms and are more permissive. METHODS We estimated the relationship between cultural tightness-looseness and COVID-19 case and mortality rates as of Oct 16, 2020, using ordinary least squares regression. We fit a series of stepwise models to capture whether cultural tightness-looseness explained variation in case and death rates controlling for under-reporting, demographics, geopolitical factors, other cultural dimensions, and climate. FINDINGS The results indicated that, compared with nations with high levels of cultural tightness, nations with high levels of cultural looseness are estimated to have had 4·99 times the number of cases (7132 per million vs 1428 per million, respectively) and 8·71 times the number of deaths (183 per million vs 21 per million, respectively), taking into account a number of controls. A formal evolutionary game theoretic model suggested that tight groups cooperate much faster under threat and have higher survival rates than loose groups. The results suggest that tightening social norms might confer an evolutionary advantage in times of collective threat. INTERPRETATION Nations that are tight and abide by strict norms have had more success than those that are looser as of the October, 2020. New interventions are needed to help countries tighten social norms as they continue to battle COVID-19 and other collective threats. FUNDING Office of Naval Research, US Navy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Joshua Conrad Jackson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xinyue Pan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dana Nau
- Department of Computer Science and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dylan Pieper
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emmy Denison
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chi-Yue Chiu
- Faculty of Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Gram L, Granados R, Krockow EM, Daruwalla N, Osrin D. Modelling collective action to change social norms around domestic violence: social dilemmas and the role of altruism. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 8:53. [PMID: 34553143 PMCID: PMC7611687 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-021-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interventions promoting collective action have been used to prevent domestic violence in a range of settings, but their mechanisms of operation remain unclear. We formalise and combine feminist theoretical approaches to domestic violence into a game-theoretic model of women's collective action to change gendered social norms and outcomes. We show that social norms create a social dilemma in which it is individually rational for women to abstain from action to prevent domestic violence among neighbours, but all women suffer negative consequences if none take action. Promoting altruism among women can overcome the social dilemma. Discouraging women from tolerating domestic violence, imposing additional external punishment on men for perpetrating violence, or lowering costs to women of taking action against violence may not work or even backfire. We invite researchers on community mobilisation to use our framework to frame their understandings of collective action to prevent domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gram
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rolando Granados
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eva M Krockow
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nayreen Daruwalla
- Prevention of Violence against Women and Children, Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action (SNEHA), Mumbai, India
| | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Returnable reciprocity: Returnable gifts are more effective than unreturnable gifts at promoting virtuous behaviors. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Roblain A, Hanioti M, Paulis E, Van Haute E, Green EGT. The social network of solidarity with migrants: The role of perceived injunctive norms on intergroup helping behaviors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roblain
- Center for Social & Cultural Psychology Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Mado Hanioti
- Center for Social & Cultural Psychology Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
- Fond National pour la Recherche Scientifique Brussels Belgium
| | | | | | - Eva G. T. Green
- Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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15
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Hanschke C, Baer J, Gangaramany A, Verheijen J, Kilonzo N, Okiya B, Ranji LK, Amolo SA, Zwane S, Nkambule R, Buluma V, Ojoo S, Kim S, Kibwana S, Dybul M, Kretschmer S. Supporting communities of practice – A Journey to effective problem-solving. Gates Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13149.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contexts of scarce resources, varied assets, and diverse communities, engaging local stakeholders in the problem-solving process is critical to develop interventions for HIV prevention and treatment. Communities of practice (CPs) – groups of people organized around a key purpose and a delivery point – can develop expertise in identifying their local community’s key challenges and selecting viable solutions. We propose a framework for systematically understanding the stages a CP may go through as it develops its capacity to identify and solve problems and implement good practices. Our framework is based on the experience of practitioners of the LISTEN model (Local Initiatives Scaled Through Enterprise Networks) in eight local-level CPs in Kenya and Eswatini. LISTEN seeks to help CPs integrate continuous improvement processes, data, and human-centered design into their development and solutioning activities. The four stages in our framework for a CP’s problem-solving journey are: 1) Community Identity: Identify and understand the community’s purpose and goals, and build rapport with its members and leaders; 2) Quick Win: Use a process of human-centered design to obtain a rapid and clear success in addressing a problem that the local community has identified for itself and which it can tackle with its own resources; 3) Stewardship: Support the CP in addressing more complex or long-term issues, including links to other CPs at the local-community or higher levels to disseminate knowledge and obtain resources and support, where needed; and 4) Evolution: Support the CP as it transitions into potentially new structures or functions. For each stage of the framework, we describe the kinds of support that may be provided to the CP in the LISTEN model, and the types of tools that could be developed to assist them in problem-solving and in disseminating sustainable solutions.
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16
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Kizilcec RF, Reich J, Yeomans M, Dann C, Brunskill E, Lopez G, Turkay S, Williams JJ, Tingley D. Scaling up behavioral science interventions in online education. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14900-14905. [PMID: 32541050 PMCID: PMC7334459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921417117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Online education is rapidly expanding in response to rising demand for higher and continuing education, but many online students struggle to achieve their educational goals. Several behavioral science interventions have shown promise in raising student persistence and completion rates in a handful of courses, but evidence of their effectiveness across diverse educational contexts is limited. In this study, we test a set of established interventions over 2.5 y, with one-quarter million students, from nearly every country, across 247 online courses offered by Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford. We hypothesized that the interventions would produce medium-to-large effects as in prior studies, but this is not supported by our results. Instead, using an iterative scientific process of cyclically preregistering new hypotheses in between waves of data collection, we identified individual, contextual, and temporal conditions under which the interventions benefit students. Self-regulation interventions raised student engagement in the first few weeks but not final completion rates. Value-relevance interventions raised completion rates in developing countries to close the global achievement gap, but only in courses with a global gap. We found minimal evidence that state-of-the-art machine learning methods can forecast the occurrence of a global gap or learn effective individualized intervention policies. Scaling behavioral science interventions across various online learning contexts can reduce their average effectiveness by an order-of-magnitude. However, iterative scientific investigations can uncover what works where for whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- René F Kizilcec
- Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850;
| | - Justin Reich
- Comparative Media Studies/Writing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | - Michael Yeomans
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Christoph Dann
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, New York, NY 10004
| | - Emma Brunskill
- Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Glenn Lopez
- Office of the Vice Provost for Advances in Learning, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Selen Turkay
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Joseph Jay Williams
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1 ON, Canada
| | - Dustin Tingley
- Office of the Vice Provost for Advances in Learning, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Jalloh MF, Wilhelm E, Abad N, Prybylski D. Mobilize to vaccinate: lessons learned from social mobilization for immunization in low and middle-income countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1208-1214. [PMID: 31464551 PMCID: PMC7227704 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1661206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating and sustaining demand for immunization services is a global priority to ensure that vaccine-eligible populations are fully protected from vaccine-preventable diseases. Social mobilization remains a key health promotion strategy used by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to promote vaccination demand. In this commentary, we synthesize illustrative evidence on successful social mobilization efforts promoting the uptake of immunization services in select LMICs. The first example focuses on Sierra Leone’s routine immunization program during the Universal Child Immunization initiative in the late 1980s. We then give an example of India’s establishment of a social mobilization network in the early- to mid-2000s to support polio elimination in high-risk communities. Thirdly, we highlight the complexities of social mobilization in a humanitarian emergency during the 2017–2018 diphtheria outbreak among displaced Rohingyas in camps and settlements in Bangladesh. Lastly, we draw upon examples from the introduction of the human papillomavirus vaccine in several countries. We then critically examine recurring challenges faced when implementing social mobilization for immunization in LMICs and offer practical recommendations for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Jalloh
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Elisabeth Wilhelm
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Neetu Abad
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dimitri Prybylski
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Belief in karma: How cultural evolution, cognition, and motivations shape belief in supernatural justice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Gram L, Daruwalla N, Osrin D. Understanding participation dilemmas in community mobilisation: can collective action theory help? J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 73:90-96. [PMID: 30377247 PMCID: PMC6839791 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2018-211045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Community mobilisation interventions have been used to promote health in many low-income and middle-income settings. They frequently involve collective action to address shared determinants of ill-health, which often requires high levels of participation to be effective. However, the non-excludable nature of benefits produced often generates participation dilemmas: community members have an individual interest in abstaining from collective action and free riding on others’ contributions, but no benefit is produced if nobody participates. For example, marches, rallies or other awareness-raising activities to change entrenched social norms affect the social environment shared by community members whether they participate or not. This creates a temptation to let other community members invest time and effort. Collective action theory provides a rich, principled framework for analysing such participation dilemmas. Over the past 50 years, political scientists, economists, sociologists and psychologists have proposed a plethora of incentive mechanisms to solve participation dilemmas: selective incentives, intrinsic benefits, social incentives, outsize stakes, intermediate goals, interdependency and critical mass theory. We discuss how such incentive mechanisms might be used by global health researchers to produce new questions about how community mobilisation works and conclude with theoretical predictions to be explored in future quantitative or qualitative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gram
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nayreen Daruwalla
- SNEHA (Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action), Mumbai, India
| | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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