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Wilson C, Terman JR, González-Billault C, Ahmed G. Actin filaments-A target for redox regulation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:577-595. [PMID: 27309342 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Actin and its ability to polymerize into dynamic filaments is critical for the form and function of cells throughout the body. While multiple proteins have been characterized as affecting actin dynamics through noncovalent means, actin and its protein regulators are also susceptible to covalent modifications of their amino acid residues. In this regard, oxidation-reduction (Redox) intermediates have emerged as key modulators of the actin cytoskeleton with multiple different effects on cellular form and function. Here, we review work implicating Redox intermediates in post-translationally altering actin and discuss what is known regarding how these alterations affect the properties of actin. We also focus on two of the best characterized enzymatic sources of these Redox intermediates-the NADPH oxidase NOX and the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL-and detail how they have both been identified as altering actin, but share little similarity and employ different means to regulate actin dynamics. Finally, we discuss the role of these enzymes and redox signaling in regulating the actin cytoskeleton in vivo and highlight their importance for neuronal form and function in health and disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wilson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390. .,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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Burlacu S, Janmey PA, Borejdo J. Distribution of actin filament lengths measured by fluorescence microscopy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 262:C569-77. [PMID: 1312777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.3.c569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the distribution of actin filament lengths by optical microscopy (OM). OM avoids possible alterations in the size or structure of actin filaments occurring during sample preparation for electron microscopy (EM). Images of F-actin labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-phalloidin were analyzed for both size distribution and flexibility. In the standard buffer [25 mM potassium acetate, 4 mM MgSO4, 25 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, pH 7.5, 20 mM beta-mercaptoethanol] filaments did not aggregate into bundles and remained stable at nanomolar concentrations for at least 1 h. At the same concentration, actin labeled directly with rhodamine (no phalloidin) formed unstable filaments whose average length decreased with time. The number average length of TRITC-phalloidin labeled filaments (Ln) was 4.90 microns, the ratio (rho) of the weight average length to the number average length was 2.06, and the correlation length (1/lambda) was 8.33 microns. These parameters were in good agreement with the values determined by EM for filaments shorter than 8 microns. Passing G-actin through a Sephadex G-150 column before polymerization did not have a significant effect on the distribution of lengths but made filaments more stiff (1/lambda = 12.5 microns). Millimolar concentration of ATP increased the correlation length, and gelsolin had the expected fragmenting effect on filaments. These results show that OM can be used as a fast and reliable method to analyze the distribution and flexibility of actin filaments and suggest that, in spite of extensive manipulation of actin filaments during sample preparation, EM is a valid tool for determination of size parameters of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Burlacu
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75226
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Forman DS, Brown KJ, Promersberger MW, Adelman MR. Nucleotide specificity for reactivation of organelle movements in permeabilized axons. CELL MOTILITY 1984; 4:121-8. [PMID: 6203649 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In a permeabilized axon model, exogenous ATP can reactivate intraaxonal saltatory organelle movements (microscopically visible manifestations of fast axonal transport). We have studied the dependence of the reactivated movements on the ATP concentration and have also examined the nucleotide specificity of the reactivation. Organelle transport was visualized in isolated lobster giant motor axons using Nomarski optics and video microscopy. The axons were permeabilized with saponin, and movement was reactivated with ATP or other nucleotides. Some slight movement was seen with ATP concentrations as low as 10 microM. The velocity and frequency of the reactivated transport increased with increasing ATP concentrations up to about 5 mM. Movement was also reactivated by deoxyadenosine triphosphate, but not by AMP-PNP (a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue), ADP, or AMP. Although other nucleotides (CTP, GTP, UTP, ITP) could reactivate transport, movement equivalent to that produced by 0.1 mM ATP was only seen with tenfold or greater concentrations of the other nucleotides. This pattern of specificity is consistent with the hypothesis that a dynein-like ATPase, rather than a myosin, is involved in fast axonal transport.
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Selden LA, Estes JE, Gershman LC. The tightly bound divalent cation regulates actin polymerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 116:478-85. [PMID: 6651822 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization characteristics of Ca++-actin and Mg++-actin were studied by measuring initial rates of polymerization upon addition of phalloidin-stabilized nuclei and neutral salt. Under conditions where the effects of divalent cation exchange were minimized, CaCl2 and MgCl2 were found to be equally effective in polymerizing actin. Mg++-actin was found to nucleate and polymerize more readily than Ca++-actin, having a forward rate constant about twice that of Ca++-actin under a variety of polymerizing conditions. The critical concentration for Ca++-actin is approximately 20 times that for Mg++-actin under equivalent conditions. These data imply that the polymer of Mg++-actin must be more stable than that of Ca++-actin, having a depolymerization rate constant about 10 fold lower. Since Mg++ is probably the tightly-bound cation in vivo, whereas Ca++-actin has been more widely studied in vitro, it would appear that actin in its physiological state is probably more polymerizable and more stable in the polymer form than previously considered.
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Bálint M, Wolf I, Tarcsafalvi A, Gergely J, Sréter FA. Location of SH-1 and SH-2 in the heavy chain segment of heavy meromyosin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 190:793-9. [PMID: 152606 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Mowbray J, Moses V. The tentative identification in Escherichia coli of a multienzyme complex with glycolytic activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 66:25-36. [PMID: 133800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin spheroplasts of Escherichia coli were ruptured osmotically, by freezing and thawing, or mechanically. Differential centrifugation sedimented 20-30% of the glycolytic enzymes without increasing their specific activities. There was, however, evidence of distinct groups of sedimenting enzymes; growth on different carbon sources could influence the distribution. Sucrose gradient studies gave no evidence of enzyme association but provided estimations of the molecular weight of each enzyme which were close to those subsequently observed on gel filtration. Using the determined molecular weight and a literature value for specific activity, the measured activity ratio of the enzymes was compared with that expected from an equimolar mixture. All values agreed within a factor of five, except for hexokinase. The relative roles of hexokinase and phosphotransferase in E. coli are briefly considered. An equimolar multienzyme aggregate of all the enzymes of glycolysis would have a molecular weight of about 1.6 X 10(6). Chromatography on a Biogel column yielded one fraction, corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6), which contained a proportion of all the glycolytic enzyme studied; the remaining portion of each enzyme activity was eluted from the column at the position expected from its individual molecular weight. The fraction of mol. wt 1 600 000 was tested for complete glycolysis pathway activity and found not to be different from a reconcentrated mixture of the separated enzymes. Both the eluted and the reconstructed systems showed unexpected activity changes at different protein concentrations. The specific radioactivity of pyruvate formed by these systems from [14C]glucose 6-phosphate was reduced by the presence of unlabelled 3-phosphoglycerate, but by less than would have been expected had the latter been able to participate fully in glycolytic activity. This result indicates that these preparations were capable of selectivity compartmenting glycolytic intermediates. Electron microscope investigation of both systems showed large numbers of regular 30 nm diameter particles which, on disruption, appeared to be composed of smaller units: it is possible that these particles may have been aggregates containing glycolytic enzymes. The possible advantages of a glycolytic multienzyme complex are briefly discussed.
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Heffron J, Duggan P. Adenosinetriphosphatase activity of isolated sarcolemmal tubules of frog skeletal muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(75)90068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Harris P. Metabolism of the myocardium at cellular level. Proc Nutr Soc 1972; 31:307-9. [PMID: 4353222 DOI: 10.1079/pns19720056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Adelman MR, Taylor EW. Further purification and characterization of slime mold myosin and slime mold actin. Biochemistry 1969; 8:4976-88. [PMID: 4243804 DOI: 10.1021/bi00840a047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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De Clue JW, Comfort GD, King TM. Influence of chronic distention on myometrial contractile protein. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 105:1082-7. [PMID: 5352587 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(69)90131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Murphy RA. Contractile proteins of vascular smooth muscle: effects of hydrogen and alkali metal cations on actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase activity. Microvasc Res 1969; 1:344-53. [PMID: 4255711 DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(69)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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De Villafranca GW, Campbell LK. Magnesium activation of natural actomyosin ATPase from horseshoe crab. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 29:775-83. [PMID: 4239702 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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15
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Warren RH, Porter KR. An electron microscope study of differentiation of the molting muscles of Rhodnius prolixus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1969; 124:1-29. [PMID: 5765553 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001240102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Cowgill RW. Fluorescence and protein structure. XIV. Tyrosine fluorescence in helical muscle proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 168:417-30. [PMID: 4302722 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Arnold H, Pette D. Binding of glycolytic enzymes to structure proteins of the muscle. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 6:163-71. [PMID: 5725503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Mühlrad A, Corsi A, Granata AL. Studies on the properties of chemically modified actin. I. Photooxidation, succinylation, nitration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 162:435-43. [PMID: 4234480 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(68)90129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rash JE, Shay JW, Biesele JJ. Urea extraction of Z bands, intercalated disks, and desmosomes. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1968; 24:181-9. [PMID: 4883856 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(68)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Morey KS, Tarczy-Horonch K, Brown WD. Myosin from dystrophic and control chicken muscle. II. Molecular weight, electrophoretic properties, salt sensitivity, aggregation, and amino acid composition. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 124:521-9. [PMID: 4232567 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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23
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Watts DC. Variation in enzyme structure and function: the guidelines of evolution. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 3:1-114. [PMID: 4874872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-395512-8.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Abstract
F-actin was prepared from pig heart myofibrils without the use of organic solvents. G-actin, prepared from F-actin by sonication, had adenosine triphosphatase activity. Dephosphorylation of added ATP by G-actin had a broad pH optimum between pH 7.5 and pH 9.0, specifically required Mg
2+
, and was activated by EGTA. G-actin prepared from skeletal muscle of rabbits by similar methods also showed ATPase activity. Cardiac G-actin and G-actin from skeletal muscle had equimolar nucleotide bound to them. Polymerization of cardiac G-actin was greatest at a pH of about 6.5 and declined above pH 6.8. KCl was necessary for polymerization, and EGTA inhibited the conversion to F-actin. By selectively acetylating G-actin, using acetic anhydride, a preparation of G-actin was obtained that did not have adenosine triphosphatase activity but did polymerize under optimal conditions. It is concluded that dephosphorylation of ATP and the polymerization process in cardiac G-actin are two different reactions occurring at different sites on the actin molecule.
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Abstract
The various contractile and control sites of natural actomyosin gel were studied by comparing the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis with those of gel contraction, measured as an increase in turbidity. Contraction of actomyosin gel seems to require the cooperative reaction of ATP (with Mg) at two different sites. One of these sites catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and most probably contributes the driving force for contraction; the binding of ATP to the other site appears to break certain links that retard movement of the gel components. At limiting concentrations of ATP, the rate of contraction seems to depend on the rate of breaking these links as well as on the rate of ATP hydrolysis. But when both sites are saturated, the rate of contraction appears to be limited only by the rate of ATP hydrolysis. In addition to these two contractile sites, there are also two different control sites. At one, the relaxing site, the binding of ATP with Mg inhibits ATP hydrolysis and gel contraction. At the other, the binding of calcium activates contraction by overcoming the inhibitory action of Mg and ATP at the relaxing site. This control system-inhibition by substrate and disinhibition by calcium-can be selectively inactivated by heat and reactivated by dithiothreitol, a disulfide-reducing agent. These observations on the isolated contractile system are discussed in relation to the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
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26
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Nihei T. Adenosine triphosphatase activated by magnesium and superprecipitation of myosin B. Nature 1967; 215:886-7. [PMID: 4227817 DOI: 10.1038/215886a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bailin G, Bárány M. Studies on actin-actin and actin-myosin interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 140:208-21. [PMID: 6048300 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Young M. On the Interaction of Adenosine Diphosphate with Myosin and Its Enzymically Active Fragments. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Josephs R, Harrington WF. Studies on the formation and physical chemical properties of synthetic myosin filaments. Biochemistry 1966; 5:3474-87. [PMID: 5972328 DOI: 10.1021/bi00875a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Sartorelli L, Fromm HJ, Benson RW, Boyer PD. Direct and 18-O-exchange measurements relevant to possible activated or phosphorylated states of myosin. Biochemistry 1966; 5:2877-84. [PMID: 5961874 DOI: 10.1021/bi00873a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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