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Su H, Wang M, Pang X, Guan F, Li X, Cheng Y. When Glycosylation Meets Blood Cells: A Glance of the Aberrant Glycosylation in Hematological Malignancies. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 180:85-117. [PMID: 34031738 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Among neoplasia-associated epigenetic alterations, changes in cellular glycosylation have recently received attention as a key component of hematological malignancy progression. Alterations in glycosylation appear to not only directly impact cell growth and survival, but also alter the adhesion of tumor cells and their interactions with the microenvironment, facilitating cancer-induced immunomodulation and eventual metastasis. Changes in glycosylation arise from altered expression of glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the transfer of saccharide moieties to a wide range of acceptor substrates, such as proteins, lipids, and other saccharides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Novel glycan structures in hematological malignancies represent new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of blood diseases. This review summarizes studies of the aberrant expression of glycans commonly found in hematological malignancies and their potential mechanisms and defines the specific roles of glycans as drivers or passengers in the development of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Su
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mimi Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingchen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Chandra HS, Heistekamp NC, Hungerford A, Morrissette JJ, Nowell PC, Rowley JD, Testa JR. Philadelphia Chromosome Symposium: commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Ph chromosome. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:171-9. [PMID: 21536234 PMCID: PMC3092778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes highlights of the Philadelphia Chromosome Symposium: Past, Present and Future, held September 28, 2010, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome. The symposium sessions included presentations by investigators who made seminal contributions concerning the discovery and molecular characterization of the Ph chromosome and others who developed a highly successful therapy based on the specific molecular alteration observed in chronic myeloid leukemia. Additional presentations highlighted future opportunities for the design of molecularly targeted therapies for various types of cancer. Also included here are reminiscences connected with the discovery of the Ph chromosome by David Hungerford and Peter Nowell, the discovery that the abnormality arises from a chromosomal translocation, by Janet Rowley, and the cloning of the 9;22 translocation breakpoints by Nora Heisterkamp, John Groffen, and colleagues.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytogenetics/history
- Cytogenetics/methods
- Cytogenetics/trends
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/history
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora C. Heistekamp
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90027 USA
| | | | - Jennifer J.D. Morrissette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Peter C. Nowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Janet D. Rowley
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Joseph R. Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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3
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Koss LG. The mystery of chromosomal translocations in cancer. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:247-51. [PMID: 18000377 DOI: 10.1159/000108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations in human cancer may result in products that can be suppressed by targeting drugs. An example is bcr-abl tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukemia that can be treated with imatinib mesylate. However, the mechanisms of translocations or exchanges of chromosomal segments are virtually unknown. In this summary, chromosomal translocations in human cancer are compared with 'crossing over' of chromosomal segments occurring during the first meiotic division. Several proposed mechanisms of the exchange of DNA between and among chromosomes are discussed. The conditions that appear essential for these events to occur are listed. Among them are proximity of the involved DNA segments, mechanisms of excising the target DNA, its transport to the new location, and integration into the pre-existing chromosome. The conclusion based on extensive review of the literature is that practically nothing is known about the mechanism of 'crossing over' or translocation. Based on prior work on normal human cells, it is suggested that only one of the two autosomes participates in these events that may include loss of heterozygozity, another common abnormality in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Koss
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Abstract
In 1951, William Dameshek described the concept of 'myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs)' by grouping together chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and erythroleukemia; he reasoned that a self-perpetuating trilineage myeloproliferation underlined their pathogenesis. Pre-Dameshek luminaries who laid the foundation for this unifying concept include Bennett, Virchow, Heuck, Vaquez, Osler, Di Guglielmo and Epstein. In 1960, Nowell and Hungerford discovered the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in CML. In 1967, Fialkow and colleagues used X-linked polymorphisms to establish CML as a clonal stem cell disease. Also in 1967, the PV Study Group was summoned by Louis Wasserman to study the natural history of PV and conduct large-scale clinical trials. In 1972, Janet Rowley deciphered the Ph chromosome as a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, thus paving the way for its subsequent characterization as an oncogenic BCR-ABL mutation. In 1996, Brian Druker discovered imatinib-a small molecule ABL inhibitor with exceptional therapeutic activity in CML. In 2005, a gain-of-function JAK2 mutation (JAK2V617F) was described in BCR-ABL-negative MPDs, raising the prospect of a CML-like treatment strategy in PV, ET and PMF. The current review considers these and other landmark events in the history of MPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Despite advancements in genetics, chemistry, and protein engineering, recent years have seen fewer approvals of new drugs, increases in development costs, and high-profile drug withdrawals. This article focuses on technologic methods for improving drug development efficiency. These technologies include high-content cell screening, expression profiling, mass spectroscopy, mouse models of disease, and a post-launch screening program that enables investigations of adverse drug effects. Implementation of these new technologies promises to improve performance in drug development and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas Caskey
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Jiang X, Zhao Y, Smith C, Gasparetto M, Turhan A, Eaves A, Eaves C. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells possess multiple unique features of resistance to BCR-ABL targeted therapies. Leukemia 2007; 21:926-35. [PMID: 17330101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The leukemic stem cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are well known to be clinically resistant to conventional chemotherapy and may also be relatively resistant to BCR-ABL-targeted drugs. Here we show that the lesser effect of imatinib mesylate (IM) on the 3-week output of cells produced in vitro from lin(-)CD34(+)CD38(-) CML (stem) cells compared with cultures initiated with the CD38(+) subset of lin(-)CD34(+) cells is markedly enhanced (>10-fold) when conditions of reduced growth factor stimulation are used. Quantitative analysis of genes expressed in these different CML subsets revealed a differentiation-associated decrease in IL-3 and G-CSF transcripts, a much more profound decrease in expression of BCR-ABL than predicted by changes in BCR expression, decreasing expression of ABCB1/MDR and ABCG2 and increasing expression of OCT1. p210(BCR-ABL) and kinase activity were also higher in the lin(-)CD34(+)CD38(-) cells and formal evidence that increasing BCR-ABL expression decreases IM sensitivity was obtained from experiments with a cell line model. Nevertheless, within the entire CD34(+) subset of CML cells, BCR-ABL expression was not strongly affected by changes in cell cycle status. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence of multiple mechanisms of innate IM resistance in primitive and quiescent CML cells.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/analysis
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/analysis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/analysis
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Interleukin-3/analysis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Octamer Transcription Factor-1/analysis
- Phosphorylation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Bench AJ, Erber WN, Scott MA. Molecular genetic analysis of haematological malignancies: I. Acute leukaemias and myeloproliferative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:148-71. [PMID: 15938721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2005.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic techniques are now routinely applied to haematological malignancies within a clinical laboratory setting. The detection of genetic rearrangements not only assists with diagnosis and treatment decisions, but also adds important prognostic information. In addition, genetic rearrangements associated with leukaemia can be used as molecular markers allowing the detection of low levels of residual disease. This review will concentrate on the application of molecular genetic techniques to the acute leukaemias and myeloprolferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bench
- Haemato-Oncology Diagnostic Service, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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Mundle S, Noskina Y. Cytogenetic testing for therapeutic indication in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005; 5:23-9. [PMID: 15723589 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The association of cytogenetic abnormalities with cancer is well established. However, due to the historic lack of specific insight into the functional role of these anomalies, they have mostly served as diagnostic and/or prognostic indicators. Recent developments in chronic myelogenous leukemia and breast cancer have raised hopes for specific cytogenetic alterations to serve as therapeutic targets. This article reviews the aid provided by molecular diagnostics in these exciting developments in the cancer arena.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Mundle
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Naperville, Chicago, IL 60565, USA.
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Salfeld JG. Use of new biotechnology to design rational drugs against newly defined targets. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004; 18:81-95. [PMID: 15123039 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Success in drug discovery depends largely on the implementation of appropriate strategies that build on new technologies and the appropriate mix of drug-discovery platforms and research management procedures. Close collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and academic institutions during the many intricate phases of drug discovery is necessary to address the need to co-ordinate and streamline target discovery and validation activities, which typically take much longer than anticipated. Antibodies have become an important segment of newly developed therapeutics for a wide range of indications and offer the appropriate risk/benefit profile to balance drug-discovery and development portfolios for optimum success. However, as with other discovery activities, long-term commitment and experience are required to exploit these new techniques fully. Companies with experience in managing the appropriate mix of small-molecule and antibody discovery efforts while implementing novel techniques will remain at the forefront of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen G Salfeld
- Abbott Bioresearch Center, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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10
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Kolomietz E, Marrano P, Yee K, Thai B, Braude I, Kolomietz A, Chun K, Minkin S, Kamel-Reid S, Minden M, Squire JA. Quantitative PCR identifies a minimal deleted region of 120 kb extending from the Philadelphia chromosome ABL translocation breakpoint in chronic myeloid leukemia with poor outcome. Leukemia 2003; 17:1313-23. [PMID: 12835719 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis has shown previously that 10-15% of chronic myeloid leukemias (CML) have hemizygous deletions of variable sizes affecting regions that flank the ABL and BCR translocation breakpoints on the derivative chromosome 9, and these patients have a poor outcome. FISH studies using large commercial genomic probes have previously suggested that haploinsufficiency of sequences flanking either ABL or BCR modify the disease process of CML and lead to an unfavorable prognosis. In this present study, real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) analysis was used to identify and map much smaller hemizygous microdeletions in a subset of CML patients that were not deleted using large genomic FISH probes. Microdeletions were identified by Q-PCR in 25 of 71 patients selected based on less favorable outcome (chronic phase duration of less than 96 months and a survival time of less than 84 months). In contrast, no microdeletion was detected in any of 18 CML samples selected from a group with a more favorable outcome. Detailed mapping of the 25 Q-PCR microdeletions showed that the minimal deleted region extended approximately 120 kb from the 5' end of the ABL gene in the centromeric direction on the derivative chromosome 9, and the region 3' to BCR on chromosome 22 was excluded. Of the four ESTs and/or genes that map to the 120 kb region, the putative tumor suppressor PRDM12 is the strongest candidate gene. The potential role for each sequence in modifying the clinical behavior of CML is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kolomietz
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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