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Puhlmann D, Bergmann D, Besier S, Hogardt M, Wichelhaus TA, Langhans S, Hack D, Reinheimer C, Vehreschild MJGT, Jung J, Kempf VAJ. Analysis of Mould Exposure of Immunosuppressed Patients at a German University Hospital. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2652. [PMID: 38004663 PMCID: PMC10672964 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moulds are ubiquitous components of outdoor and indoor air and local conditions, temperature, humidity and season can influence their concentration in the air. The impact of these factors on mould exposure in hospitals and the resulting risk of infection for low to moderately immunocompromised patients is unclear. In the present retrospective analysis for the years 2018 to 2022, the monthly determined mould contamination of the outdoor and indoor air at the University Hospital Frankfurt am Main is compared with the average air temperature and the relative humidity. Mould infections (Aspergillus spp., Mucorales) of low to moderately immunosuppressed patients of a haematological-oncological normal ward were determined clinically according to the criteria of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC, Brussels, Belgium) and of the National Reference Centre for Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections (NRC-NI, Berlin, Germany). The data revealed that in the summer months (May-October), increased mould contamination was detectable in the outdoor and indoor air compared to the winter months (November-April). The mould levels in the patient rooms followed the detection rates of the outdoor air. Two nosocomial Aspergillus infections, one nosocomial Mucorales (Rhizopus spp.) infection (according to both NRC-NI and EORTC criteria) and five Aspergillus spp. infections (according to EORTC criteria) occurred in 4299 treated patients (resulting in 41,500 patient days). In our study, the incidence density rate of contracting a nosocomial mould infection (n = 3) was approximately 0.07 per 1000 patient days and appears to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Puhlmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominic Bergmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Besier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hogardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Wichelhaus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Langhans
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Hack
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Reinheimer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Jung
- Department 1—Finance and Patient Services, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
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2
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Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, Alshengeti A, Alawfi A, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Al-Najjar AH, Al Fares MA, Najim MA, Almuthree SA, AlShurbaji ST, Alofi FS, AlShehail BM, AlYuosof B, Alynbiawi A, Alzayer SA, Al Kaabi N, Abduljabbar WA, Bukhary ZA, Bueid AS. Antibodies to Combat Fungal Infections: Development Strategies and Progress. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030671. [PMID: 36985244 PMCID: PMC10051215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that some mAbs are antifungal suggests that antibody immunity may play a key role in the defense of the host against mycotic infections. The discovery of antibodies that guard against fungi is a significant advancement because it gives rise to the possibility of developing vaccinations that trigger protective antibody immunity. These vaccines might work by inducing antibody opsonins that improve the function of non-specific (such as neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells) and specific (such as lymphocyte) cell-mediated immunity and stop or aid in eradicating fungus infections. The ability of antibodies to defend against fungi has been demonstrated by using monoclonal antibody technology to reconsider the function of antibody immunity. The next step is to develop vaccines that induce protective antibody immunity and to comprehend the mechanisms through which antibodies mediate protective effects against fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Amal H. Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H. Al-Najjar
- Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A. Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan T. AlShurbaji
- Outpatient Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh 91877, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa S. Alofi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Hospital, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Buthina AlYuosof
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alynbiawi
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suha A. Alzayer
- Parasitology Laboratory Department, Qatif Comprehensive Inspection Center, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakiyah A. Bukhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah 23325, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Bueid
- Microbiology Laboratory, King Faisal General Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Advanced Solid Formulations For Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pharm Res 2023; 40:593-610. [PMID: 36451068 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic and endogenous infection caused by a fungus of the Candida genus, which can cause pruritus, dysuria, vulvar edema, fissures and maceration of the vulva. The treatment of vaginal candidiasis is carried out mainly by antifungal agents of azole and polyene classes; however, fungal resistance cases have been often observed. For this reason, new therapeutic agents such as essential oils, probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are being investigated, which can be combined with conventional drugs. Local administration of antimicrobials has also been considered to allow greater control of drug delivery and reduce or avoid undesirable systemic adverse effects. Conventional dosage forms such as creams and ointments result in reduced residence time in the mucosa and non-sustained and variable drug delivery. Therefore, advanced solid formulations such as intravaginal rings, vaginal films, sponges and nanofibers have been purposed. In these systems, polymers in different ratios are combined aiming to achieve a specific drug release profile and high mucoadhesion. Overall, a more porous matrix structure leads to a higher rate of drug release and mucoadhesion. The advantages, limitations and technological aspects of each dosage form are discussed in detail in this review.
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4
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Miguel GA, Carlsen S, Arneborg N, Saerens SM, Laulund S, Knudsen GM. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts for beer production: Insights into safety aspects and considerations. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 383:109951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Characterization of kefir yeasts with antifungal capacity against Aspergillus species. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:361-370. [PMID: 36370206 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Kefir is a fermented probiotic drink obtained by placing kefir granules in a suitable substrate. The kefir granules are a consortium of bacteria and yeasts embedded in a exopolysaccharide matrix. The aim of this research was the isolation and identification of yeasts from kefir of different origin, the evaluation of their antifungal capacity against Aspergillus spp., and the characterization of virulence related traits. Using RFLP of ITS1/ITS4 region, D1/D2 region sequencing, and RAPD techniques, 20 kefir isolates were identified as Geotrichum candidum, Pichia kudriavzevii, Pichia membranifaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida ethanolica. Their antifungal capacity was evaluated by their conidia germination reduction, which allowed the selection of eight isolates with high to moderate conidia germination reduction against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Furthermore, these selected isolates showed growth inhibition on contact in the dual culture assay for both Aspergillus species and 3 of them-belonging to S. cerevisiae and P. kudriavzevii species-generated volatile organic compounds which significantly affected the growth of both fungi. For the evaluation of virulence-related traits, growth at high temperatures, enzymatic activities, and the adhesion to Caco-2 cells were analyzed. The isolates did not present more than one positive virulence-related trait simultaneously. In particular, it is important to highlight that the adhesion capacity to the model of intestinal barrier was extremely low for all of them. According to the results obtained, further studies would be of interest for the possible use of these promising yeasts as biocontrol agents against fungi in food.
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6
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The essential role of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in complex eye diseases. Genes Dis 2022; 10:505-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Balachandra VK, Ghosh SK. Emerging roles of SWI/SNF remodelers in fungal pathogens. Curr Genet 2022; 68:195-206. [PMID: 35001152 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens constantly sense and respond to the environment they inhabit, and this interaction is vital for their survival inside hosts and exhibiting pathogenic traits. Since such responses often entail specific patterns of gene expression, regulators of chromatin structure contribute to the fitness and virulence of the pathogens by modulating DNA accessibility to the transcriptional machinery. Recent studies in several human and plant fungal pathogens have uncovered the SWI/SNF group of chromatin remodelers as an important determinant of pathogenic traits and provided insights into their mechanism of function. Here, we review these studies and highlight the differential functions of these remodeling complexes and their subunits in regulating fungal fitness and pathogenicity. As an extension of our previous study, we also show that loss of specific RSC subunits can predispose the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans cells to filamentous growth in a context-dependent manner. Finally, we consider the potential of targeting the fungal SWI/SNF remodeling complexes for antifungal interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinutha K Balachandra
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Jia S, Long X, Hu W, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Ahmed S, de Hoog GS, Liu W, Jiang Y. The epidemic of the multiresistant dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has reached China. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1113065. [PMID: 36874152 PMCID: PMC9978415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high degree of natural resistance to terbinafine in vitro and its tendency to spread globally from the Indian subcontinent, the emerging dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has become a major concern in dermatology. Herein, we present the first report of T. indotineae from mainland China. The transmission of the fungus to Guizhou Province in central China and eventual host susceptibilities were investigated. We studied 31 strains of the T. mentagrophytes complex from outpatient clinics of our hospital collected during the past 5 years. The set comprised four ITS genotypes, two of which were T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII, now known as Trichophyton indotineae; the earliest isolation in the Guiyang area appeared to date back to 2018. The isolate was derived from an Indian patient, while local Chinese patients had no dermatophytosis caused by this genotype. Reports from around the world indicated that almost all of the globally reported T. indotineae cases originated from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries without transmission among native populations, suggesting deviating local conditions or racial differences in immunity against this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songgan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuemei Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Infectious Dermatology Group, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Skin and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Naik B, Ahmed SMQ, Laha S, Das SP. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections and Links to Human Ancestry. Front Genet 2021; 12:709315. [PMID: 34490039 PMCID: PMC8417537 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.709315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the ages, fungi have associated with different parts of the human body and established symbiotic associations with their host. They are mostly commensal unless there are certain not so well-defined factors that trigger the conversion to a pathogenic state. Some of the factors that induce such transition can be dependent on the fungal species, environment, immunological status of the individual, and most importantly host genetics. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of how host genetics play a role in fungal infection since mutations in several genes make hosts susceptible to such infections. We evaluate how mutations modulate the key recognition between the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and the host pattern recognition receptor (PRR) molecules. We discuss the polymorphisms in the genes of the immune system, the way it contributes toward some common fungal infections, and highlight how the immunological status of the host determines fungal recognition and cross-reactivity of some fungal antigens against human proteins that mimic them. We highlight the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with several of the receptor coding genes and discuss how it affects the signaling cascade post-infection, immune evasion, and autoimmune disorders. As part of personalized medicine, we need the application of next-generation techniques as a feasible option to incorporate an individual’s susceptibility toward invasive fungal infections based on predisposing factors. Finally, we discuss the importance of studying genomic ancestry and reveal how genetic differences between the human race are linked to variation in fungal disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumayyah M Q Ahmed
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Suparna Laha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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10
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Keller S, Kleiner L, Ghielmetti G, Kipar A, Tahas SA. Candida steatolytica
causing systemic candidiasis in a group of African spurred tortoises (
Centrochelys sulcata
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Keller
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lukas Kleiner
- University of Zurich Animal Hospital Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- University of Zurich Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stamatios Alan Tahas
- University of Zurich Clinic for Zoo Animals Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich Switzerland
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11
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Mahmoudvand H, Ezatpour B, Masoori L, Marzban A, Moghaddam A, Shahzamani K, Malekara V, Cheraghipour K. Antimicrobial Activities of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad; A Review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:161-167. [PMID: 32525784 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200611102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad is a species native to Iran and is highly important in Southwestern regions. It belongs to the Lamiaceae family and grows in different climates. A number of pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-thyroid, antioxidant, and diuretic have been attributed to this plant. In recent years, a wide range of biological properties, extract, and essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica has been studied by researchers. In the present study, Scopus, SID, ISI, Google Scholar, and PubMed indices were used to extract research articles. No publication time constraint was considered, and the keyword "Satureja khuzestanica" was used to search articles. All extracted articles were examined by two expert researchers and those on the biologic and fundamental science properties of this plan entered the study. Results showed that S. khuzestanica has extensive research and medicinal applications. Considering the economic and medical importance of S. khuzestanica, it is hoped that more extensive studies can be conducted in the future on the use of compounds and derivatives of this plant in order to obtain herbal medications to treat pathogens in human and animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Behrouz Ezatpour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Leila Masoori
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdolrazagh Marzban
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ali Moghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kiana Shahzamani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Malekara
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kourosh Cheraghipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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12
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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13
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Qasim M, Islam SU, Islam W, Noman A, Khan KA, Hafeez M, Hussain D, Dash CK, Bamisile BS, Akutse KS, Rizwan M, Nisar MS, Jan S, Wang L. Characterization of mycotoxins from entomopathogenic fungi (Cordyceps fumosorosea) and their toxic effects to the development of asian citrus psyllid reared on healthy and diseased citrus plants. Toxicon 2020; 188:39-47. [PMID: 33058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) produce multiple mycotoxins, which play an essential role in improving fungal pathogenesis and virulence. To characterize various mycotoxins from the crude methanol extract of Cordyceps fumosorosea, a major EPF against various insect pests, we performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF MS) technique, and all compounds were identified through molecular mass and formulae. Bassianolide was assessed against the nymphs and adults of Diaphorina citri reared on healthy and Huánglóngbìng (HLB)-diseased Citrus spp. Plants under laboratory conditions. Overall, 17 compounds were identified from the fungal extract and categorized into three groups, i.e. (1) alkaloids (Isariotins A-C), (2) peptides (Bassianolide, Beauverolides, Beauvericin A, Isaridins and Destruxin E) and (3) polyketide (Tenuipyrone). The detected beauverolides (B, C, F, I, Ja) from C. fumosorosea were novel mycotoxins, and their detection intensity was the highest in the fungal extract. Furthermore, bassianolide caused more than 70% and 80% mortality of D. citri nymphs and adults after two days of application, respectively. After three days of chemical application, all nymphal and adult populations of D. citri were killed by bassianolide. However, the mortality rates of both populations, nymphs and adults, were higher on HLB-diseased plants as compared to healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Saif Ul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, 38850, Pakistan
| | - Chandra Kanta Dash
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3300, Bangladesh
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Department of Plant Health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Saad Jan
- Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, 24420, Pakistan
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Veselská T, Homutová K, García Fraile P, Kubátová A, Martínková N, Pikula J, Kolařík M. Comparative eco-physiology revealed extensive enzymatic curtailment, lipases production and strong conidial resilience of the bat pathogenic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16530. [PMID: 33020524 PMCID: PMC7536203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Pseudogymnoascus encompasses soil psychrophilic fungi living also in caves. Some are opportunistic pathogens; nevertheless, they do not cause outbreaks. Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the causative agent of the white-nose syndrome, which is decimating cave-hibernating bats. We used comparative eco-physiology to contrast the enzymatic potential and conidial resilience of P. destructans with that of phylogenetically diverse cave fungi, including Pseudogymnoascus spp., dermatophytes and outdoor saprotrophs. Enzymatic potential was assessed by Biolog MicroArray and by growth on labelled substrates and conidial viability was detected by flow cytometry. Pseudogymnoascus destructans was specific by extensive losses of metabolic variability and by ability of lipid degradation. We suppose that lipases are important enzymes allowing fungal hyphae to digest and invade the skin. Pseudogymnoascus destructans prefers nitrogenous substrates occurring in bat skin and lipids. Additionally, P. destructans alkalizes growth medium, which points to another possible virulence mechanism. Temperature above 30 °C substantially decreases conidial viability of cave fungi including P. destructans. Nevertheless, survival of P. destructans conidia prolongs by the temperature regime simulating beginning of the flight season, what suggests that conidia could persist on the body surface of bats and contribute to disease spreading during bats active season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Veselská
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Homutová
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paula García Fraile
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Martínková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Květná 8, 60365, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Novak Babič M, Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N. Microorganisms populating the water-related indoor biome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6443-6462. [PMID: 32533304 PMCID: PMC7347518 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modernisation of our households created novel opportunities for microbial growth and thus changed the array of microorganisms we come in contact with. While many studies have investigated microorganisms in the air and dust, tap water, another major input of microbial propagules, has received far less attention. The quality of drinking water in developed world is strictly regulated to prevent immediate danger to human health. However, fungi, algae, protists and bacteria of less immediate concern are usually not screened for. These organisms can thus use water as a vector of transmission into the households, especially if they are resistant to various water treatment procedures. Good tolerance of unfavourable abiotic conditions is also important for survival once microbes enter the household. Limitation of water availability, high or low temperatures, application of antimicrobial chemicals and other measures are taken to prevent indoor microbial overgrowth. These conditions, together with a large number of novel chemicals in our homes, shape the diversity and abundance of indoor microbiota through constant selection of the most resilient species, resulting in a substantial overlap in diversity of indoor and natural extreme environments. At least in fungi, extremotolerance has been linked to human pathogenicity, explaining why many species found in novel indoor habitats (such as dishwasher) are notable opportunistic pathogens. As a result, microorganisms that often enter our households with water and are then enriched in novel indoor habitats might have a hitherto underestimated impact on the well-being of the increasingly indoor-bound human population. KEY POINTS: Domestic environment harbours a large diversity of microorganisms. Microbiota of water-related indoor habitats mainly originates from tap water. Bathrooms, kitchens and household appliances select for polyextremotolerant species. Many household-related microorganisms are human opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Virulence factors of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as therapeutic targets: a review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:593-604. [PMID: 31902009 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. The disease requires long and complicated treatment. The aim of this review is to address the fungal virulence factors that could be the target of the development of new drugs for PCM treatment. Virulence factors favoring the process of fungal infection and pathogenicity are considered as a microbial attribute associated with host susceptibility. P. brasiliensis has some known virulence factors which are 43 kDa glycoprotein (gp 43) which is an important fungal antigen, 70 kDa glycoprotein (gp 70), the carbohydrates constituting the fungal cell wall α-1,3, glucan and β-1,3-glucan, cell adhesion molecules and the presence of melanin pigments. The discovery and development of drugs that interact with these factors, such as inhibitors of β-1,3-glucan, reduced synthesis of gp 43, inhibitors of melanin production, is of great importance for the treatment of PCM. The study of virulence factors favors the understanding of pathogen-host relationships, aiming to evaluate the possibility of developing new therapeutic targets and mechanisms that these molecules play in the infectious process, favoring the design of a more specific treatment for this disease.
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Synthesis and Identification of Pentathiepin-Based Inhibitors of Sporothrix brasiliensis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040249. [PMID: 31816950 PMCID: PMC6963766 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the causative agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Brazil and is currently referred to as the most virulent species among those of clinical importance within the genus. Sporotrichosis is an emergent disease that has come to the forefront over two decades with a recent hot spot of sporotrichosis infection emerging in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The source of these infections is now at epidemic proportions with more than 4000 cases reported in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, alone since 1998. We developed a focused library of a rare pentathiepin ring system and identified a potent substitution pattern that yielded compounds 21 and 22. These compounds were more potent than itraconazole which is the current standard of care for sporotrichosis.
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18
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Subtractive Proteome Analysis of Candida albicans Divulges Promising Antifungal Targets. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Basmaciyan L, Bon F, Paradis T, Lapaquette P, Dalle F. " Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier". Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1612661. [PMID: 31189436 PMCID: PMC6619947 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formerly a commensal organism of the mucosal surfaces of most healthy individuals, Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections ranging from superficial to the more life-threatening disseminated infections, especially in the ever-growing population of vulnerable patients in the hospital setting. In these situations, the fungus takes advantage of its host following a disturbance in the host defense system and/or the mucosal microbiota. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is the main source of disseminated C. albicans infections. Major risk factors for disseminated candidiasis include damage to the mucosal intestinal barrier, immune dysfunction, and dysbiosis of the resident microbiota. A better understanding of C. albicans' interaction with the intestinal epithelial barrier will be useful for designing future therapies to avoid systemic candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity that allow the fungus to reach and translocate the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Basmaciyan
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Lapaquette
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
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Dos Santos ATL, Machado AJT, De Freitas MA, De Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Da Cunha FAB, De Lima E Souza DDS, Boligon AA, De Oliveira AS, De Alencar Silva A, Morais-Braga MFB. Phenolic Composition and Antifungal Effect of Costus cf. arabicus L Against Yeast of the Candida Genus. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180827122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been observed,
and because of that, research with natural products have been performed with the aim of
obtaining bioactive compounds.
Objective:
Evaluate the chemical composition and antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of
Costus cf. arabicus L leaves (EECAL) over strains of the genus Candida, as well as its inhibitory
potential over yeast virulence.
Methods:
The composition of EECAL was analyzed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution
using spectrophotometer readings and the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was investigated.
The reading data of the MIC was used to trace a cellular growth curve and calculate the
Inhibitory Concentration for 50% of the cells (IC50) of the extract and fluconazole. The effect over
the yeast morphology was verified using wet-chamber microculture and visualized through optical
microscopy (40x).
Results:
HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The extract presented fungistatic
effect (MIC of 8.192 µg/mL). The IC50 of the extract and fluconazole varied between 4,008.7 to
5,116.8 µg/mL and 44.0 to 83.1 µg/mL, respectively. The extract inhibited the formation of hyphae
at MICx2 against CA LM 77. For the CA INCQS 40006, the inhibition was verified at MIC/2. In the
CT LM 23 and CT INCQS 40042 strains the presence of hyphae was considered absent at the MIC.
Conclusion:
The extract presented antifungal action on cell growth at elevated concentrations and
an inhibitory effect of dimorphism in the tested Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Mello TP, Bittencourt VCB, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Aor AC, Branquinha MH, Santos AL. Insights into the social life and obscure side of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species: ubiquitous, emerging and multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Genome-Wide Screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes Contributing to Opportunistic Pathogenicity in an Invertebrate Model Host. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:63-78. [PMID: 29122853 PMCID: PMC5765367 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental opportunistic pathogens can exploit vulnerable hosts through expression of traits selected for in their natural environments. Pathogenicity is itself a complicated trait underpinned by multiple complex traits, such as thermotolerance, morphology, and stress response. The baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a species with broad environmental tolerance that has been increasingly reported as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Here we leveraged the genetic resources available in yeast and a model insect species, the greater waxmoth Galleria mellonella, to provide a genome-wide analysis of pathogenicity factors. Using serial passaging experiments of genetically marked wild-type strains, a hybrid strain was identified as the most fit genotype across all replicates. To dissect the genetic basis for pathogenicity in the hybrid isolate, bulk segregant analysis was performed which revealed eight quantitative trait loci significantly differing between the two bulks with alleles from both parents contributing to pathogenicity. A second passaging experiment with a library of deletion mutants for most yeast genes identified a large number of mutations whose relative fitness differed in vivovs.in vitro, including mutations in genes controlling cell wall integrity, mitochondrial function, and tyrosine metabolism. Yeast is presumably subjected to a massive assault by the innate insect immune system that leads to melanization of the host and to a large bottleneck in yeast population size. Our data support that resistance to the innate immune response of the insect is key to survival in the host and identifies shared genetic mechanisms between S. cerevisiae and other opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Ilinskaya O, Bayazitova A, Yakovleva G. Biocorrosion of materials and sick building syndrome. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ma18040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of biological damage of mineral building materials and structures based on them is multifaceted and covers all types of industry. The most destructive biocorrosion impacts are on building materials in cities with a large water area. Various types of microorganisms, including pathogens, and especially the filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, etc., occupy the surfaces of mineral building materials, cause their destruction, disturb the ecological balance of cities and endanger the human health. The term ‘sick building syndrome' (SBS) is used to describe a situation when the residents of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that seem to be linked directly to the time spent in the building wherein no specific illness or cause can be identified. Biological contaminants, in particular micromycetes, can present one of the possible causes of SBS. Here, we assessed the biodeterioration level of structural materials on the basis of fine-grained concrete widely used in construction practice and architecture. First, we determined the strength characteristics of the material that has been biologically damaged; second, we identified the damaging micromycetes and analysed their metabolic activity related both to the induction of biocorrosion and to the impacts of fungi on human health. Applying a new integrated approach, which combines methods of molecular microbiology and genetic toxicology with standard methods for determining the strength of building structures, we confirmed the relation between biodestructive and pathogenic properties of micromycete isolates.
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Freitas MA, Santos AT, Machado AJ, Silva ARP, Campina FF, Costa MS, Martins GM, Morais-Braga MFB, Tintino SR, Menezes IR, Ribeiro-Filho J, Medeiros AP, Oliveira AS, Maracajá PB, Coutinho HD. Fern extracts potentiate fluconazole activity and inhibit morphological changes in Candida species. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Mello TPD, Aor AC, Oliveira SSCD, Branquinha MH, Santos ALSD. Conidial germination in Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans: influence of growth conditions and antifungal susceptibility profiles. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 0:0. [PMID: 27355215 PMCID: PMC4957502 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated some growth conditions capable of inducing the conidial germination in Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans. Germination in Sabouraud medium (pH 7.0, 37ºC, 5% CO2) showed to be a typically time-dependent event, reaching ~75% in S. minutisporum and > 90% in S. apiospermum, S. aurantiacum and L. prolificans after 4 h. Similar germination rate was observed when conidia were incubated under different media and pHs. Contrarily, temperature and CO2 tension modulated the germination. The isotropic conidial growth (swelling) and germ tube-like projection were evidenced by microscopy and cytometry. Morphometric parameters augmented in a time-dependent fashion, evidencing changes in size and granularity of fungal cells compared with dormant 0 h conidia. In parallel, a clear increase in the mitochondrial activity was measured during the transformation of conidia-into-germinated conidia. Susceptibility profiles to itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin varied regarding each morphotype and each fungal species. Overall, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for hyphae were higher than conidia and germinated conidia, except for caspofungin. Collectively, our study add new data about the conidia-into-hyphae transformation in Scedosporium and Lomentospora species, which is a relevant biological process of these molds directly connected to their antifungal resistance and pathogenicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Pereira de Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Aor
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Santiago Carvalho de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Noman EA, Al-Gheethi AA, Rahman NNNA, Nagao H, Ab Kadir MO. Assessment of relevant fungal species in clinical solid wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19806-19824. [PMID: 27417327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the fungal diversity in clinical waste samples from a healthcare facility in Penang Malaysia. Different fungi species were detected in 83.75 % of the 92 clinical waste samples that were screened from different sections of the healthcare facility. One hundred fifty fungal isolates comprising of 8 genera and 36 species were obtained. They were purified by using single spore isolation technique. Subsequently, the isolates were identified by phenotypic method based on morphological and culture characteristics on different culture media. Among all fungal isolates, Aspergillus spp. in section Nigri 10.2 %, Aspergillus niger 9.5 %, Aspergillus fumigatus 8.8 %, Penicillium. simplicissium 8 %, Aspergillus tubingensis 7.3 %, Aspergillus terreus var. terreus 6.6 %, Penicillium waksmanii 5.9 % and Curvularia lunata 6.5 % were the most frequent. Among five sections of the Wellness Centre, the clinical wastes collected from the diagnostic labs of haematology section had the highest numbers of fungal species (29 species). Glove wastes had the highest numbers of fungal species (19 species) among 17 types of clinical wastes screened. Among all fungal species, Aspergillus spp. exhibited higher growth at 37 °C than at 28 °C, indicating the potential of these opportunistic fungi to cause diseases in human. These results indicated the potential of hospital wastes as reservoirs for fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - A A Al-Gheethi
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - H Nagao
- School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M O Ab Kadir
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Chitrampalam P, Nelson B. Multilocus phylogeny reveals an association of agriculturally important Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) 11, and clinically important FSSC 5 and FSSC 3 + 4 with soybean roots in the north central United States. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:335-47. [PMID: 26671414 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) includes important root pathogens of soybean in the United States, but the evolutionary lineages associated with soybean root rot are unknown. A multilocus phylogeny based on 93 isolates from soybean and pea roots from North Dakota and Minnesota revealed that root rot was associated with three known phylogenetic species, FSSC 3 + 4 (=Fusarium falciforme) (3 % of isolates), FSSC 5 (60 %), FSSC 11 (34 %), and one unknown species, FSSC X (2 %). Of these species FSSC 5 and FSSC 3 + 4 are clinically important while FSSC 11 is a plant pathogen. Isolates from FSSC 11 were pathogenic on soybean, dry bean, pea and lentil, and did not grow at 37 °C. However, isolates from FSSC 5 were weakly to non-pathogenic, but grew at 37 °C. Isolates from both FSSC 5 and FSSC 11 were highly resistant to fludioxonil in vitro. This is the first study revealing the pathogenic robustness of FSSC 11 in causing root rot among Fabaceae crops and also the association of clinically important members of the FSSC with roots of a widely grown field crop in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chitrampalam
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - B Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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Rodrigues AM, Cruz Choappa R, Fernandes GF, de Hoog GS, de Camargo ZP. Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), a soil-borne agent of human sporotrichosis with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:246-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ibrahim MA, Panda SS, Oliferenko AA, Oliferenko PV, Girgis AS, Elagawany M, Küçükbay FZ, Panda CS, Pillai GG, Samir A, Tämm K, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Macrocyclic peptidomimetics with antimicrobial activity: synthesis, bioassay, and molecular modeling studies. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9492-503. [PMID: 26256838 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel, cyclic peptidomimetics were synthesized by facile acylation reactions using benzotriazole chemistry. Microbiological testing of the synthesized compounds revealed an exceptionally high activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) two orders of magnitude lower than the MIC of the antifungal reference drug amphotericin B. A strikingly high activity was also observed against three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris), two of which are known human pathogens. Thus the discovered chemotype is a potential polypharmacological agent. The toxicity against mammalian tumor cells was found to be low, as demonstrated in five different human cell lines (HeLa, cervical; PC-3, prostate; MCF-7, breast; HepG2, liver; and HCT-116, colon). The internal consistency of the experimental data was studied using 3D-pharmacophore and 2D-QSAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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Datt M, Sharma A. Novel and unique domains in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from human fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1069. [PMID: 25479903 PMCID: PMC4301749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some species of fungi can cause serious human diseases, particularly to immuno-compromised individuals. Opportunistic fungal infections are a leading cause of mortality, and present an emerging challenge that requires development of new and effective therapeutics. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are indispensable components of cellular protein translation machinery and can be targeted for discovery of novel anti-fungal agents. Results Validation of aaRSs as potential drug targets in pathogenic microbes prompted us to investigate the genomic distribution of aaRSs within three fungi that infect humans – A. niger, C. albicans and C. neoformans. Hidden Markov Models were built for aaRSs and related proteins to search for homologues in these fungal genomes. Here, we provide a detailed and comprehensive annotation for 3 fungal genome aaRSs and their associated proteins. We delineate predicted localizations, subdomain architectures and prevalence of unusual motifs within these aaRSs. Several fungal aaRSs have unique domain appendages of unknown function e.g. A. niger AsxRS and C. neoformans TyrRS have additional domains that are absent from human homologs. Conclusions Detailed comparisons of fungal aaRSs with human homologs suggest key differences that could be exploited for specific drug targeting. Our cataloging and structural analyses provide a comprehensive foundation for experimentally dissecting fungal aaRSs that may enable development of new anti-fungal agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1069) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Sharma
- Structural and Computational Biology group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India.
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Llopis S, Hernández-Haro C, Monteoliva L, Querol A, Molina M, Fernández-Espinar MT. Pathogenic potential of Saccharomyces strains isolated from dietary supplements. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98094. [PMID: 24879417 PMCID: PMC4039445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a beneficial role in health because of its intrinsic nutritional value and bio-functional properties, which is why it is also used as a dietary supplement. However, the perception that S. cerevisiae is harmless has changed due to an increasing number of infections caused by this yeast. Given this scenario, we have tested whether viable strains contained in dietary supplements displayed virulence-associated phenotypic traits that could contribute to virulence in humans. We have also performed an in vivo study of the pathogenic potential of these strains using a murine model of systemic infection by intravenous inoculation. A total of 5 strains were isolated from 22 commercial products and tested. Results highlight one strain (D14) in terms of burden levels in brains and kidneys and ability to cause death, whereas the other two strains (D2 and D4) were considered of low virulence. Our results suggest a strong relationship between some of the virulence-associated phenotypic traits (ability to grow at 39°C and pseudohyphal growth) and the in vivo virulence in a mouse model of intravenous inoculation for isolates under study. The isolate displaying greatest virulence (D14) was evaluated in an experimental murine model of gastrointestinal infection with immunosuppression and disruption of mucosal integrity, which are common risk factors for developing infection in humans, and results were compared with an avirulent strain (D23). We showed that D14 was able to spread to mesenteric nodes and distant organs under these conditions. Given the widespread consumption of dietary supplements, we recommend only safe strains be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Llopis
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Hernández-Haro
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - María T. Fernández-Espinar
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira BR, Crespo MTB, San Romão MV, Benoliel MJ, Samson RA, Pereira VJ. New insights concerning the occurrence of fungi in water sources and their potential pathogenicity. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6338-47. [PMID: 24011405 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are known to occur ubiquitously in the environment. In the past years, the occurrence of filamentous fungi in the aquatic environment has been a subject of growing interest. This study describes the occurrence of various fungal genera in different drinking water sources being Penicillium and Trichoderma the most representative ones (30% and 17%, respectively). Also, 24 fungal species that have not been previously described in the aquatic environment are reported in this study, being once again the major species from the Penicillium genera. This study therefore contributes to the knowledge on the richness of fungi diversity in water. 68% of the described species were found to be able to grow at 30 °C but only Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus viridinutans and Cunninghamella bertholletiae were able to grow at the higher temperature tested (42 °C). 66% of the species that were able to grow at 30 °C have spore sizes below 5 μm which enables them to cause breathing infections. These were therefore identified as potential pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Oliveira
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Tripathi R, Rizvi A, Pandey SK, Dwivedi H, Saxena J. Ketoconazole, a cytochrome P(450) inhibitor can potentiate the antimalarial action of α/β arteether against MDR Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Acta Trop 2013; 126:150-5. [PMID: 23391499 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in South East Asia and other tropical countries, is posing serious challenge for the international efforts to eradicate malaria. New drug target/ACT/non-ACT combinations need to be discovered to control the spread of MDR malaria. The present communication deals with antimalarial potential of a new combination comprising of ketoconazole (KTZ) (an antifungal/inhibitor of CYP3A4) and artemisinin derivative α/β arteether (ART). In vitro interactions of these drugs against chloroquine sensitive/resistant P. falciparum (Pf3D7/K1) have shown an overall additive interaction with mean sum fractional inhibitory concentrations (∑FICs) of 1.1±0.33 against 3D7 and 1.51±0.42 against K1 strains. Sub-curative doses of KTZ (150mg/kg×7 days) combined with ART (6.25-12.5mg/kg×5 days) both administered orally have shown 100% curative action against MDR P. yoelii nigeriensis in Swiss mice. Besides lower dose of KTZ (75mg/kg) which is non-curative itself, in combination with 12.5mg/kg×5 days of ART treatment, was also 100% curative. Further studies on mechanism of action of KTZ (150mg/kg single dose) have shown that significant inhibitory action of the antifungal drug is through very high level of suppression of CYP (nearly 90%) compared to that of healthy mice liver. The companion drug therapy comprising of KTZ together with ART (25mg/kg×1 dose) also produced more than 50% inhibitory effect on the CYP enzyme level. Since the ART is known to be rapidly metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 to Dihydroquinghasu, the combined therapy with KTZ (a strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor) may influence the pharmacokinetics of ART and consequently slow down the drug metabolism and prolong the plasma life of the active drug, which would contribute to enhanced antimalarial action of ART against MDR P. yoelii nigeriensis.
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Davis TS, Landolt PJ. A Survey of Insect Assemblages Responding to Volatiles from a Ubiquitous Fungus in an Agricultural Landscape. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:860-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eosinophils and Anti-Pathogen Host Defense. EOSINOPHILS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7156009 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394385-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amich J, Krappmann S. Deciphering metabolic traits of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: redundancy vs. essentiality. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:414. [PMID: 23264772 PMCID: PMC3525513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence rates of infections caused by environmental opportunistic fungi have risen over recent decades. Aspergillus species have emerged as serious threat for the immunecompromised, and detailed knowledge about virulence-determining traits is crucial for drug target identification. As a prime saprobe, A. fumigatus has evolved to efficiently adapt to various stresses and to sustain nutritional supply by osmotrophy, which is characterized by extracellular substrate digestion followed by efficient uptake of breakdown products that are then fed into the fungal primary metabolism. These intrinsic metabolic features are believed to be related with its virulence ability. The plethora of genes that encode underlying effectors has hampered their in-depth analysis with respect to pathogenesis. Recent developments in Aspergillus molecular biology allow conditional gene expression or comprehensive targeting of gene families to cope with redundancy. Furthermore, identification of essential genes that are intrinsically connected to virulence opens accurate perspectives for novel targets in antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Amich
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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Bugeja HE, Boyce KJ, Weerasinghe H, Beard S, Jeziorowski A, Pasricha S, Payne M, Schreider L, Andrianopoulos A. Tools for high efficiency genetic manipulation of the human pathogen Penicillium marneffei. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:772-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Local IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to Alternaria in pediatric adenoid tissue. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1423-8. [PMID: 22770595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fungus may contribute to the development and exacerbation of allergic airway diseases. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of humoral immune responses to fungi, including Alternaria and Aspergillus, in patients with nasal polyposis, asthma, or rhinitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Alternaria- and Aspergillus-specific IgE antibodies in allergic inflammation of adenoid tissue. METHODS Thirty-nine atopic subjects who were sensitized to more than one common aeroallergen and 39 non-atopic subjects undergoing adenotonsillectomy were recruited. The Phadia ImmunoCAP was used to quantify total IgE, Alternaria- and Aspergillus-specific IgE, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and mast cell tryptase in adenoid tissue homogenates. Alternaria- and Aspergillus-specific IgE were detected in the adenoid tissues from some of the subjects (37.2% and 24.4%, respectively) without systemic sensitization to common airborne fungi. RESULTS Both Alternaria- and Aspergillus-specific IgE were more prevalent in adenoid tissues from atopic children (48.7% and 38.5%, respectively) than in tissues from non-atopic children (25.6% and 10.3%, respectively). Subjects with high Alternaria-specific IgE level showed significantly higher serum and adenoid total IgE and adenoid ECP and tryptase than those without specific IgE. Alternaria-specific IgE levels were significantly correlated with serum and adenoid total IgE and with tryptase and ECP levels in adenoid tissue. CONCLUSIONS Adenoid tissues from atopic and non-atopic children displayed local IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to fungi in the absence of systemic fungal hypersensitivity. Locally-produced Alternaria-specific IgE may contribute to mast cell and eosinophil activation, especially in the presence of tissue eosinophilia.
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Evolution of Fungal Pathogens in Domestic Environments? Fungal Biol 2011; 115:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mangoni ML, Shai Y. Short native antimicrobial peptides and engineered ultrashort lipopeptides: similarities and differences in cell specificities and modes of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2267-80. [PMID: 21573781 PMCID: PMC11114904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rapid emergence of resistant microbes to the currently available antibiotics, cationic antimicrobial peptides have attracted considerable interest as a possible new generation of anti-infective compounds. However, low cost development for therapeutic or industrial purposes requires, among other properties, that the peptides will be small and with simple structure. Therefore, considerable research has been devoted to optimizing peptide length combined with a simple design. This review focuses on the similarities and differences in the mode of action and target cell specificity of two families of small peptides: the naturally occurring temporins from the skin of amphibia and the engineered ultrashort lipopeptides. We will also discuss the finding that acylation of cationic peptides results in molecules with a more potent spectrum of activity and a higher resistance to proteolytic degradation. Conjugation of fatty acids to linear native peptide sequences is a powerful strategy to engineer novel successful anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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The molecular pathogenicity of Fusarium keratitis: a fungal transcriptional regulator promotes hyphal penetration of the cornea. Cornea 2011; 29:1440-4. [PMID: 20856109 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181d8383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenic mechanisms of fungal infection during human keratomycosis were investigated in an ex vivo corneal model that used strains of Fusarium oxysporum differing in the production of a fungal transcription factor. METHODS A pacC loss-of-function mutant and a pacC dominant-activating mutant were constructed from a wild-type isolate of F. oxysporum, and the 3 strains were characterized by in vitro growth kinetics. Twenty-seven human donor corneas maintained in tissue culture were superficially scarified and topically inoculated with the wild-type, the pacC loss-of-function mutant, or the pacC dominant-activating strains. Relative hyphal invasion into the stroma was compared histopathologically in corneal sections. RESULTS F. oxysporum strains demonstrated comparable exponential growth rates in vitro. Wild-type F. oxysporum invaded into the corneal tissue within 1 day and penetrated through the anterior stroma during the next 4 days. The pacC loss-of-function mutant invaded explanted corneas significantly less than the wild-type strain on day 1 (P < 0.0001) and on day 3 (P = 0.0003). The pacC dominant-activating strain adhered and penetrated explanted corneas similar to the wild-type strain. CONCLUSIONS The PacC pathway regulating the transcription of fungal genes allows fungal adaptation to the ocular surface and enables invasion of the injured cornea by F. oxysporum.
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Jayatilake JAMS. A review of the ultrastructural features of superficial candidiasis. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:235-50. [PMID: 20967501 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Commensal yeast Candida causes opportunistic infections ranging from superficial lesions to disseminated mycoses in compromised patients. Superficial candidiasis, the commonest form of candidal infections, primarily affects the mucosa and the skin where Candida lives as a commensal. Conversion of candidal commensalism into opportunism at the fungal-epithelial interface is still ill-defined. Nevertheless, fungal virulence mechanisms such as adhesion to epithelia, morphogenesis, production of secretory hydrolytic enzymes, and phenotypic switching are thought to contribute in the process of pathogenesis. On the other hand, host responses in terms of immunity and local epithelial responses are actively involved in resisting the fungal challenge at the advancing front of the infection. Ultrastructural investigations using electron microscopy along with immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry, etc. have helped better viewing of Candida-host interactions. Thus, studies on the ultrastructure of superficial candidiasis have revealed a number of fungal behaviors and associated host responses such as adhesion, morphogenesis (hyphae and appresoria formation), thigmotropism, production and distribution of extracellular enzymes, phagocytosis, and epithelial changes. The purpose of this review is to sum up most of the ultrastructural findings of Candida-host interactions and to delineate the important pathological processes underlying superficial candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A M S Jayatilake
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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Lopes LCL, Rollin-Pinheiro R, Guimarães AJ, Bittencourt VCB, Martinez LR, Koba W, Farias SE, Nosanchuk JD, Barreto-Bergter E. Monoclonal antibodies against peptidorhamnomannans of Scedosporium apiospermum enhance the pathogenicity of the fungus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e853. [PMID: 20976055 PMCID: PMC2957425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum is part of the Pseudallescheria-Scedosporium complex. Peptidorhamnomannans (PRMs) are cell wall glycopeptides present in some fungi, and their structures have been characterized in S. apiospermum, S. prolificans and Sporothrix schenckii. Prior work shows that PRMs can interact with host cells and that the glycopeptides are antigenic. In the present study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, IgG1) to S. apiospermum derived PRM were generated and their effects on S. apiospermum were examined in vitro and in vivo. The mAbs recognized a carbohydrate epitope on PRM. In culture, addition of the PRM mAbs increased S. apiospermum conidia germination and reduced conidial phagocytosis by J774.16 macrophages. In a murine infection model, mice treated with antibodies to PRM died prior to control animals. Thus, PRM is involved in morphogenesis and the binding of this glycopeptide by mAbs enhanced the virulence of the fungus. Further insights into the effects of these glycopeptides on the pathobiology of S. apiospermum may lead to new avenues for preventing and treating scedosporiosis. The incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically over the last 50 years, largely because of the increasing size of the population at risk, which especially includes immunocompromised hosts. Scedosporium apiospermum is a filamentous fungus that causes a variety of infections, ranging from localized disease to life-threatening disseminated infections. Glycoproteins are molecules present in the fungal surface and are comprised of carbohydrate and protein components. They are involved in different important functions in the fungal cell. Monoclonal antibodies can be used as therapeutic agents for infectious disease, but some factors involved in their efficacy are often not well understood. We found that monoclonal antibodies to glycoproteins present in fungal surface can be nonprotective and can even enhance the disease. The administration of these antibodies can affect functions of the fungal cell and the immune cells, resulting in a survival advantage for the fungus during interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia C. L. Lopes
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rollin-Pinheiro
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Vera C. B. Bittencourt
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis R. Martinez
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Wade Koba
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra E. Farias
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lee KH, Kim SY, Jung JH, Kim J. Proteomic analysis of hyphae-specific proteins that are expressed differentially in cakem1/cakem1 mutant strains of Candida albicans. J Microbiol 2010; 48:365-71. [PMID: 20571955 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-9155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The yeast-to-hyphal transition is a major virulence factor in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Mutations in the CaKEM1 gene, which encodes a 5'-3' exoribonuclease responsible for mRNA degradation, show a defect in hyphal growth. We applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify hyphae-specific proteins that have altered expressions in the presence of the cakem1 mutation. Eight proteins, Eno1, Eps1, Fba1, Imh3, Lpd1, Met6, Pdc11, and Tsa1 were upregulated during hyphal transition in wild-type but not in cakem1/cakem1 mutant cells. A second group of proteins, Idh1, Idh2, and Ssb1, showed increased levels of expression in cakem1/cakem1 mutant cells when compared to wild-type cells. Overexpression of Lpd1, a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, caused slight hyperfilamentation in a wild-type strain and suppressed the filamentation defect of the cakem1 mutation. The Ssb1 protein, which is a potential heat shock protein, and the Imh3 protein, which is a putative enzyme in GMP biosynthesis also showed the filamentation-associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Kleter GA, Peijnenburg AACM, Aarts HJM. Health considerations regarding horizontal transfer of microbial transgenes present in genetically modified crops. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2005:326-52. [PMID: 16489267 PMCID: PMC1364539 DOI: 10.1155/jbb.2005.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health
are an important item in the safety assessment of genetically
modified organisms. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically
modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurs with
transgenes of microbial origin. The characteristics of microbial
transgenes other than antibiotic-resistance genes in
market-approved genetically modified crops are reviewed. These
characteristics include the microbial source, natural function,
function in genetically modified crops, natural prevalence,
geographical distribution, similarity to other microbial genes,
known horizontal transfer activity, selective conditions and
environments for horizontally transferred genes, and potential
contribution to pathogenicity and virulence in humans and animals.
The assessment of this set of data for each of the microbial genes
reviewed does not give rise to health concerns. We recommend
including the above-mentioned items into the premarket safety
assessment of genetically modified crops carrying transgenes other
than those reviewed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Costa E, Inês A, Mendes-Faia A, Saavedra MJ, Mendes-Ferreira A. Potential virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from clinical and food sources. J Hosp Infect 2010; 75:240-1. [PMID: 20359770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Premsler T, Zahedi RP, Lewandrowski U, Sickmann A. Recent advances in yeast organelle and membrane proteomics. Proteomics 2009; 9:4731-43. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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