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Ma G, Li Z, Fang L, Xia W, Gu X. Effect of solvent quality and sidechain architecture on conjugated polymer chain conformation in solution. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38465951 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are solution-processible for various electronic applications, where solution aggregation and dynamics could impact the morphology in the solid state. Various solvents and solvent mixtures have been used to dissolve and process CPs, but few studies have quantified the effect of solvent quality on the solution behavior of CPs. Herein, we performed static light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate CP solution behaviors with solvents of varying quality, including poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3ATs) with various sidechain lengths from -C4H9 to -C12H25, poly[bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2'-dithiophene-5,5'-diyl] (PQT-12) and poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-12). We found that chlorobenzene is a better solvent than toluene for various CPs, which was evident from the positive second virial coefficient A2 ranging from 0.3 to 4.7 × 10-3 cm3 mol g-2 towards P3ATs. For P3ATs in non-polar solvents, longer sidechains promote more positive A2, indicating a better polymer-solvent interaction, wherein A2 for toluene increases from -5.9 to 1.4 × 10-3 cm3 mol g-2, and in CB, A2 ranges from 1.0 to 4.7 × 10-3 cm3 mol g-2 when sidechain length increases from -C6H13 to -C12H25. Moreover, PQT-12 and PBTTT-12 have strong aggregation tendencies in all solutions, with an apparent positive A2 (∼0.5 × 10-3 cm3 mol g-2) due to multi-chain aggregates and peculiar chain folding. These solvent-dependent aggregation behaviors can be well correlated to spectroscopy measurement results. Our coarse-grained MD simulation results further suggested that CPs with long, dense, and branched sidechains can achieve enhanced polymer-solvent interaction, and thus enable overall better solution dispersion. This work provides quantitative insights into the solution behavior of conjugated polymers that can guide both the design and process of CPs toward next-generation organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
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2
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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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3
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Nakamura T, Omagari S, Liang X, Tan Q, Nakajima K, Vacha M. Simultaneous Force and Fluorescence Spectroscopy on Single Chains of Polyfluorene: Effect of Intra-Chain Aggregate Coupling. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8074-8082. [PMID: 37122036 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer chains in compact conformations or in films exhibit spectral features that can be attributed to interactions between individual conjugated segments of the chain, including formation of aggregates or excimers. Here, we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) on single chains of the conjugated polymer polyfluorene (PFO) to control the intersegment interactions by mechanically unfolding the chain. Simultaneously with the force spectroscopy we monitor fluorescence from the single PFO chains using a fluorescence microscope. We found that mechanical stretching of the chain causes disappearance of the green emission band. This observation provides evidence that the green emission originates from an intrachain aggregated state on the self-folded chain, which is decoupled by the stretching. In addition, the stretching upon laser irradiation leads to the appearance of additional features in the force spectra, small force peaks in the initial stages of the unfolding. These features are attributed to a combination of excitonic and van der Waals coupling of a ground-state intrachain aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shun Omagari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Qiwen Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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4
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Pinky SK, Kwansa AL, Zhang B, Stiff-Roberts AD, Yingling YG. Effect of solvent on the emulsion and morphology of polyfluorene films: all-atom molecular dynamics approach. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1782-1790. [PMID: 36779927 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of conjugated polymer thin films deposited by the resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) process is related to the emulsion characteristics. However, a fundamental understanding of how and why the emulsion characteristics control the film properties and device performance is yet unclear. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of emulsions containing a mixture of polyfluorene (PFO) polymer, various primary solvents, secondary solvent, and water. The emulsion properties were then examined as a function of variable primary solvent and correlated with the morphology of deposited PFO thin films. The examination of the explicit interactions between all components of the emulsion indicated that using a primary solvent with a lower solubility-in-water and a higher non-bonded interaction energy ratio, between the solvent, polymer, and water in the emulsion recipe, produced the best result with smoother and denser films. Additionally, our simulation results are consistent with the AFM experimental results, indicating that interactions driven by trichlorobenzene (TCB) primary solvent within the emulsion are responsible for high-quality, smooth, and continuous thin film surfaces. Overall, this study can support the choice of a suitable primary solvent and provides the computational framework for predictions of new recipes for polymeric emulsion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabila K Pinky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State university, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Albert L Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State university, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Buang Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Adrienne D Stiff-Roberts
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- University Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State university, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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5
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Kim M, Kim J, Ju S, Kim H, Jung I, Jung JH, Lee GS, Hong YK, Park DH, Lee KT. Enhanced Photoluminescence of Crystalline Alq 3 Micro-Rods Hybridized with Silver Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:825. [PMID: 36903704 PMCID: PMC10005281 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An enhancement of the local electric field at the metal/dielectric interface of hybrid materials due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon plays a particularly important role in versatile research fields resulting in a distinct modification of the electrical, as well as optical, properties of the hybrid material. In this paper, we succeeded in visually confirming the LSPR phenomenon in the crystalline tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) micro-rod (MR) hybridized with silver (Ag) nanowire (NW) in the form of photoluminescence (PL) characteristics. Crystalline Alq3 MRs were prepared by a self-assembly method under the mixed solution of protic and aprotic polar solvents, which could be easily applied to fabricate hybrid Alq3/Ag structures. The hybridization between the crystalline Alq3 MRs and Ag NWs was confirmed by the component analysis of the selected area electronic diffraction attached to high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Nanoscale and solid state PL experiments on the hybrid Alq3/Ag structures using a lab-made laser confocal microscope exhibited a distinct enhancement of the PL intensity (approximately 26-fold), which also supported the LSPR effects between crystalline Alq3 MRs and Ag NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuk Kim
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongcheol Ju
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Jung
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jung
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Sun Lee
- Department of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hong
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Lee
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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6
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Wang S, Sun L, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Yu N, Yang J, Li M, Chen W, He L, Liu B, Ni M, Liu H, Xu M, Bai L, Lin J, Huang W. Large-Area Blade-Coated Deep-Blue Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes with a Narrowband and Uniform Emission. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205411. [PMID: 36574468 PMCID: PMC9951302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-area polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) manufactured by printing are required for flat-panel lighting and displays. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate large-area and stable deep-blue PLEDs with narrowband emission due to the difficulties in precisely tuning film uniformity and obtaining single-exciton emission. Herein, efficient and stable large-area deep-blue PLEDs with narrowband emission are prepared from encapsulated polydiarylfluorene. Encapsulated polydiarylfluorenes presented an efficient and stable deep-blue emission (peak: 439 nm; full width at half maximum (FWHM): 39 nm) in the solid state due to their single-chain emission behavior without inter-backbone chain aggregation. Large-area uniform blade-coated films (16 cm2 ) are also fabricated with excellent smoothness and morphology. Benefitting from efficient emission and excellent printed capacity, the blade-coated PLEDs with a device area of 9 mm2 realized uniform deep-blue emission (FWHM: 38 nm; CIE: 0.153, 0.067), with a corresponding maximum external quantum efficiency and the brightness comparable to those of devices based on spin-coated films. Finally, considering the essential role of deep-blue LEDs, a preliminary patterned PLED array with a pixel size of 800 × 1000 µm2 and a monochrome display is fabricated, highlighting potential full-color display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Lili Sun
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Ningning Yu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Wenyu Chen
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Liangliang He
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of New EnergyCollege of ScienceChina University of Petroleum (East China)QingdaoShandong266580China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life SciencesNanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications9 Wenyuan RoadNanjing210023China
| | - Lubing Bai
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life SciencesNanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications9 Wenyuan RoadNanjing210023China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
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7
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Roy P, Anandan GT, Nayak N, Kumar A, Dasgupta J. Raman Snapshots of Side-Chain Dependent Polaron Dynamics in PolyThiophene Films. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:567-576. [PMID: 36599044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated polarons in π-conjugated polymers are the precursors to free charges at donor-acceptor interfaces. Unraveling the relationship between film morphology and polaron formation is conjectured to enable efficient charge generation in organic photovoltaic devices. However, it has been challenging to track the ultrafast dynamics of polarons selectively and thus evaluate the molecular coordinates that drive charge generation in films. Using a combination of broadband femtosecond transient absorption and resonance-selective femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, here, we investigate the polaron generation dynamics exclusively in traditional crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and its amorphous side-chain variant poly(3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3EHT) films. The transient Raman data unequivocally provides evidence for an initial delocalization of the polaronic states via thiophene backbone planarization in ∼100 fs while capturing the subsequent morphology-dependent cooling dynamics in a few picoseconds. Our work highlights the structural significance of crystalline morphology in generating hot-charges and thereby emphasizes the importance of side-chain engineering in designing highly efficient conjugated polymer films for hot-carrier photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Gokul T Anandan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyotishman Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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Al-Azzawi AGS, Aziz SB, Dannoun EMA, Iraqi A, Nofal MM, Murad AR, M. Hussein A. A Mini Review on the Development of Conjugated Polymers: Steps towards the Commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010164. [PMID: 36616512 PMCID: PMC9853510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article covers the synthesis and design of conjugated polymers for carefully adjusting energy levels and energy band gap (EBG) to achieve the desired photovoltaic performance. The formation of bonds and the delocalization of electrons over conjugated chains are both explained by the molecular orbital theory (MOT). The intrinsic characteristics that classify conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials come from the EBG of organic molecules. A quinoid mesomeric structure (D-A ↔ D+ = A-) forms across the major backbones of the polymer as a result of alternating donor-acceptor segments contributing to the pull-push driving force between neighboring units, resulting in a smaller optical EBG. Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors in achieving excellent performance of the polymer is improving the morphology of the active layer. In order to improve exciton diffusion, dissociation, and charge transport, the nanoscale morphology ensures nanometer phase separation between donor and acceptor components in the active layer. It was demonstrated that because of the exciton's short lifetime, only small diffusion distances (10-20 nm) are needed for all photo-generated excitons to reach the interfacial region where they can separate into free charge carriers. There is a comprehensive explanation of the architecture of organic solar cells using single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices. The short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) all have a significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Since the BHJ concept was first proposed, significant advancement and quick configuration development of these devices have been accomplished. Due to their ability to combine great optical and electronic properties with strong thermal and chemical stability, conjugated polymers are unique semiconducting materials that are used in a wide range of applications. According to the fundamental operating theories of OSCs, unlike inorganic semiconductors such as silicon solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices are unable to produce free carrier charges (holes and electrons). To overcome the Coulombic attraction and separate the excitons into free charges in the interfacial region, organic semiconductors require an additional thermodynamic driving force. From the molecular engineering of conjugated polymers, it was discovered that the most crucial obstacles to achieving the most desirable properties are the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers toward optimal p-type materials. Along with plastic solar cells (PSCs), these materials have extended to a number of different applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Additionally, the topics of fluorene and carbazole as donor units in conjugated polymers are covered. The Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling reactions widely used to synthesize alternating D-A copolymers are also presented. Moreover, conjugated polymers based on anthracene that can be used in solar cells are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. S. Al-Azzawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul, Mosul 00964, Iraq
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- The Development Center for Research and Training (DCRT), University of Human Development, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- Associate Chair of the Department of Mathematics and Science, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahang M. Hussein
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
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Khatun R, Majhi K, Sinha S. Detailed Photophysical Studies of Poly(9,9-di-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-H-fluorene-2,7-vinylene) in Liquid Media and Thin Films. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1471-1481. [PMID: 36065942 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221126546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the present work, solvent (toluene, o-xylene, chloroform, chlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane) and concentration-dependent (∼10-6-10-3 g ml-1) photophysical properties of poly(9,9-di-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-H-fluorene-2,7-vinylene) (PEFV) were investigated in detail in liquid media as well as thin films. Also, temperature-dependent (3-60 oC) fluorescence emission measurements of PEFV were conducted in liquid media. The steady-state and time-resolved data indicate the existence of weak interchain interaction in liquid media at high concentration. However, both ground-state aggregation and interchain interaction are present for PEFV in thin film. The interchain interaction plays a dominant role on the fluorescence emission of PEFV in thin film on the red side of the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijia Khatun
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, 30190Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
| | - Koushik Majhi
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, 30190Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, 30190Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
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10
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Pitch GM, Matsushima LN, Kraemer Y, Dailing EA, Ayzner AL. Energy Transfer in Aqueous Light Harvesting Antennae Based on Brush-like Inter-Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10302-10311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Pitch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Levi N. Matsushima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Yannick Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Eric A. Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
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11
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Johnston AR, Pitch GM, Minckler ED, Mora IG, Balasco Serrão VH, Dailing EA, Ayzner AL. Excitonically Coupled Simple Coacervates via Liquid/Liquid Phase Separation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10275-10281. [PMID: 36305559 PMCID: PMC9661528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelastic liquid coacervate phases that are highly enriched in nonconjugated polyelectrolytes are currently the subject of highly active research from biological and soft-materials perspectives. However, formation of a liquid, electronically active coacervate has proved highly elusive, since extended π-electron interactions strongly favor the solid state. Herein we show that a conjugated polyelectrolyte can be rationally designed to undergo aqueous liquid/liquid phase separation to form a liquid coacervate phase. This result is significant both because it adds to the fundamental understanding of liquid/liquid phase separation but also because it opens intriguing applications in light harvesting and beyond. We find that the semiconducting coacervate is intrinsically excitonically coupled, allowing for long-range exciton diffusion in a strongly correlated, fluctuating environment. The emergent excitonic states are comprised of both excimers and H-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Johnston
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Gregory M. Pitch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Eris D. Minckler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Ivette G. Mora
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Vitor H. Balasco Serrão
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
- Biomolecular
cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Eric A. Dailing
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
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12
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Novel ionizing radiation induced reactions of poly(3-hexylthiophene). Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Agarwala P, Gomez ED, Milner ST. Fast, Faithful Simulations of Donor-Acceptor Interface Morphology. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6932-6939. [PMID: 36219653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The local structure of conjugated polymers governs key optoelectronic properties, such as charge conduction and photogeneration at donor-acceptor interfaces. Because conjugated polymers are large, stiff, and relax slowly, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are computationally expensive. Here, we describe a coarse-graining method that exploits the stiffness of constituent aromatic moieties by representing each moiety as rigidly bonded clusters of atoms wherein virtual sites replace several atoms. This approach significantly reduces the degrees of freedom while faithfully representing the shape and interactions of the moieties, resulting in 10 times faster simulations than all-atom simulations. Simulation of a donor polymer (P3HT) and a non-fullerene acceptor (O-IDTBR) validates the coarse-graining method by comparing structural properties from experiments, such as the density and persistence length. The fast simulation produces equilibrated systems with realistic morphologies. The simulation results of an equimolar mixture of P3HT, with a molecular weight of 1332 g mol-1, and an O-IDTBR mixture suggest that the interface width must be larger than 7 nm. Also, we investigate the effect of slow cooling on morphologies, particularly the number of close contacts that facilitates carrier transport. Slow cooling increases close contacts, and the effect is more pronounced in crystal-forming P3HT than in O-IDTBR, where bulky side-groups hinder crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Agarwala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Scott T Milner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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14
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Wu Y, Ding Z, Zhang Q, Liang X, Yang H, Huang W, Su Y, Zhang Y, Hu H, Han Y, Liu SF, Zhao K. Increasing H-Aggregates via Sequential Aggregation to Enhance the Hole Mobility of Printed Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yueling Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Ziolek RM, Santana-Bonilla A, López-Ríos de Castro R, Kühn R, Green M, Lorenz CD. Conformational Heterogeneity and Interchain Percolation Revealed in an Amorphous Conjugated Polymer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14432-14442. [PMID: 36103148 PMCID: PMC9527807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are employed in a variety of application areas due to their bright fluorescence and strong biocompatibility. However, understanding the structure of amorphous conjugated polymers on the nanoscale is extremely challenging compared to their related crystalline phases. Using a bespoke classical force field, we study amorphous poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) with molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the role that its nanoscale structure plays in controlling its emergent (and all-important) optical properties. Notably, we show that a giant percolating cluster exists within amorphous F8BT, which has ramifications in understanding the nature of interchain species that drive the quantum yield reduction and bathochromic shift observed in conjugated polymer-based devices and nanostructures. We also show that distinct conformations can be unravelled from within the disordered structure of amorphous F8BT using a two-stage machine learning protocol, highlighting a link between molecular conformation and ring stacking propensity. This work provides predictive understanding by which to enhance the optical properties of next-generation conjugated polymer-based devices and materials by rational, simulation-led design principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Ziolek
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raquel López-Ríos de Castro
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Reimer Kühn
- Department
of Mathematics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Green
- Photonics
and Nanotechnology Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United
Kingdom
| | - Christian D. Lorenz
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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16
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Vázquez-Villar V, Tolosa J, García-Martínez JC. AIE-dots of amphiphilic oligostyrylbenzenes: Encapsulation and release monitored via FRET. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Valdez S, Robertson M, Qiang Z. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Polymer Science: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200421. [PMID: 35689335 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-invasive characterization method for studying molecular structures and dynamics, providing high spatial resolution at nanometer scale. Over the past decades, FRET-based measurements are developed and widely implemented in synthetic polymer systems for understanding and detecting a variety of nanoscale phenomena, enabling significant advances in polymer science. In this review, the basic principles of fluorescence and FRET are briefly discussed. Several representative research areas are highlighted, where FRET spectroscopy and imaging can be employed to reveal polymer morphology and kinetics. These examples include understanding polymer micelle formation and stability, detecting guest molecule release from polymer host, characterizing supramolecular assembly, imaging composite interfaces, and determining polymer chain conformations and their diffusion kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the opportunities of FRET-based measurements is provided for further allowing their greater contributions in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdez
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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18
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Bai L, Han Y, Wei Q, Sun L, Sun N, Wei C, An X, Ni M, Cai J, Zhuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang S, He L, Yang J, Liu B, Lin Z, Xu M, Lin J, Huang W. A Molecular Design Principle for Pure-Blue Light-Emitting Polydiarylfluorene with Suppressed Defect Emission by the Side-Chain Steric Hindrance Effect. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yamin Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiangli Cai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liangliang He
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zongqiong Lin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Cachaneski-Lopes JP, Batagin-Neto A. Effects of Mechanical Deformation on the Opto-Electronic Responses, Reactivity, and Performance of Conjugated Polymers: A DFT Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071354. [PMID: 35406228 PMCID: PMC9002523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of polymers for optoelectronic applications is an important research area; however, a deeper understanding of the effects induced by mechanical deformations on their intrinsic properties is needed to expand their applicability and improve their durability. Despite the number of recent studies on the mechanochemistry of organic materials, the basic knowledge and applicability of such concepts in these materials are far from those for their inorganic counterparts. To bring light to this, here we employ molecular modeling techniques to evaluate the effects of mechanical deformations on the structural, optoelectronic, and reactivity properties of traditional semiconducting polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PT), poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), and polypyrrole (PPy). For this purpose, density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were conducted for the distinct systems at varied stretching levels in order to identify the influence of structural deformations on the electronic structure of the systems. In general, it is noticed that the elongation process leads to an increase in electronic gaps, hypsochromic effects in the optical absorption spectrum, and small changes in local reactivities. Such changes can influence the performance of polymer-based devices, allowing us to establish significant structure deformation response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Batagin-Neto
- POSMAT, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
- Institute of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(15)-3524-9100 (ext. 9159)
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20
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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21
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Park M, Kang S, Nam C, Narasimha K, Lee WB, Park SJ. Magnetic Field-Induced Self-Assembly of Conjugated Block Copolymers and Nanoparticles at the Air-Water Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8266-8273. [PMID: 35129351 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the magnetic field-induced self-assembly of a conjugated block copolymer, poly(3-hexylthiopene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-b-PEG), and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) at the air-water interface. Binary self-assembly of P3HT-b-PEG and IONPs at the interface results in nanoparticle-embedded P3HT-b-PEG nanowire arrays with a micrometer-scale domain size. Under the magnetic field, the field-induced magnetic interaction significantly improves the degree of order, generating long-range ordered, direction-controlled nanoarrays of P3HT-b-PEG and IONPs, where IONPs are aligned in the direction of the magnetic field over a sub-millimeter scale. The size of IONPs is an important factor for the formation of an ordered assembly structure at the nanometer scale, as it dictates the magnetic dipole interaction and the entropic interaction between nanoparticles and polymers. The consideration of magnetic dipole interactions suggests that the field-induced self-assembly occurs through the formation of intermediate magnetic subunits composed of short IONP strings along the semirigid P3HT nanowires, which can be aligned through the magnetic interactions, ultimately driving the long-range ordered self-assembly. This study demonstrates for the first time that the magnetic field-induced self-assembly can be used to generate macroscopically ordered polymer films with a nanometer-scale order in low fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyeong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongyong Nam
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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22
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Sakata T, Saitow KI. 4D Microspectroscopy Explores Orientation and Aggregations in π-Conjugated Polymer Films Prepared by Brush Printing. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:653-660. [PMID: 35023754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of polymers improves their mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, but aggregates alter these properties. Unfortunately, there is no definitive way to control aggregates and quantify orientations by distinguishing between polymer chains and aggregates. Herein, we show 4D microspectroscopy to examine brush-printed oriented films of π-conjugated polymers. Three-dimensional (x-y-z) and 1D (photon energy) components based on polarized-fluorescence spectra and film thickness at identical positions were measured. Stochastic analysis of 4D data for a brush-printed OLED film (30 × 30 μm2, 900 pixels) distinguished orientations of polymer chains and their aggregates with a 1 μm x-y resolution and a z-range of 20-1800 nm. Polymer chains in thin regions (t < 50 nm) were oriented parallel to the brush-printing direction, whereas aggregates were oriented perpendicularly in thicker regions (t > 1000 nm). This difference was attributed to shear stress, uneven thickness, and capillary forces. The generality of the 4D method was also examined using conventional drop casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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23
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Chakraborty J, Nath I, Verpoort F. A physicochemical introspection of porous organic polymer photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1124-1138. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A detailed physicochemical explanation for experimental observations is provided for POPs as powerful photocatalysts for organic transformations and wastewater decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Chakraborty
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ipsita Nath
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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24
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Light induced step-growth polymerization of Donor-Acceptor-Donor (DAD) type monomers based on thiophene – [1,2,5] Chalcogenazolo[3,4-f]-benzo [1,2,3] triazole – Thiophene. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Montilla F, Quintero-Jaime AF, Huerta F, Quijada C. Determination of exciton diffusion coefficient in conjugated polymer films: Novel method based on spectroelectrochemical techniques. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sickinger A, Mecking S. Origin of the Anisotropy and Structure of Ellipsoidal Poly(fluorene) Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sickinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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Fedatto Abelha T, Rodrigues Lima Caires A. Light‐Activated Conjugated Polymers for Antibacterial Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- Laboratory of Optics and Photonics Institute of Physics Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900 Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigues Lima Caires
- Laboratory of Optics and Photonics Institute of Physics Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900 Brazil
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Cohen AE, Jackson NE, de Pablo JJ. Anisotropic Coarse-Grained Model for Conjugated Polymers: Investigations into Solution Morphologies. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Cohen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Lüttig J, Brixner T, Malý P. Anisotropy in fifth-order exciton-exciton-interaction two-dimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154202. [PMID: 33887932 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-exciton-interaction two-dimensional (EEI2D) spectroscopy is a fifth-order variant of 2D electronic spectroscopy. It can be used to probe biexciton dynamics in molecular systems and to observe exciton diffusion in extended systems such as polymers or light-harvesting complexes. The exciton transport strongly depends on the geometrical and energetic landscape and its perturbations. These can be of both local character, such as molecular orientation and energetic disorder, and long-range character, such as polymer kinks and structural domains. In the present theoretical work, we investigate the anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy. We introduce a general approach for how to calculate the anisotropy by using the response-function formalism in an efficient way. In numerical simulations, using a Frenkel exciton model with Redfield-theory dynamics, we demonstrate how the measurement of anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy can be used to identify various geometrical effects on exciton transport in dimers and polymers. Investigating a molecular heterodimer as an example, we demonstrate the utility of anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy for disentangling dynamic localization and annihilation. We further calculate the annihilation in extended systems such as conjugated polymers. In a polymer, a change in the anisotropy provides a unique signature for exciton transport between differently oriented sections. We analyze three types of geometry variations in polymers: a kink, varying geometric and energetic disorder, and different geometric domains. Our findings underline that employing anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy provides a way to distinguish between different geometries and can be used to obtain a better understanding of long-range exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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30
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31
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Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Carbon nanostructures by macromolecular design - from branched polyphenylenes to nanographenes and graphene nanoribbons. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:8-45. [PMID: 33290471 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are unique connectors between the domains of 1D-conjugated polymers and 2D-graphenes. They can be synthesized with high precision by oxidative flattening processes from dendritic or branched 3D-polyphenylene precursors. Their size, shape and edge type enable not only accurate control of classical (opto)electronic properties, but also access to unprecedented high-spin structures and exotic quantum states. NGs and GNRs serve as active components of devices such as field-effect transistors and as ideal objects for nanoscience. This field of research includes their synthesis after the deposition of suitable monomers on surfaces. An additional advantage of this novel concept is in situ monitoring of the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and electronic characterization of the products by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Kudo R, Tsukamoto T, Nakajo S, Fujimori A, Oishi Y, Shibasaki Y. Synthesis of A2+B3 type hyperbranched poly(amide-ether) block copolymer and its shape memory function. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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De Silva N, Warnakula T, Gunapala SD, Stockman MI, Premaratne M. Effect of logarithmic perturbations in ohmic like spectral densities in dynamics of electronic excitation using variational polaron transformation approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:145304. [PMID: 33503593 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation energy transfer is a ubiquitous process that has generated prime research interest since its discovery. Recently developed variational polaron transformation-based second-order master equation is capable of interpolating between Förster and Redfield limits with exceptional accuracy. Forms of spectral density functions studied so far through the variational approach provide theoretical support for various experiments. Recently introduced ohmic like spectral density function that can account for logarithmic perturbations provides generality and exposition to a unique and practical set of environments. In this paper, we exploit the energy transfer dynamics of a two-level system attached to an ohmic like spectral density function with logarithmic perturbations using a variational polaron transformed master equation. Our results demonstrate that even for a relatively large bath coupling strength, quantum coherence effects can be increased by introducing logarithmic perturbations of the order of one and two in super-ohmic environments. Moreover, for particular values of the ohmicity parameter, the effect of logarithmic perturbations is observed to be insignificant for the overall dynamics. In regard to ohmic environments, as logarithmic perturbations increase, damping characteristics of the coherent transient dynamics also increase in general. It is also shown that, having logarithmic perturbations of the order of one in an ohmic environment can result in a less efficient energy transfer for relatively larger system bath coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisal De Silva
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tharindu Warnakula
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarath D Gunapala
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States of America
| | - Mark I Stockman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Malin Premaratne
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Al-Asbahi BA, Hj. Jumali MH, AlSalhi MS, Qaid SMH, Fatehmulla A, Mujamammi WM, Ghaithan HM. Tuning Photophysical Properties of Donor/Acceptor Hybrid Thin- Film via Addition of SiO 2/TiO 2 Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040611. [PMID: 33670613 PMCID: PMC7922813 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposites (STNCs) content on non-radiative energy transfer (Förster-type) from poly (9,9′-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) to poly [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies was investigated at room temperature. The improved energy transfer from PFO to MEH-PPV upon an increment of the STNCs was achieved by examining absorbance, emission (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. The shorter values of the quantum yield (φDA) and lifetime (τDA) of the PFO in the hybrid thin films compared with the pure PFO, indicating efficient energy transfer from PFO to MEH-PPV with the increment of STNCs in the hybrid. The energy transfer parameters can be tuned by increment of the STNCs in the hybrid of PFO/MEH-PPV. The Stern–Volmer value (kSV), quenching rate value (kq), Förster radius (R0), distance between the molecules of PFO and MEH-PPV (RDA), energy transfer lifetime (τET), energy transfer rate (kET), total decay rate of the donor (TDR), critical concentration (Ao), and conjugation length (Aπ) were calculated. The gradually increasing donor lifetime and decreasing acceptor lifetime, upon increasing the STNCs content, prove the increase in conjugation length and meanwhile enhance in the energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University, Sana′a 12544, Yemen
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad Hafizuddin Hj. Jumali
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - M. S. AlSalhi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif M. H. Qaid
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Amanullah Fatehmulla
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
| | - Wafa Musa Mujamammi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
| | - Hamid M. Ghaithan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (S.M.H.Q.); (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (H.M.G.)
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Efficient and thermally stable BHJ solar cells based on a soluble hydroxy-functionalized regioregular polydodecylthiophene. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Ghosh G, Patra A. Implications of relaxation dynamics of collapsed conjugated polymeric nanoparticles for light-harvesting applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14549-14563. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the formation of nanoparticles (collapsed state) from the extended state of polymers and their ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Srijon Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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37
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Hossain A, Dey A, Seth SK, Ray PP, Ortega-Castro J, Frontera A, Mukhopadhyay S. Anion-dependent structural variations and charge transport property analysis of 4′-(3-pyridyl)-4,2′:6′,4′′-terpyridinium salts. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anion-dependent structural variations and charge transport analysis of three 4′-(3-pyridyl)-4,2′:6′,4′′-terpyridinium salts are reported. They exhibit pronounced photosensing behavior when illuminated using visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowar Hossain
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Arka Dey
- Department of Physics
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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38
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Kim Y, Kwon NY, Park SH, Cho MJ, Choi DH, Park S. Dynamics of Photoinduced Energy Transfer in Fully and Partially Conjugated Polymers Bearing π-Extended Donor and Acceptor Monomers. Front Chem 2020; 8:605403. [PMID: 33251187 PMCID: PMC7674937 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.605403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of donor (D)-acceptor (A) polymers were studied by designing two types of polymers, (D-σ-A)n and (D-π-A)n, with non-conjugated alkyl (sp3) and π-conjugated (sp2) linkers using π-extended donor and acceptor monomers that exhibit planar A-D-A structures. The non-conjugated alkyl linker provides structural flexibility to the (D-σ-A)n polymers, while the π-conjugated linker retains the rigid structure of the (D-π-A)n polymers. Photoinduced energy transfer occurs from the large donor to acceptor units in both polymers. However, the photoinduced energy transfer dynamics are found to be dependent on the conformation of the polymers, where the difference is dictated by the types of linkers between the donor and acceptor units. In solution, intramolecular energy transfer is relatively favorable for the (D-σ-A)n polymers with flexible linkers that allow the donor and acceptor units to be proximally located in the polymers. On the other hand, intermolecular (or interchain) energy transfer is dominant in the two polymer films because the π-extended donor and acceptor units in polymers are closely packed. The structural flexibility of the linkers between the donor and acceptor repeating units in the polymers affects the efficiency of energy transfer between the donor and acceptor units and the overall photophysical properties of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Hong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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39
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Weng G, Vlček V. Quasiparticles and Band Structures in Organized Nanostructures of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7177-7183. [PMID: 32787318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic semiconductor devices is linked to highly ordered nanostructures of self-assembled molecules and polymers. Many-body perturbation theory is employed to study the excited states in bulk copolymers. The results show that acceptors in the polymer scaffold introduce a, hitherto unrecognized, conduction impurity band that leads to electron localization. The donor states are responsible for the formation of conjugated bands, which are only mildly perturbed by the presence of the acceptors. Along the polymer axis, the nonlocal electronic correlations among copolymer strands hinder efficient band transport, which is, however, strongly enhanced across individual chains. Holes are most effectively transported along the π-π stacking, while electrons in the impurity band follow the edge-to-edge directions. The copolymers exhibit regions with inverted transport polarity, in which electrons and holes are efficiently transported in mutually orthogonal directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vojtěch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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40
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Chen PT, Yang YW, Reiter G, Yang ACM. Large quantum efficiency enhancements of pristine conjugated polymer MEH-PPV by interlayer polymer diffusion. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Brunner PLM, Laliberté D, Dang MT, Wantz G, Wuest JD. Dependence of the performance of light-emitting diodes on the molecular weight of the electroluminescent polymer PFO-MEH-PPV. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of the electroluminescent polymer PFO-MEH-PPV (poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)]) provided samples of varying molecular weight (Mw) in the range 20–360 kDa, as determined by gel-permeation chromatography and light scattering. The samples were used as the active layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and the performance of the devices was examined as a function of Mw. Turn-on voltages fell in the range 1.92–2.78 V, luminances varied from 231 to 5826 cd/m2, and luminous efficacies ranged from 0.06 to 0.90 lm/W. The emitted colour was found to vary from green to yellow as Mw increases. Optimal performance was attained by using PFO-MEH-PPV with Mw = 100 kDa. To help reveal how Mw determines the performance of OLEDs, relative quantum yields of photoluminescence in solutions and films were measured, and films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minh Trung Dang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- CNRS, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence F-33400, France
- Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence F-33400, France
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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42
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Enhanced optical imaging properties of lipid nanocapsules as vehicles for fluorescent conjugated polymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:297-308. [PMID: 32707286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) have emerged as highly photostable probes for optical and photoacoustic imaging. However, the aggregation of conjugated polymer (CP) molecules upon nanoparticle formation is associated with fluorescence quenching, poor yields and mutable particle sizes. This study investigated whether the CP encapsulation within the liquid midchain triglyceride (MCT) core of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) may achieve reduced packing of CP chains leading to a stable system with enhanced optical features. The red- and near infrared-emitting CPs, CN-PPV and PCPDTBT, showed precipitation and aggregation-induced quenching with concentrations >~25 µg/mL in MCT alone. Despite this, CP encapsulation within LNCs abolished quenching at concentrations up to 1500 µg/mL. PCPDTBT-LNCs exhibited a quantum yield of 2.8% and a higher signal:background ratio in an optical imaging phantom compared to literature reports of PCPDTBT encapsulated in PEG-PLGA nanoparticles. In contrast, PCPDTBT-LNCs had slightly lower photoacoustic amplitudes than reported PEG-PLGA systems. CP-LNCs were also stable in size (32 ± 0.7 nm) and photoluminescence over 21 days at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. In summary, encapsulation of CP within the liquid core of lipid nanocapsules enhances the optical properties of fluorescent CP.
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43
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Lee CK, Willard AP. Representing the Molecular Signatures of Disordered Molecular Semiconductors in Size-Extendable Models of Exciton Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5238-5245. [PMID: 32422051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents an approach to developing size-extendable phenomenological site-based models for simulating exciton dynamics in disordered organic molecular semiconducting materials. This approach extends an existing methodology that assigns the parameters of the time-dependent Frenkel exciton model by applying fragmentation-based electronic structure calculations to the output of classical molecular dynamics simulations. This methodology is inherently limited by the system size of the all-atom simulation, which is well below the performance capability of site-based models. Here, we demonstrate that this system size limitation can be effectively overcome by defining a size-extendable surrogate model based on the correlated parameter statistics derived from existing fragmentation-based methods. We demonstrate our approach on a monolayer film of sexithiophene molecules, first validating the accuracy of the surrogate system in reproducing exciton dynamical properties of a 150 molecule system, then extending it to systems of 2500 molecules. With this extended system, we explore the sensitivity of exciton dynamics to variations in the temperature as well as the amplitude and spatial correlations of energetic disorder. We conclude that exciton dynamics can be significantly enhanced in morphologies with spatially correlated molecular configurations but only if the overall distribution of site energies is sufficiently broad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kong Lee
- Tencent America, Palo Alto, California 94306, United States
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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44
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Dias KDS, Savedra RML, de Magalhães CET, Siqueira MF. Solvent influence on molecular interactions in the bulk of fluorene copolymer films. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20772-20777. [PMID: 35517723 PMCID: PMC9054281 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of intermolecular interactions between the chains of the amorphous PFO–MEH-PPV films built from toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, applying a successive solvent removal procedure. In the good solvent toluene, the incidence of topological entanglements is more significant. While in the poor solvent, coplanar interactions between neighbouring segments of the chains were also found, which is characteristics of cohesional entanglements. Structure factor curves of the films showed three peaks associated with the microstructure of the film, as previously reported by WAX diffractogram measurements. Moreover, the good solvent promotes more flexibility in dihedral angles, and the chains become nearer to each other. The effect of intermolecular interactions between the chains of the amorphous PFO–MEH-PPV films built from toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, applying a successive solvent removal procedure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina da Silva Dias
- Department of Physics, MolSMat - Molecular Simulation of Materials, Laboratory of Computational Simulation (LabSimCo), Federal University of Ouro Preto 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Ranylson Marcello Leal Savedra
- Department of Physics, MolSMat - Molecular Simulation of Materials, Laboratory of Computational Simulation (LabSimCo), Federal University of Ouro Preto 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil .,Department of Physics, Laboratory of Polymers and Electronic Properties of Materials (LAPPEM), Federal University of Ouro Preto Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Tavares de Magalhães
- Department of Physics, MolSMat - Molecular Simulation of Materials, Laboratory of Computational Simulation (LabSimCo), Federal University of Ouro Preto 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Melissa Fabíola Siqueira
- Department of Physics, MolSMat - Molecular Simulation of Materials, Laboratory of Computational Simulation (LabSimCo), Federal University of Ouro Preto 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil .,Department of Physics, Laboratory of Polymers and Electronic Properties of Materials (LAPPEM), Federal University of Ouro Preto Ouro Preto MG Brazil
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Crist RD, Huang Z, Guo R, Galizia M. Effect of thermal treatment on the structure and gas transport properties of a triptycene-based polybenzoxazole exhibiting configurational free volume. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Multifunctional conjugated 1,6-heptadiynes and its derivatives stimulated molecular electronics: Future moletronics. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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Nitneth DT, Hutchison JA, Ghiggino KP. Excitonic Processes in a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Complex. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In aqueous solution, a di-sulfonated phenylenevinylene polymer (DPS-PPV) forms a complex with non-ionic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) leading to absorption spectroscopic shifts and a dramatic (6-fold) increase in DPS-PPV fluorescence intensity. Spectroscopic investigations demonstrate that the complexation with PVA and other neutral polymers results in conformational changes in the DPS-PPV chains that lead to the removal of non-fluorescent energy traps and results in the observed increase in fluorescence in the bulk solution. Single molecule fluorescence measurements of DPS-PPV chains dispersed on glass and in PVA films confirm that efficient exciton energy transfer occurs within each photo-excited DPS-PPV chain and that the observed increase in fluorescence intensity in the PVA film environment is also associated with fewer quenching sites. The results highlight the importance of conjugated polyelectrolyte conformation on exciton relaxation pathways.
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Liu B, Zhang H, Ren J, Ma T, Yu M, Xie L, Lu D. Effect of solvent aromaticity on poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) chain solution behavior and film condensed state structure. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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