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Gangavarapu A, Tapia-Lopez LV, Sarkar B, Pena-Zacarias J, Badruddoza AZM, Nurunnabi M. Lipid nanoparticles for enhancing oral bioavailability. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39291697 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent studies, lipid nanoparticles have attracted attention as drug delivery systems owing to their preeminent potential in achieving the desired bioavailability of biopharmaceutics (BCS) class II and class IV drugs. The current debate concerns the bioavailability of these poorly absorbed drugs with their simultaneous oral degradation. Lipid nanoparticles, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), are lipid-based carrier systems that can effectively encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, offering versatile drug delivery systems. The unique properties of lipids (biodegradability and biocompatibility) and their transportation pathways enhance the biological availability of drugs. These particles can increase the gastrointestinal absorption and solubilization of minimally bioavailable drugs via a selective lymphatic pathway. This review mainly focuses on providing a brief update on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that synergistically increase the bioavailability of limited permeable drugs and highlight the transversal mechanisms of LNPs across the gastrointestinal hurdles, transmembrane absorption, transport kinetics, and computational tools. Finally, the present hurdles and future perspectives of LNPs for oral drug delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushareddy Gangavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Lillian V Tapia-Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Barnali Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Jaqueline Pena-Zacarias
- Biological Sciences Program, College of Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79965, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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Liu W, Xiu L, Zhou M, Li T, Jiang N, Wan Y, Qiu C, Li J, Hu W, Zhang W, Wu J. The Critical Role of the Shroom Family Proteins in Morphogenesis, Organogenesis and Disease. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:187-202. [PMID: 38884059 PMCID: PMC11169129 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The Shroom (Shrm) family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2 (ASD2) motif. Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), which remodels the actomyosin cytoskeleton and changes cellular morphology via its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II. Therefore, the Shrm-ROCK complex is critical for the cellular shape and the development of many tissues, including the neural tube, eye, intestines, heart, and vasculature system. Importantly, the structure and expression of Shrm proteins are also associated with neural tube defects, chronic kidney disease, metastasis of carcinoma, and X-link mental retardation. Therefore, a better understanding of Shrm-mediated signaling transduction pathways is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies to minimize damage resulting in abnormal Shrm proteins. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various Shrm proteins and their roles in morphogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Lei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Mingzhe Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Monglia University, Hohhot, 010030 China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
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Mehrdadi S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Overcoming Poor Gastrointestinal Absorption and Enhancing Bioavailability of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:48-66. [PMID: 38585451 PMCID: PMC10997935 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery and formulation of oral peptide and protein therapeutics have always been a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. The oral bioavailability of peptide and protein therapeutics mainly relies on their gastrointestinal solubility and permeability which are affected by their poor membrane penetration, high molecular weight and proteolytic (chemical and enzymatic) degradation resulting in limited delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The present review article highlights the challenges and limitations of oral delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics focusing on the application, potential and importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) and their advantages and drawbacks. LBDDSs, due to their lipid-based matrix can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, and by reducing the first-pass effect and avoiding proteolytic degradation offer improved drug stability, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability and controlled drug release. Furthermore, their small size, high surface area and surface modification increase their mucosal adhesion, tissue-targeted distribution, physiological function and half-life. Properties such as simple preparation, high-scale manufacturing, biodegradability, biocompatibility, prolonged half-life, lower toxicity, lower adverse effects, lipid-based structure, higher drug encapsulation rate and various drug release profile compared to other similar carrier systems makes LBDDSs a promising drug delivery system (DDS). Nevertheless, undesired physicochemical features of peptide and protein drug development and discovery such as plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life remain a serious challenge which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mehrdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Mak S, Hammes A. Canonical and Non-Canonical Localization of Tight Junction Proteins during Early Murine Cranial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1426. [PMID: 38338705 PMCID: PMC10855338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the intricate composition and spatial distribution of tight junction complex proteins during early mouse neurulation. The analyses focused on the cranial neural tube, which gives rise to all head structures. Neurulation brings about significant changes in the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm at a cellular and tissue level. During this process, precise coordination of both epithelial integrity and epithelial dynamics is essential for accurate tissue morphogenesis. Tight junctions are pivotal for epithelial integrity, yet their complex composition in this context remains poorly understood. Our examination of various tight junction proteins in the forebrain region of mouse embryos revealed distinct patterns in the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm, as well as mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells. While claudin-4 exhibited exclusive expression in the non-neuronal ectoderm, we demonstrated a neuronal ectoderm specific localization for claudin-12 in the developing cranial neural tube. Claudin-5 was uniquely present in mesenchymal cells. Regarding the subcellular localization, canonical tight junction localization in the apical junctions was predominant for most tight junction complex proteins. ZO-1 (zona occludens protein-1), claudin-1, claudin-4, claudin-12, and occludin were detected at the apical junction. However, claudin-1 and occludin also appeared in basolateral domains. Intriguingly, claudin-3 displayed a non-canonical localization, overlapping with a nuclear lamina marker. These findings highlight the diverse tissue and subcellular distribution of tight junction proteins and emphasize the need for their precise regulation during the dynamic processes of forebrain development. The study can thereby contribute to a better understanding of the role of tight junction complex proteins in forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shermin Mak
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, 14159 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Hammes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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Ejazi SA, Louisthelmy R, Maisel K. Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Transport across Intestinal Tissue: An Oral Delivery Perspective. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37410891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug administration has been a popular choice due to patient compliance and limited clinical resources. Orally delivered drugs must circumvent the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment to effectively enter the systemic circulation. The GI tract has a number of structural and physiological barriers that limit drug bioavailability including mucus, the tightly regulated epithelial layer, immune cells, and associated vasculature. Nanoparticles have been used to enhance oral bioavailability of drugs, as they can act as a shield to the harsh GI environment and prevent early degradation while also increasing uptake and transport of drugs across the intestinal epithelium. Evidence suggests that different nanoparticle formulations may be transported via different intracellular mechanisms to cross the intestinal epithelium. Despite the existence of a significant body of work on intestinal transport of nanoparticles, many key questions remain: What causes the poor bioavailability of the oral drugs? What factors contribute to the ability of a nanoparticle to cross different intestinal barriers? Do nanoparticle properties such as size and charge influence the type of endocytic pathways taken? In this Review, we summarize the different components of intestinal barriers and the types of nanoparticles developed for oral delivery. In particular, we focus on the various intracellular pathways used in nanoparticle internalization and nanoparticle or cargo translocation across the epithelium. Understanding the gut barrier, nanoparticle characteristics, and transport pathways may lead to the development of more therapeutically useful nanoparticles as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3120 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Rebecca Louisthelmy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3120 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3120 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Afzal O, Rizwanullah M, Altamimi AS, Alossaimi MA, Kamal M, Ahmad J. Harnessing natural polysaccharides-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of phytochemicals: Knocking down the barriers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Ma J, Ma B, Wang Z, Chen Y, Ma R, Dong Y. Effect of splenic transfer factor on the development of intestinal mucosal barrier in laying hens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1342-1354. [PMID: 36151767 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of chicken spleen transfer factor (TF) on the structure of intestinal epithelial cells in different age groups. One-day-old White Leghorns laying hens were randomly divided into four groups: three groups were administered TF at different dosages (0.10, 0.25 or 1.00 mL) and a fourth group was set as control (administered saline, 1.00 mL). Using hematoxylin and eosin staining, high-throughput sequencing, microbiota analysis, quantitative polymerase reaction and western blotting. RESULTS We measured the effects of different doses of TF on the following: intestinal mucosal epithelial tissue morphology, intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier-related gene expression profiles, and intestinal epithelial tight junction gene protein levels. The collected data show that TF can improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing villus height and crypt depth, and regulate intestinal flora disorders. Furthermore, we verified that the expression of the claudin and occludin tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells was increased with TF. this research is very important for focusing on the structure and gene expression of intestinal tissues. CONCLUSION The results provide a scientific rationale for feeding and nutrition programs for green and healthy farming, as well as technical support to improve the production efficiency of the livestock and poultry breeding industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baochen Ma
- China Animal Husbandry Group, Beijing, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wang Z, Ma R, Jia Z, Lin P, Zhao Z, Wang W, Yi S, Li X, Li J. Investigating on the influence mechanism of sausage of sea bass on calcium absorption and transport based on Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1046945. [PMID: 36330132 PMCID: PMC9623112 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1046945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A monolayer Caco-2 cell model was established to explore the effects of sea bass sausage digestive juice containing phosphate on calcium ion transport. Differential proteins of Caco-2 cells treated with fish sausage juice were detected and analyzed by gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Results revealed that after treatment with 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro, Caco-2 cell viability was the highest at 72 h (99.84%). Additionally, 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro significantly increased calcium ion transport. The transfer volume was 1.396 μg/well. Fish sausages containing phosphate significantly affected the protein expression levels of Caco-2 cells. Two hundred one differential proteins were detected, including 114 up-regulated and 87 down-regulated proteins. The main differential proteins included P02795, Q9P0W0, Q96PU5, Q9GZT9 and Q5EBL8. The adjustment ratios of the fish sausage group were 0.7485, 1.373, 1.2535, 0.6775, and 0.809, respectively. The pathway analysis showed that phosphate affected calcium ion absorption and transport through the P02795 enrichment pathway. The fish sausage group showed that the immune-related functions of cells were affected. This study expounds the effects of water-retaining agents on the nutritional quality of aquatic products and provides theoretical support for the research and application of surimi products.
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Inflammatory cytokines directly disrupt the bovine intestinal epithelial barrier. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14578. [PMID: 36028741 PMCID: PMC9418144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal mucosa constitutes a physical barrier separating the gut lumen from sterile internal tissues. Junctional complexes between cells regulate transport across the barrier, preventing water loss and the entry of noxious molecules or pathogens. Inflammatory diseases in cattle disrupt this barrier; nonetheless, mechanisms of barrier disruption in cattle are poorly understood. We investigated the direct effects of three inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-18, on the bovine intestinal barrier utilizing intestinal organoids. Flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran was used to investigate barrier permeability. Immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate junctional morphology, specifically tortuosity and length/width, respectively. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry was used to investigate cellular turnover via proliferation and apoptosis. Our study shows that 24-h cytokine treatment with TNFα or IFNγ significantly increased dextran permeability and tight junctional tortuosity, and reduced cellular proliferation. TNFα reduced the percentage of G2/M phase cells, and IFNγ treatment increased cell apoptotic rate. IL-18 did not directly induce significant changes to barrier permeability or cellular turnover. Our study concludes that the inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IFNγ, directly induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and alter the tight junctional morphology and rate of cellular turnover in bovine intestinal epithelial cells.
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10
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Microfabricated Stretching Devices for Studying the Effects of Tensile Stress on Cells and Tissues. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Electrospun Scaffolds as Cell Culture Substrates for the Cultivation of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061308. [PMID: 35745880 PMCID: PMC9231001 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the interface of microvasculature and the central nervous system, regulating the transport of nutrients and protecting the brain from external threats. To gain a deeper understanding of (patho)physiological processes affecting the BBB, sophisticated models mimicking the in vivo situation are required. Currently, most in vitro models are cultivated on stiff, semipermeable, and non-biodegradable Transwell® membrane inserts, not adequately mimicking the complexity of the extracellular environment of the native human BBB. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds resembling the natural structure of the human extracellular matrix. The polymer fibers of the scaffold imitate collagen fibrils of the human basement membrane, exhibiting excellent wettability and biomechanical properties, thus facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Cultivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on these scaffolds enabled the development of a physiological BBB phenotype monitored via the formation of tight junctions and validated by the paracellular permeability of sodium fluorescein, further accentuating the non-linearity of TEER and barrier permeability. The novel in vitro model of the BBB forms a tight endothelial barrier, offering a platform to study barrier functions in a (patho)physiologically relevant context.
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12
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Ogunribido TZ, Bedford MR, Adeola O, Ajuwon KM. Effect of supplemental myo-inositol on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of weanling piglets fed reduced protein high phytate diets and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and function. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6589538. [PMID: 35589552 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol is a breakdown product of phytate produced in the gut through the action of phytase. Although the effect of phytase-released phosphorus (P) on growth performance of animals has been well characterized, there is still little understanding of effect of myo-inositol. The first objective of this study was to determine the effects of added myo-inositol to a phytate rich low protein diet on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in growing piglets. The second objective was to determine whether myo-inositol could directly affect intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and function for which we used intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). A total of 128 weanling piglets were allotted to four dietary treatments consisting of eight replicates per treatment and four piglets per replicate in a randomized complete block design for four weeks. The four experimental diets comprised the positive control (PC; 20% crude protein (CP), negative control (NC; 17% CP), negative control plus 2.0g/kg myo-inositol (NC+INO; 17% CP) and negative control plus 3000FTU/kg phytase (NC+PHY; 17% CP). Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), gain-feed ratio (G: F) were recorded. Phytase supplementation in the protein-deficient NC diet increased the G:F ratio (P < 0.05) without myo-inositol effect on growth performance. Phosphorus digestibility in the phytase supplemented group increased compared to the PC, NC, and NC+INO groups whereas plasma myo-inositol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the NC+INO group. Due to lack of myo-inositol effect on growth performance, an additional in vitro study was conducted to determine direct effect of myo-inositol on the intestinal epithelium that might not be reflected in growth performance. Myo-inositol increased the mRNA abundance of selected nutrient transporters in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Myo-inositol also enhanced barrier integrity in the IPEC-J2 monolayer by increasing the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with reduced paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran (P < 0.05). In conclusion, despite the lack of myo-inositol effect on animal performance, the in vitro data indicates that myo-inositol may directly regulate gut barrier integrity. Addition of myo-inositol to pig diets at levels that enhance intestinal epithelial cell function may result in effects on growth performance and gut health of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobi Z Ogunribido
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
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13
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Delon L, Gibson R, Prestidge C, Thierry B. Mechanisms of uptake and transport of particulate formulations in the small intestine. J Control Release 2022; 343:584-599. [PMID: 35149142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Micro- and nano-scale particulate formulations are widely investigated towards improving the oral bioavailability of both biologics and drugs with low solubility and/or low intestinal permeability. Particulate formulations harnessing physiological intestinal transport pathways have recently yielded remarkably high oral bioavailabilities, illustrating the need for better understanding the specific pathways underpinning particle small intestinal absorption and the relative role of intestinal cells. Mechanistic knowledge has been hampered by the well acknowledged limitations of current in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models relevant to the human intestinal physiology and the lack of standardization in studies reporting absorption data. Here we review the relevant literature and critically discusses absorption pathways with a focus on the role of specific intestinal epithelial and immune cells. We conclude that while Microfold (M) cells are a valid target for oral vaccines, enterocytes play a greater role in the systemic bioavailability of orally administrated particulate formulations, particularly within the sub-micron size range. We also comment on less-reported mechanisms such as paracellular permeability of particles, persorption due to cell damage and uptake by migratory immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Delon
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Rachel Gibson
- Australia School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.
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14
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Oliveira AI, Pinho C, Sarmento B, Dias ACP. Quercetin-biapigenin nanoparticles are effective to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:267-281. [PMID: 33709285 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Search for efficient therapeutic agents for central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been extensive. Nevertheless, blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an obstacle that prevents the majority of compounds to act in these diseases. It is, thus, of extreme relevance the BBB overcome, in order to deliver a drugs therapeutically active concentration to the action site, with the least losses and interaction with other organs, tissues, or cells. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of quercetin-biapigenin encapsulated into poly(Ɛ-polycaprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles against t-BOOH-induced oxidative stress in several brain cell lines, as well as evaluate the permeability of those active molecules through an in vitro BBB model. The three cell lines under study (BV-2, hcmec/D3, and U87) presented different reactions to t-BOOH. In general, quercetin-biapigenin PCL-loaded nanoparticles were able to minimize compound toxicity they convey, regardless the cell line. Quercetin-biapigenin PCL-loaded nanoparticles (Papp of approximately 80 × 10-6 cm/s) revealed to be more permeable than free compounds (Papp of approximately 50 × 10-6 cm/s). As of our knowledge, this is the first report of quercetin-biapigenin PCL-loaded nanoparticle activity in brain cells. It is also the first determining its permeability through BBB, as an effective nanocarrier for brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde E Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Saúde -Politécnico do Porto (ESS-P.Porto), 4000-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Pinho
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde E Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Saúde -Politécnico do Porto (ESS-P.Porto), 4000-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação E Formação Avançada Em Ciências E Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Alberto C P Dias
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Biology Department, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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15
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Hao W, Cha R, Wang M, Zhang P, Jiang X. Impact of nanomaterials on the intestinal mucosal barrier and its application in treating intestinal diseases. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 7:6-30. [PMID: 34889349 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) is one of the important barriers to prevent harmful substances and pathogens from entering the body environment and to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The dysfunction of the IMB is associated with intestinal diseases and disorders. Nanomaterials have been widely used in medicine and as drug carriers due to their large specific surface area, strong adsorbability, and good biocompatibility. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the impact of typical nanomaterials on the IMB and summarize the treatment of intestinal diseases by using nanomaterials. The effects of nanomaterials on the IMB are mainly influenced by factors such as the dosage, size, morphology, and surface functional groups of nanomaterials. There is huge potential and a broad prospect for the application of nanomaterials in regulating the IMB for achieving an optimal therapeutic effect for antibiotics, oral vaccines, drug carriers, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ruitao Cha
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Mingzheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Pai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
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16
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Maget A, Dalkner N, Hamm C, Bengesser SA, Fellendorf FT, Platzer M, Queissner R, Birner A, Lenger M, Mörkl S, Kohlhammer-Dohr A, Rieger A, Seidl M, Mendel L, Färber T, Wetzlmair L, Schwalsberger K, Amberger-Otti DV, Schöggl H, Lahousen T, Leitner-Afschar B, Unterweger R, Zelzer S, Mangge H, Reininghaus EZ. Sex differences in zonulin in affective disorders and associations with current mood symptoms. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:441-446. [PMID: 34320451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bidirectional connection between the brain and the gut within psychiatric entities has gained increasing scientific attention over the last years. As a regulator of intestinal permeability, zonulin acts as a key player on the interface of this interplay. Like several psychiatric disorders, intestinal permeability was associated with inflammation in previous findings. METHODS In this study we explored differences in zonulin serum levels in currently depressed (n = 55) versus currently euthymic (n = 37) individuals with an affective disorder. Further, we explored sex differences and possible influences on zonulin and affective symptoms like medication, age, body mass index, and smoking status. RESULTS Serum zonulin was significantly higher in females than in men independent from affective status (z = -2.412, p = .016). More specifically, females in the euthymic subgroup had higher zonulin levels than euthymic men (z = -2.114, p = .035). There was no difference in zonulin serum levels in individuals taking or not taking a specific psychopharmacotherapy. We found no correlation between zonulin serum levels and depression severity. DISCUSSION Increased serum zonulin levels as a proxy for increased intestinal permeability in women may indicate a state of elevated susceptibility for depression-inducing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maget
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - N Dalkner
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Hamm
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S A Bengesser
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - F T Fellendorf
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - M Platzer
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Queissner
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Birner
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Lenger
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Mörkl
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Kohlhammer-Dohr
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Rieger
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Seidl
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L Mendel
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Färber
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L Wetzlmair
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Schwalsberger
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D V Amberger-Otti
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H Schöggl
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Lahousen
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - B Leitner-Afschar
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Unterweger
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Zelzer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H Mangge
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Z Reininghaus
- Departement for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Abramov VM, Kosarev IV, Priputnevich TV, Machulin AV, Abashina TN, Chikileva IO, Donetskova AD, Takada K, Melnikov VG, Vasilenko RN, Khlebnikov VS, Samoilenko VA, Nikonov IN, Sukhikh GT, Uversky VN, Karlyshev AV. S-layer protein 2 of vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 enhances growth, differentiation, VEGF production and barrier functions in intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:410-419. [PMID: 34437917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the ability of the human vaginal strain Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 (LC2029) for strong adhesion to cervicovaginal epithelial cells, expression of the surface layer protein 2 (Slp2), and antagonistic activity against urogenital pathogens. Slp2 forms regular two-dimensional structure around the LC2029 cells,which is secreted into the medium and inhibits intestinal pathogen-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Here, we elucidated the effects of soluble Slp2 on adhesion of proteobacteria pathogens inducing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), such as Escherichia coli ATCC E 2348/69, E. coli ATCC 31705, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 to Caco-2 cells, as well as on growth promotion, differentiation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, and intestinal barrier function of Caco-2 cell monolayers. Slp2 acts as anti-adhesion agent for NEC-inducing proteobacteria, promotes growth of immature Caco-2 cells and their differentiation, and enhances expression and functional activity of sucrase, lactase, and alkaline phosphatase. Slp2 stimulates VEGF production, decreases paracellular permeability, and increases transepithelial electrical resistance, strengthening barrier function of Caco-2 cell monolayers. These data support the important role of Slp2 in the early postnatal development of the human small intestine enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M Abramov
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, Lyubuchany 142380, Moscow Region, Russia; Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor V Kosarev
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, Lyubuchany 142380, Moscow Region, Russia; Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Priputnevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey V Machulin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Science", Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Abashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Science", Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Irina O Chikileva
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, Lyubuchany 142380, Moscow Region, Russia; Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Blokhin National Research, Center of Oncology Ministry of Health RF, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | | | - Kazuhide Takada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Vyacheslav G Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow 152212, Russia
| | - Raisa N Vasilenko
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, Lyubuchany 142380, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir A Samoilenko
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Science", Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ilya N Nikonov
- Federal State Education Institution of Higher Professional Education Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, Moscow 109472, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Andrey V Karlyshev
- Department of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
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18
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Qi W, Li T, Zhang C, Liu F, Wang J, Chen D, Fang X, Wu C, Li K, Xi L. Light-Controlled Precise Delivery of NIR-Responsive Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles with Promoted Vascular Permeability. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100569. [PMID: 34313004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial barrier plays an essential role in health and disease by protecting organs from toxins while allowing nutrients to access the circulation. However, it is the major obstacle that limits the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the diseased tissue. Here, it is reported for the first time that near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses can transiently promote the delivery of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles passing the vascular barrier via photoacoustic-effect-induced accumulation, only by the aid of pulse laser irradiation. This strategy enables selective and substantial accumulation of the NIR-absorbing nanoparticles inside specific tissues, implying the discovery of an unprecedented approach for light-controlled nanoparticle delivery. Especially, the nanoparticle delivery in solid tumors by 10-min laser scanning is approximately six times higher than that of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in 24 h under current experimental conditions. Further results confirm that this strategy facilitates substantial accumulation of nanoparticles in the mouse brain with intact skull. This approach thus opens a new door for tissue-specific delivery of nanomaterials with an unprecedented level of efficiency and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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19
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Pires CL, Praça C, Martins PAT, Batista de Carvalho ALM, Ferreira L, Marques MPM, Moreno MJ. Re-Use of Caco-2 Monolayers in Permeability Assays-Validation Regarding Cell Monolayer Integrity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101563. [PMID: 34683857 PMCID: PMC8537988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caco-2 monolayers are a common in vitro model used to evaluate human intestinal absorption. The reference protocol requires 21 days post-seeding to establish a stable and confluent cell monolayer, which is used in a single permeability assay during the period of monolayer stability (up to day 30). In this work, we characterize variations in the tightness of the cell monolayer over the stable time interval and evaluate the conditions required for their re-use in permeability assays. The monolayer integrity was assessed through TEER measurements and permeability of the paracellular marker Lucifer Yellow (LY), complemented with nuclei and ZO-1 staining for morphological studies and the presence of tight junctions. Over 150 permeability assays were performed, which showed that manipulation of the cell monolayer in the permeability assay may contribute significantly to the flux of LY, leading to Papp values that are dependent on the sampling duration. The assay also leads to a small decrease in the cell monolayer TEER, which is fully recovered when cell monolayers are incubated with culture media for two full days. When this procedure is followed, the cell monolayers may be used for permeability assays on days 22, 25, and 28, triplicating the throughput of this important assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana L. Pires
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
| | - Catarina Praça
- CNC—Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, CIBB—Centro de Inovação em Biomedicina e Biotecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.P.); (L.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia A. T. Martins
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
| | - Ana L. M. Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.M.B.d.C.); (M.P.M.M.)
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC—Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, CIBB—Centro de Inovação em Biomedicina e Biotecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.P.); (L.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula M. Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.M.B.d.C.); (M.P.M.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239854481
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20
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Guidoni PB, Pasternak JA, Hamonic G, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Decreased tight junction protein intensity in the placenta of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infected fetuses. Placenta 2021; 112:153-161. [PMID: 34352491 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Existing strategies to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are not completely effective and require alternative approaches. Although intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetuses are more resilient to transplacental PRRS virus-2 (PRRSV2) infection compared to normal fetuses, the exact mechanisms are unknown. The objective of this research was to assess abundance and localization of a subset of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the maternal-fetal interface and any alterations that may affect the movement of nutrients or PRRSV2 across the epitheliochorial placenta. METHODS Paraffin-embedded samples of placenta from non-infected control (CTRL) and PRRSV2 infected fetuses (IUGR, non(N)-IUGR, meconium-stained (MEC) (n = 6 per group) were randomly selected from a large challenge trial and immunostained for claudins (CLDN) 1, 3, 4, 7 and tight junction protein 1 (TJP1). Immunostaining intensity was semi-subjectively scored by region. RESULTS Intensity of CLDN1 was lower in placenta of IUGR, MEC, and N-IUGR fetuses compared to CTRL, mainly in fetal epithelium and maternal endothelial cells (MECL). CLDN4 intensity was lower in MECL of IUGR compared to CTRL and MEC fetuses. TJP1 intensity was lower in maternal and fetal epithelia of placenta within IUGR, MEC, and N-IUGR fetuses versus CTRL. DISCUSSION Differences were mainly observed between PRRSV2 infected and non-infected groups indicating TJ integrity was affected by PRRSV2 infection. These results provide insights into the potential mechanisms of transplacental transmission of PRRSV2; however, since only CLDN4 differed amongst the infected groups, PRRSV2 induced changes in TJ integrity do not appear to explain variation in fetal outcomes after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline B Guidoni
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | | | - Glenn Hamonic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Daniel J MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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21
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Su X, Wei J, Qi H, Jin M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yang R. LRRC19 Promotes Permeability of the Gut Epithelial Barrier Through Degrading PKC-ζ and PKCι/λ to Reduce Expression of ZO1, ZO3, and Occludin. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1302-1315. [PMID: 33501933 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dysfunctional gut epithelial barrier allows the augmented permeation of endotoxins, luminal antigens, and bacteria into the bloodstream, causing disease. The maintenance of gut epithelial barrier integrity may be regulated by multiple factors. Herein we analyze the role of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 19 (LRRC19) in regulating the permeability of the gut epithelial barrier. METHODS We utilized Lrrc19 knockout (KO) mice and clinical samples through transmission electron, intestinal permeability assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining to characterize the role of LRRC19 in the permeability of the gut epithelial barrier. RESULTS We found that LRRC19, which is expressed in gut epithelial cells, impairs gut barrier function. Transmission electron micrographs revealed a tighter junction and narrower gaps in the colon epithelium cells in LRRC19 KO mice. There were lower levels of serum lipopolysaccharide and 4 kDa-fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran after gavage in LRRC19 KO mice than in wild-type mice. We found that LRRC19 could reduce the expression of zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-3, and occludin in the colonic epithelial cells. The decreased expression of ZO-1, ZO-3, and occludin was dependent on degrading protein kinase C (PKC) ζ and PKCι/λ through K48 ubiquitination by LRRC19. The expression of LRRC19 was also negatively correlated with ZO-1, ZO-3, occludin, PKCζ, and PKCι/λ in human colorectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS The protein LRRC19 can promote the permeability of the gut epithelial barrier through degrading PKC ζ and PKCι/λ to reduce the expression of ZO-1, ZO-3, and occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Houbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengli Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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22
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Gong J, Qian P, Hu Y, Guo C, Wei G, Wang C, Cai C, Wang H, Liu D. Claudin h Is Essential for Hair Cell Morphogenesis and Auditory Function in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663995. [PMID: 34046408 PMCID: PMC8147561 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hearing loss caused by defective hair cells is one of the most common congenital diseases, whose nosogenesis is still unclear because many of the causative genes remain unidentified. Claudins are one kind of transmembrane proteins that constitute the most important components of the tight junctions and paracellular barrier and play important roles in neurodevelopment. In this study, we investigated the function of claudin h in morphogenesis and auditory function of the hair cell in zebrafish. The results of in situ hybridization showed that claudin h was specifically localized in the otic vesicle and neuromasts in zebrafish embryos. The deficiency of claudin h caused significant reduction of otic vesicle size and loss of utricle otolith. Moreover, the startle response and vestibulo-ocular reflex experiments revealed that loss of claudin h led to serious hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Importantly, the confocal microscopy observation found that compared to the control zebrafish, the claudin h morphants and mutants displayed significantly reduced the number of cristae hair cells and shortened kinocilia. Besides, the deficiency of claudin h also caused the loss of hair cells in neuromasts which could be rescued by injecting claudin h mRNA into the mutant embryos at one cell stage. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated remarkable apoptosis of hair cells in the neuromasts, which might contribute to the loss of hair cells number. Overall, these data indicated that claudin h is indispensable for the development of hair cells, vestibular function, and hearing ability of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuebo Hu
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chengyun Cai
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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23
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Rao J, Xie R, Lin L, Jiang J, Du L, Zeng X, Li G, Wang C, Qiao Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal barrier damage in rats with stress‐induced depressive‐like behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3598-3611. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Rao
- Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong University Jinan China
| | - Ruining Xie
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Xindie Zeng
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Mental Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology InstituteJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
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24
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Rea K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut Microbiota: A Perspective for Psychiatrists. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:50-62. [PMID: 31726457 DOI: 10.1159/000504495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the trillions of microbes that inhabit our gut are a substantial contributing factor to mental health and, equally, to the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders. The extraordinary complexity of the gut ecosystem, and how it interacts with the intestinal epithelium to manifest physiological changes in the brain to influence mood and behaviour, has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny over the last 2 decades. To further complicate matters, we each harbour a unique microbiota community that is subject to change by a number of factors including diet, exercise, stress, health status, genetics, medication, and age, amongst others. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, immune cells, gut tissue, glands, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the brain that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner through a number of anatomically and physiologically distinct systems. Long-term perturbations to this homeostatic environment may contribute to the progression of a number of disorders by altering physiological processes including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, neurotransmitter systems, immune function, and the inflammatory response. While an appropriate, co-ordinated physiological response, such as an immune or stress response, is necessary for survival, a dysfunctional response can be detrimental to the host, contributing to the development of a number of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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25
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PROVIT: Supplementary Probiotic Treatment and Vitamin B7 in Depression-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113422. [PMID: 33171595 PMCID: PMC7695208 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are suspected to affect brain functions and behavior as well as lowering inflammation status. Therefore, an effect on depression has already been suggested by recent research. The aim of this randomized double-blind controlled trial was to evaluate the effect of probiotic treatment in depressed individuals. Within inpatient care, 82 currently depressed individuals were randomly assigned to either receive a multistrain probiotic plus biotin treatment or biotin plus placebo for 28 days. Clinical symptoms as well as gut microbiome were analyzed at the begin of the study, after one and after four weeks. After 16S rRNA analysis, microbiome samples were bioinformatically explored using QIIME, SPSS, R and Piphillin. Both groups improved significantly regarding psychiatric symptoms. Ruminococcus gauvreauii and Coprococcus 3 were more abundant and β-diversity was higher in the probiotics group after 28 days. KEGG-analysis showed elevated inflammation-regulatory and metabolic pathways in the intervention group. The elevated abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria after probiotic treatment allows speculations on the functionality of probiotic treatment in depressed individuals. Furthermore, the finding of upregulated vitamin B6 and B7 synthesis underlines the connection between the quality of diet, gut microbiota and mental health through the regulation of metabolic functions, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Concluding, four-week probiotic plus biotin supplementation, in inpatient individuals with a major depressive disorder diagnosis, showed an overall beneficial effect of clinical treatment. However, probiotic intervention compared to placebo only differed in microbial diversity profile, not in clinical outcome measures.
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26
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Zöller J, Ebel JF, Khairnar V, Schmitt V, Klopfleisch R, Meiners J, Seiffart V, Hansen W, Buer J, Singer BB, Lang KS, Westendorf AM. CEACAM1 regulates CD8 + T cell immunity and protects from severe pathology during Citrobacter rodentium induced colitis. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1790-1805. [PMID: 32521208 PMCID: PMC7524155 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1775464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of gastrointestinal infections continues to increase, and infectious colitis contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) has been discovered to be strongly involved in the intestinal homeostasis. However, whether intestinal CEACAM1 expression has an impact on the control of infectious colitis remains elusive. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) is a gram-negative enteric pathogen that induces colonic inflammation in mice, with a critical role for CD4+ T cell but not CD8+ T cell immunity to primary infection. Here, we show that Ceacam1-/- mice are much more susceptible to C. rodentium infection than wildtype mice, which is mediated by a defect in the intestinal barrier and, surprisingly, by a dysregulated CD8+ T cell but not CD4+ T cell response in the colon. CEACAM1 expression is essential for the control of CD8+ T cell immunity, as CEACAM1 deficiency during C. rodentium infection inhibits CD8+ T cell exhaustion. We conclude that CEACAM1 is an important regulator of CD8+ T cell function in the colon, and blocking CEACAM1 signaling to activate CD8+ T cells may have unforeseen side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zöller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana-Fabienne Ebel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Meiners
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Virginia Seiffart
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard B. Singer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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27
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Cidem A, Bradbury P, Traini D, Ong HX. Modifying and Integrating in vitro and ex vivo Respiratory Models for Inhalation Drug Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:581995. [PMID: 33195144 PMCID: PMC7644812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.581995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past 50 years, the route of inhalation has been utilized to administer therapies to treat a variety of respiratory and pulmonary diseases. When compared with other drug administration routes, inhalation offers a targeted, non-invasive approach to deliver rapid onset of drug action to the lung, minimizing systemic drug exposure and subsequent side effects. However, despite advances in inhaled therapies, there is still a need to improve the preclinical screening and the efficacy of inhaled therapeutics. Innovative in vitro models of respiratory physiology to determine therapeutic efficacy of inhaled compounds have included the use of organoids, micro-engineered lung-on-chip systems and sophisticated bench-top platforms to enable a better understanding of pulmonary mechanisms at the molecular level, rapidly progressing inhaled therapeutic candidates to the clinic. Furthermore, the integration of complementary ex vivo models, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) and isolated perfused lung platforms have further advanced preclinical drug screening approaches by providing in vivo relevance. In this review, we address the challenges and advances of in vitro models and discuss the implementation of ex vivo inhaled drug screening models. Specifically, we address the importance of understanding human in vivo pulmonary mechanisms in assessing strategies of the preclinical screening of drug efficacy, toxicity and delivery of inhaled therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Cidem
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peta Bradbury
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Tong T, Wang L, You X, Wu J. Nano and microscale delivery platforms for enhanced oral peptide/protein bioavailability. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5804-5823. [PMID: 33016274 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, peptide/protein drugs have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior targeting and therapeutic effect and fewer side effects compared with chemical drugs. Oral administration modality with enhanced patient compliance is increasingly being recognized as an ideal route for peptide/protein delivery. However, the limited permeation efficiency and low oral bioavailability of peptide/protein drugs significantly hinder therapeutic advances. To address these problems, various nano and microscale delivery platforms have been developed, which offer significant advantages in oral peptide/protein delivery. In this review, we briefly introduce the transport mechanisms of oral peptide/protein delivery and the primary barriers to this delivery process. We also highlight the recent advances in various nano and microscale delivery platforms designed for oral peptide/protein delivery. We then summarize the existing strategies used in these delivery platforms to improve the oral bioavailability and permeation efficiency of peptide/protein therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the major challenges faced when nano and microscale systems are used for oral peptide/protein delivery. This review is expected to provide critical insight into the design and development of oral peptide/protein delivery systems with significant therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong, Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Tran VN, Viktorová J, Ruml T. Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E628. [PMID: 33008111 PMCID: PMC7601793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.)
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30
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Venn AA, Bernardet C, Chabenat A, Tambutté E, Tambutté S. Paracellular transport to the coral calcifying medium: effects of environmental parameters. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb227074. [PMID: 32675232 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coral calcification relies on the transport of ions and molecules to the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM). Little is known about paracellular transport (via intercellular junctions) in corals and other marine calcifiers. Here, we investigated whether the permeability of the paracellular pathway varied in different environmental conditions in the coral Stylophora pistillata Using the fluorescent dye calcein, we characterised the dynamics of calcein influx from seawater to the ECM and showed that increases in paracellular permeability (leakiness) induced by hyperosmotic treatment could be detected by changes in calcein influx rates. We then used the calcein-imaging approach to investigate the effects of two environmental stressors on paracellular permeability: seawater acidification and temperature change. Under conditions of seawater acidification (pH 7.2) known to depress pH in the ECM and the calcifying cells of S. pistillata, we observed a decrease in half-times of calcein influx, indicating increased paracellular permeability. By contrast, high temperature (31°C) had no effect, whereas low temperature (20°C) caused decreases in paracellular permeability. Overall, our study establishes an approach to conduct further in vivo investigation of paracellular transport and suggests that changes in paracellular permeability could form an uncharacterised aspect of the physiological response of S. pistillata to seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Coralie Bernardet
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Apolline Chabenat
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
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31
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Gericke B, Römermann K, Noack A, Noack S, Kronenberg J, Blasig IE, Löscher W. A face-to-face comparison of claudin-5 transduced human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells with porcine brain endothelial cells as blood-brain barrier models for drug transport studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32843059 PMCID: PMC7449095 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive in vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are essential in early drug discovery and development. Among available immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines (BCECs), the hCMEC/D3 cell line has become the most widely used in vitro BBB model. However, monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells form only moderately restrictive barriers, most likely because the major tight junction protein, claudin-5, is markedly downregulated. Thus, hCMEC/D3 monolayers cannot be used for vectorial drug transport experiments, which is a major disadvantage of this model. METHODS Here we transduced hCMEC/D3 cells with a claudin-5 plasmid and compared the characteristics of these cells with those of hCMEC/D3 wildtype cells and primary cultured porcine BCECs. RESULTS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 exhibited expression levels (and junctional localization) of claudin-5 similar to those of primary cultured porcine BCECs. The transduced cells exhibited increased TEER values (211 Ω cm2) and reduced paracellular mannitol permeability (8.06%/h), indicating improved BBB properties; however, the barrier properties of porcine BCECs (TEER 1650 Ω cm2; mannitol permeability 3.95%/h) were not reached. Hence, vectorial transport of a selective P-glycoprotein substrate (N-desmethyl-loperamide) was not observed in claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 (or wildtype) cells, whereas such drug transport occurred in porcine BCECs. CONCLUSIONS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 cells provide a tool to studying the contribution of claudin-5 to barrier tightness and how this can be further enhanced by additional transfections or other manipulations of this widely used in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Kang S, Lee S, Park S. iRGD Peptide as a Tumor-Penetrating Enhancer for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1906. [PMID: 32847045 PMCID: PMC7563641 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique structure and physiology of a tumor microenvironment impede intra-tumoral penetration of chemotherapeutic agents. A novel iRGD peptide that exploits the tumor microenvironment can activate integrin-dependent binding to tumor vasculatures and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)-dependent transport to tumor tissues. Recent studies have focused on its dual-targeting ability to achieve enhanced penetration of chemotherapeutics for the efficient eradication of cancer cells. Both the covalent conjugation and the co-administration of iRGD with chemotherapeutic agents and engineered delivery vehicles have been explored. Interestingly, the iRGD-mediated drug delivery also enhances penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies have shown its synergistic effect with BBB disruptive techniques. The efficacy of immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint blockades has also been amplified by using iRGD as a targeting moiety. In this review, we presented the recent advances in iRGD technology, focusing on cancer treatment modalities, including the current clinical trials using iRGD. The iRGD-mediated nano-carrier system could serve as a promising strategy in drug delivery to the deeper tumor regions, and be combined with various therapeutic interventions due to its novel targeting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soyeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.K.); (S.L.)
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33
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Azarmi M, Maleki H, Nikkam N, Malekinejad H. Transcellular brain drug delivery: A review on recent advancements. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Enhanced Intestinal Absorption of Insulin by Capryol 90, a Novel Absorption Enhancer in Rats: Implications in Oral Insulin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050462. [PMID: 32443624 PMCID: PMC7284608 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Labrasol® is a self-emulsifying excipient that contains saturated polyglycolysed C6-C14 glycerides and this additive is known to improve the intestinal absorption of poorly absorbed drugs after oral administration. However, the effects of formulations similar to Labrasol® on the intestinal absorption of poorly absorbed drugs have not been characterized. In this study, we used insulin as a model peptide drug and examined the absorption-enhancing effects of Labrasol® and its related formulations for insulin absorption in rats. The co-administration of Labrasol-related formulations with insulin reduced the blood glucose levels. Among these formulations, Capryol 90 was the most effective additive. Notably, the effect of Capryol 90 was greater at pH 3.0 than at pH 7.0. Additionally, almost no mucosal damage was observed in the presence of these formulations, as these formulations did not affect the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the amount of protein released from the small intestine. In mechanistic studies, Capryol 90 improved the stability of insulin and suppressed the association with insulin under acidic conditions. The loosening of the tight junctions (TJs) could be the underlying mechanism by which Capryol 90 improved intestinal insulin absorption via a paracellular route. These findings suggest that Capryol 90 is an effective absorption enhancer for improving the intestinal absorption of insulin, without inducing serious damage to the intestinal epithelium.
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35
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Hua S. Advances in Oral Drug Delivery for Regional Targeting in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Influence of Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Factors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32425781 PMCID: PMC7212533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral route is by far the most common route of drug administration in the gastrointestinal tract and can be used for both systemic drug delivery and for treating local gastrointestinal diseases. It is the most preferred route by patients, due to its advantages, such as ease of use, non-invasiveness, and convenience for self-administration. Formulations can also be designed to enhance drug delivery to specific regions in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Despite the clear advantages offered by the oral route, drug delivery can be challenging as the human gastrointestinal tract is complex and displays a number of physiological barriers that affect drug delivery. Among these challenges are poor drug stability, poor drug solubility, and low drug permeability across the mucosal barriers. Attempts to overcome these issues have focused on improved understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in both healthy and diseased states. Innovative pharmaceutical approaches have also been explored to improve regional drug targeting in the gastrointestinal tract, including nanoparticulate formulations. This review will discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmaceutical considerations influencing drug delivery for the oral route of administration, as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery approaches. The translational challenges and development aspects of novel formulations will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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36
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Winkler TE, Feil M, Stronkman EFGJ, Matthiesen I, Herland A. Low-cost microphysiological systems: feasibility study of a tape-based barrier-on-chip for small intestine modeling. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1212-1226. [PMID: 32141461 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We see affordability as a key challenge in making organs-on-chips accessible to a wider range of users, particularly outside the highest-resource environments. Here, we present an approach to barrier-on-a-chip fabrication based on double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and off-the-shelf polycarbonate. Besides a low materials cost, common also to PDMS or thermoplastics, it requires minimal (€100) investment in laboratory equipment, yet at the same time is suitable for upscaling to industrial roll-to-roll manufacture. We evaluate our microphysiological system with an epithelial (Caco-2/BBe1) barrier model of the small intestine, studying the biological effects of permeable support pore size, as well as stimulation with a common food compound (chili pepper-derived capsaicinoids). The cells form tight and continuous barrier layers inside our systems, with comparable permeability but superior epithelial polarization compared to Transwell culture, in line with other perfused microphysiological models. Permeable support pore size is shown to weakly impact barrier layer integrity as well as the metabolic cell profile. Capsaicinoid response proves distinct between culture systems, but we show that impacted metabolic pathways are partly conserved, and that cytoskeletal changes align with previous studies. Overall, our tape-based microphysiological system proves to be a robust and reproducible approach to studying physiological barriers, in spite of its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Winkler
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Koehn LM. ABC efflux transporters at blood-central nervous system barriers and their implications for treating spinal cord disorders. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1235-1242. [PMID: 31960802 PMCID: PMC7047801 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The barriers present in the interfaces between the blood and the central nervous system form a major hurdle for the pharmacological treatment of central nervous system injuries and diseases. The family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters has been widely studied regarding efflux of medications at blood-central nervous system barriers. These efflux transporters include P-glycoprotein (abcb1), 'breast cancer resistance protein' (abcg2) and the various 'multidrug resistance-associated proteins' (abccs). Understanding which efflux transporters are present at the blood-spinal cord, blood-cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid-spinal cord barriers is necessary to determine their involvement in limiting drug transfer from blood to the spinal cord tissue. Recent developments in the blood-brain barrier field have shown that barrier systems are dynamic and the profile of barrier defenses can alter due to conditions such as age, disease and environmental challenge. This means that a true understanding of ABC efflux transporter expression and localization should not be one static value but instead a range that represents the complex patient subpopulations that exist. In the present review, the blood-central nervous system barrier literature is discussed with a focus on the impact of ABC efflux transporters on: (i) protecting the spinal cord from adverse effects of systemically directed drugs, and (ii) limiting centrally directed drugs from accessing their active sites within the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hatano H, Goda T, Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y. Induced Proton Dynamics on Semiconductor Surfaces for Sensing Tight Junction Formation Enhanced by an Extracellular Matrix and Drug. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3195-3202. [PMID: 31763825 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the fields of tissue engineering and drug discovery, confirming the formation and maturation of epithelial cell tight junctions (TJs), which are necessary for blocking pathogenic invasion and absorption of nutrients and ions, at a high spatiotemporal resolution is essential. We previously developed a system of monitoring pH perturbation induced by weak acid exposure to cells cultured on an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor that enables a sensitive and specific detection of biomembrane injuries and TJ breakdowns caused by external stimuli such as nanomaterials and cytotoxins. In this study, we monitor time-lapse changes in the paracellular diffusion of growing epithelial cell monolayers using the pH perturbation assay as well as conventional permeability and trans-epithelial electrical resistance assays. The effects of the extracellular matrix and a TJ potentiator (KN-93) on epithelial TJ formation are evaluated. TJ formations were promoted on the substrate coated with Matrigel more than on the one coated with poly(l-lysine). KN-93 accelerated TJ formations in a dose-dependent manner. The pH perturbation assay denoted a longer incubation time for the completion of TJ formation compared with the conventional assays under the same conditions. Importantly, the pH perturbation assay is able to rigorously evaluate TJ formation, as the assay uses protons as the smallest indicator for detecting paracellular gaps, and the pH perturbation is specific to TJ alterations. These features for in vitro TJ evaluation using proton dynamics are advantageous for applications in tissue engineering and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hatano
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Nano Innovation Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, No. 22 Huoline Street, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028000, P. R. China
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0435, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Hua S. Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Rectal Drug Formulations. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1196. [PMID: 31680970 PMCID: PMC6805701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the oral route is the most convenient route for drug administration, there are a number of circumstances where this is not possible from either a clinical or pharmaceutical perspective. In these cases, the rectal route may represent a practical alternative and can be used to administer drugs for both local and systemic actions. The environment in the rectum is considered relatively constant and stable and has low enzymatic activity in comparison to other sections of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, drugs can partially bypass the liver following systemic absorption, which reduces the hepatic first-pass effect. Therefore, rectal drug delivery can provide significant local and systemic levels for various drugs, despite the relatively small surface area of the rectal mucosa. Further development and optimization of rectal drug formulations have led to improvements in drug bioavailability, formulation retention, and drug release kinetics. However, despite the pharmaceutical advances in rectal drug delivery, very few of them have translated to the clinical phase. This review will address the physiological and pharmaceutical considerations influencing rectal drug delivery as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery approaches. The translational challenges and development aspects of novel formulations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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41
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Breaking the barricade of oral chemotherapy through polysaccharide nanocarrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Brown TD, Nowak M, Bayles AV, Prabhakarpandian B, Karande P, Lahann J, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. A microfluidic model of human brain (μHuB) for assessment of blood brain barrier. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:e10126. [PMID: 31249876 PMCID: PMC6584314 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic cellular models, commonly referred to as "organs-on-chips," continue to advance the field of bioengineering via the development of accurate and higher throughput models, captivating the essence of living human organs. This class of models can mimic key in vivo features, including shear stresses and cellular architectures, in ways that cannot be realized by traditional two-dimensional in vitro models. Despite such progress, current organ-on-a-chip models are often overly complex, require highly specialized setups and equipment, and lack the ability to easily ascertain temporal and spatial differences in the transport kinetics of compounds translocating across cellular barriers. To address this challenge, we report the development of a three-dimensional human blood brain barrier (BBB) microfluidic model (μHuB) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and primary human astrocytes within a commercially available microfluidic platform. Within μHuB, hCMEC/D3 monolayers withstood physiologically relevant shear stresses (2.73 dyn/cm2) over a period of 24 hr and formed a complete inner lumen, resembling in vivo blood capillaries. Monolayers within μHuB expressed phenotypical tight junction markers (Claudin-5 and ZO-1), which increased expression after the presence of hemodynamic-like shear stress. Negligible cell injury was observed when the monolayers were cultured statically, conditioned to shear stress, and subjected to nonfluorescent dextran (70 kDa) transport studies. μHuB experienced size-selective permeability of 10 and 70 kDa dextrans similar to other BBB models. However, with the ability to probe temporal and spatial evolution of solute distribution, μHuBs possess the ability to capture the true variability in permeability across a cellular monolayer over time and allow for evaluation of the full breadth of permeabilities that would otherwise be lost using traditional end-point sampling techniques. Overall, the μHuB platform provides a simplified, easy-to-use model to further investigate the complexities of the human BBB in real-time and can be readily adapted to incorporate additional cell types of the neurovascular unit and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Brown
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Maksymilian Nowak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Alexandra V Bayles
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | | | - Pankaj Karande
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Material Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Macromolecular Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, and Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
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Ying C, Hong W, Nianhui Z, Chunlei W, Kehe H, Cuiling P. Nontoxic concentrations of OTA aggravate DON-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in IPEC-J2 cells via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2019; 311:114-124. [PMID: 31026484 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is well-known enteropathogenic mycotoxin which can alter intestinal barrier functions. Consistently, Ochratoxin A (OTA) ingestion has been found to induce intestinal injuries, including inflammation and diarrhea. However, little is known whether OTA aggravates DON-induced toxicity. This study is designed to explore the effects of OTA on DON-induced intestinal barrier function and involved mechanism. Our results showed either DON or OTA could disrupt intestinal barrier function in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased paracellular permeability to 4 kDa dextran. However, to eliminate the involvement of cell death, nonlethal concentrations of DON and OTA were used in following experiments. The nontoxic concentration of OTA was observed to aggravate DON-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, accompanied with tight junction disruption (Claudin-3 and Claudin-4). Moreover, nontoxic concentrations of OTA aggravated DON-induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in IPEC-J2 cells. Adding NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) alleviated the aggravating effects of nontoxic concentrations of OTA on DON-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. These findings indicate that nontoxic concentrations of OTA promoted DON-induced barrier dysfunction via NF-κB signaling pathway. Our experiment suggests that exposure to nontoxic concentrations of toxins also poses potentially harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ying
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wang Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhai Nianhui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wang Chunlei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huang Kehe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Pan Cuiling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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The In Vitro Protective Role of Bovine Lactoferrin on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010148. [PMID: 30609730 PMCID: PMC6337092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier plays a key protective role in the gut lumen. Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) has been reported to improve the intestinal epithelial barrier function, but its impact on tight junction (TJ) proteins has been rarely described. Human intestinal epithelial crypt cells (HIECs) were more similar to those in the human small intestine, compared with the well-established Caco-2 cells. Accordingly, both HIECs and Caco-2 cells were investigated in this study to determine the effects of bioactive protein bLF on their growth promotion and intestinal barrier function. The results showed that bLF promoted cell growth and arrested cell-cycle progression at the G2/M-phase. Moreover, bLF decreased paracellular permeability and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and transepithelial electrical resistance, strengthening barrier function. Immunofluorescence, western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that bLF significantly increased the expression of three tight junction proteins-claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1-at both the mRNA and protein levels, and consequently strengthened the barrier function of the two cell models. bLF in general showed higher activity in Caco-2 cells, however, HIECs also exhibited desired responses to barrier function. Therefore, bLF may be incorporated into functional foods for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases which are caused by loss of barrier integrity.
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Yang T, Khan GJ, Wu Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Bile acid homeostasis paradigm and its connotation with cholestatic liver diseases. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:112-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vereshchaga Y, Arnold N, Baumgartner W. Physiological relevance of epithelial geometry: New insights into the standing gradient model and the role of LI cadherin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208791. [PMID: 30576326 PMCID: PMC6303100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a mathematical model of an absorbing leaky epithelium to reconsider the problem formulated by Diamond and Bossert in 1967: whether "… some distinctive physiological properties of epithelia might arise as geometrical consequences of epithelial ultrastructure". A standing gradient model of the intercellular cleft (IC) is presented that includes tight junctions (TJ) and ion channels uniformly distributed along the whole cleft. This nonlinear system has an intrinsic homogeneous concentration and the spatial scale necessary to establish it along the cleft. These parameters have not been elucidated so far. We further provide non-perturbative analytical approximations for a broad range of parameters. We found that narrowing of the IC increases ion concentration dramatically and can therefore prevent outflow through tight junctions (TJs) and the lateral membrane, as long as extremely high luminal osmolarities are not reached. Our model predicts that the system is to some extent self-regulating and thereby prevents fluxes into the lumen. Recent experimental evidence has shown that liver-intestine (LI) cadherin can control the up/down flux in intestines via regulation of the cleft width. This finding is in full agreement with predictions of our model. We suggest that LI-cadherin may increase water transport through epithelia via sequential narrowing of the cleft, starting from the highest concentration area at the beginning of the cleft and triggering a propagating squeezing motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Vereshchaga
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Nikita Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Physics/Soft Matter Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Werner Baumgartner
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Lee CAA, Seo HS, Armien AG, Bates FS, Tolar J, Azarin SM. Modeling and rescue of defective blood-brain barrier function of induced brain microvascular endothelial cells from childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29615068 PMCID: PMC5883398 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. 40% of X-ALD patients will convert to the deadly childhood cerebral form (ccALD) characterized by increased permeability of the brain endothelium that constitutes the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mutation information and molecular markers investigated to date are not predictive of conversion. Prior reports have focused on toxic metabolic byproducts and reactive oxygen species as instigators of cerebral inflammation and subsequent immune cell invasion leading to BBB breakdown. This study focuses on the BBB itself and evaluates differences in brain endothelium integrity using cells from ccALD patients and wild-type (WT) controls. Methods The blood–brain barrier of ccALD patients and WT controls was modeled using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs). Immunocytochemistry and PCR confirmed characteristic expression of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) markers. Barrier properties of iBMECs were measured via trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), sodium fluorescein permeability, and frayed junction analysis. Electron microscopy and RNA-seq were used to further characterize disease-specific differences. Oil-Red-O staining was used to quantify differences in lipid accumulation. To evaluate whether treatment with block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO–PPO) could mitigate defective properties, ccALD-iBMECs were treated with PEO–PPO block copolymers and their barrier properties and lipid accumulation levels were quantified. Results iBMECs from patients with ccALD had significantly decreased TEER (2592 ± 110 Ω cm2) compared to WT controls (5001 ± 172 Ω cm2). They also accumulated lipid droplets to a greater extent than WT-iBMECs. Upon treatment with a PEO–PPO diblock copolymer during the differentiation process, an increase in TEER and a reduction in lipid accumulation were observed for the polymer treated ccALD-iBMECs compared to untreated controls. Conclusions The finding that BBB integrity is decreased in ccALD and can be rescued with block copolymers opens the door for the discovery of BBB-specific molecular markers that can indicate the onset of ccALD and has therapeutic implications for preventing the conversion to ccALD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A A Lee
- Department of Genetics and Cell Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hannah S Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Primavera R, Palumbo P, Celia C, Cinque B, Carata E, Carafa M, Paolino D, Cifone MG, Di Marzio L, Cilurzo F. An insight of in vitro transport of PEGylated non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs) across the intestinal polarized enterocyte monolayers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:432-442. [PMID: 29605467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles (NSVs) are promising drug delivery systems for the local, oral and systemic administrations of therapeutics. The aim of this study was to test the cellular biocompatibility and transport of Nile Red-loaded NSVs (NR-NSVs) across the Caco-2-cell monolayers, which represent an in vitro model of human intestinal epithelium. The NR-NSVs assumed a spherical shape with a mean size of 140 nm, and a narrow size distribution. The NR-NSVs did not modify Caco-2 cell viability, which remained unaltered in vitro up to a concentration of 1 mM. The transport studies demonstrated that the NR-NSVs moved across the Caco-2 monolayers without affecting the transepithelial electrical resistance. These results were supported by flow cytometry analysis, which demonstrated that NR-NSVs were internalized inside the Caco-2 cells. Nanoparticle tracking and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the presence of NR-NSVs in the basolateral side of the Caco-2 monolayers. TEM images also showed that NSVs were transported intact across the Caco-2 monolayers, thus demonstrating a predominant transcytosis mechanism of transport through endocytosis. The NSVs did not affect the integrity of the membrane barrier in vitro, and can potentially be used in clinics to increase the oral bioavailability and delivery of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Primavera
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Depatment of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Depatment of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy; IRC FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Depatment of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
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Nakagaki BN, Vieira AT, Rezende RM, David BA, Menezes GB. Tissue macrophages as mediators of a healthy relationship with gut commensal microbiota. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:16-26. [PMID: 29422270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammals and microorganisms have evolved a complex and tightly controlled mutual relationship. This interaction grants protection and energy source for the microorganisms, and on the other hand, provides several immunologic, metabolic and physiological advantages for the host. The gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors the largest bacteria diversity within the body and complex mechanisms control microbiota community under homeostasis. However, once disrupted, microbiota imbalance can lead to overt growth of resident and invasive populations, with potential risk for lethal diseases. In these cases, bacteria might also escape from the intestines and reach different organs through the blood and lymphatic circulation. To control these unwanted conditions, all body tissues are populated with resident macrophages that have the ability to capture and eliminate pathogens, avoiding their dissemination. Here we discuss the different routes for bacterial translocation from the intestinal tract, and how macrophages act in the removal of these microorganisms to prevent systemic infections and restore the homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica Thomaz Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna Araujo David
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Gao Y, Li S, Wang J, Luo C, Zhao S, Zheng N. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Individually or Collectively. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:toxins10010013. [PMID: 29280945 PMCID: PMC5793100 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins commonly found in milk; however, their effects on intestinal epithelial cells have not been reported. In the present study, we show that AFM1 (0.12 and 12 μM) and OTA (0.2 and 20 μM) individually or collectively increased the paracellular flux of lucifer yellow and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans (4 and 40 kDa) and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance values in differentiated Caco-2 cells after 48 h of exposure, indicating increased epithelial permeability. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescent analysis revealed that AFM1, OTA, and their combination decreased the expression levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins and disrupted their structures, namely, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) partially involved in the mycotoxins-induced disruption of intestinal barrier. The effects of a combination of AFM1 and OTA on intestinal barrier function were more significant (p < 0.05) than those of AFM1 and OTA alone, yielding additive or synergistic effects. The additive or synergistic effects of AFM1 and OTA on intestinal barrier function might affect human health, especially in children, and toxin risks should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Songli Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chaochao Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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