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Ishida K, Noutoshi Y. The function of the plant cell wall in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:273-284. [PMID: 36279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an interface of plant-microbe interactions. The ability of microbes to decompose cell wall polysaccharides contributes to microbial pathogenicity. Plants have evolved mechanisms to prevent cell wall degradation. However, the role of the cell wall in plant-microbe interactions is not well understood. Here, we discuss four functions of the plant cell wall-physical defence, storage of antimicrobial compounds, production of cell wall-derived elicitors, and provision of carbon sources-in the context of plant-microbe interactions. In addition, we discuss the four families of cell surface receptors associated with plant cell walls (malectin-like receptor kinase family, wall-associated kinase family, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family, and lysin motif receptor-like kinase family) that have been the subject of several important studies in recent years. This review summarises the findings on both plant cell wall and plant immunity, improving our understanding and may provide impetus to various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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2
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Pectin Degradation in Fruit Juices by Pectinase from Meyerozyma sp. VITPCT75 Isolated from Phyllanthus emblica. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and characterize a pectinase-producing novel yeast from the fermented juice of Phyllanthus emblica and apply the enzyme for fruit juice clarification. Among the five pectinase-producing yeasts, isolate-1 exhibited the highest pectinase activity and was further used in this study. Based on morphological, physiological, and 18SrRNAanalyses, isolate-1 was recognized as a new strain sharing 99% sequence homology with other Meyerozyma strains and was thus designated as Meyerozyma sp. VITPCT75. The strain produced pectinase optimally at a temperature and pH of 25oC and 7, respectively. Maximum pectinase production was observed after 4-days incubation. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at the temperature of 25 °C and pH 7.0. The enzyme was more stable at a temperature and pH of 20 °C and 7, respectively. Storage stability studies revealed that the enzyme was stable at -20 °C. The cell-free supernatant was partially purified using ammonium sulfate and solvent precipitation. Acetone at a concentration of 20% assured an adequate partial purification. The molecular weight of pectinase was determined as 6 kDa. The enzymatic metal ion preference-related studies revealed that Ca²z, Kz, Cu²z, Fe²z, and Ba²z ions enhanced, Ni²z ions moderately inhibited, and Mn²z ions intensely inhibited the enzymatic activity. Neither Na+ and Mg2+ ions nor EDTA affected the enzyme activity. When subjected to fruit juice clarification, the enzyme significantly reduced the viscosity of the juice.
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Flexas J, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Bota J, Brodribb TJ, Gago J, Mizokami Y, Nadal M, Perera-Castro AV, Roig-Oliver M, Sugiura D, Xiong D, Carriquí M. Cell wall thickness and composition are involved in photosynthetic limitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3971-3986. [PMID: 33780533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The key role of cell walls in setting mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) and, consequently, photosynthesis is reviewed. First, the theoretical properties of cell walls that can affect gm are presented. Then, we focus on cell wall thickness (Tcw) reviewing empirical evidence showing that Tcw varies strongly among species and phylogenetic groups in a way that correlates with gm and photosynthesis; that is, the thicker the mesophyll cell walls, the lower the gm and photosynthesis. Potential interplays of gm, Tcw, dehydration tolerance, and hydraulic properties of leaves are also discussed. Dynamic variations of Tcw in response to the environment and their implications in the regulation of photosynthesis are discussed, and recent evidence suggesting an influence of cell wall composition on gm is presented. We then propose a hypothetical mechanism for the influence of cell walls on photosynthesis, combining the effects of thickness and composition, particularly pectins. Finally, we discuss the prospects for using biotechnology for enhancing photosynthesis by altering cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - María J Clemente-Moreno
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Yusuke Mizokami
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Marc Carriquí
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Zhou HY, Zhou JB, Yi XN, Wang YM, Xue YP, Chen DS, Cheng XP, Li M, Wang HY, Chen KQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Colletotrichum orchidophilum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 44:67-79. [PMID: 32772153 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To develop new cellulases for efficient utilization of the lignocellulose, an endoglucanase (CoCel5A) gene from Colletotrichum orchidophilum was synthesized and a recombinant Pichia pastoris GS115/pPIC9K/cocel5A was constructed for secretory expression of CoCel5A. After purification, the protein CoCel5A was biochemically characterized. The endoglucanase CoCel5A exhibited the optimal activity at 55-75 °C and high thermostability (about 85% residual activity) at the temperature of 55 °C after incubation for 3 h. The highest activity of CoCel5A was detected when 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 4.0-5.0) was used and excellent pH stability (up to 95% residual activity) was observed after incubation in 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 3.0-6.0) at 4 °C for 24 h. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (n = approx. 500) (CMC) and β-D-glucan were the best substrates for CoCel5A among the tested substrates. The kinetic parameters Vmax, Km, and Kcat/Km values against CMC were 290.70 U/mg, 2.65 mg/mL, and 75.67 mL/mg/s, respectively; and 228.31 U/mg, 2.06 mg/mL, and 76.45 mL/mg/s against β-D-glucan, respectively, suggesting that CoCel5A has high affinity and catalytic efficiency. These properties supported the potential application of CoCel5A in biotechnological and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santana JO, Oliveira de Souza A, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Hydrosoluble phylloplane components of Theobroma cacao modulate the metabolism of Moniliophthora perniciosa spores during germination. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:73-81. [PMID: 31892379 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The surface of plants forms a defense barrier that directly inhibits the first point of contact of microorganisms with the host. To understand this defense mechanism in Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction with Theobroma cacao cv Catongo, the aim of this study was to compare the changes in protein expression in basidiospores of the fungus M. perniciosa in response the leaf water washes (LWW) of two contrasting cocoa varieties for resistance to witches' broom disease. A total of 8.1 × 108 basidiospores were used for each treatment containing washed leaf material. Germinated basidiospores in the absence of LWW were used as control. The proteomic analysis was performed by the 2D-PAGE technique combined with mass spectrometry (MS). Protein extraction was based on the SDS-dense method followed by sonication for cell disruption and phenol extraction. Sixty-four proteins had accumulation of variation when compared to the control (no LWW). Proteins were identified associated with energy (ATP synthase) and protein (BiP) metabolism, whose accumulation was reduced by basidiospores germinated in leaf wash from Catongo cocoa. The reduction in ATP synthase of the basidiospores germinated the Catongo LWW suggests a shift from aerobic to fermentative metabolism of the fungus in response to components of the LWW. Furthermore, proteins involved in virulence were identified along with fungal resistance to polyketide cyclase, glycoside hydrolase, multidrug transporter protein (SFM) and proteins related to oxidative stress and fermentation, such as catalase A and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The data showed an effect of cocoa phylloplane substances on the germination of fungal basidiospores through differences in protein expression patterns in the presence of LWW of the CCN51 and Catongo genotypes. These results may reveal mechanisms of resistance, host susceptibility and pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Woodenberg WR, Varghese B, Pammenter N. Zygotic embryo cell wall responses to drying in three gymnosperm species differing in seed desiccation sensitivity. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1461-1475. [PMID: 29619551 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls (CWs) are dynamic in that they can change conformation during ontogeny and in response to various stresses. Though seeds are the main propagatory units of higher plants, little is known of the conformational responses of zygotic embryo CWs to drying. This study employed cryo-scanning electron microscopy to compare the effects of desiccation on zygotic embryo CW morphology across three gymnosperm species that were shown here to differ in seed desiccation sensitivity: Podocarpus henkelii (highly desiccation-sensitive), Podocarpus falcatus (moderately desiccation-sensitive), and Pinus elliottii (desiccation-tolerant). Fresh/imbibed (i.e. fresh Podocarpus at shedding and imbibed Pi. elliottii) embryos showed polyhedral cells with regular walls, typical of turgid cells with an intact plasmalemma. Upon desiccation to c. 0.05 g g-1 (dry mass basis), CWs assumed an undulating conformation, the severity of which appeared to depend on the amount and type of dry matter accumulated. After desiccation, intercellular spaces between cortical cells in all species were comparably enlarged relative to those of fresh/imbibed embryos. After rehydration, meristematic and cotyledonary CWs of P. henkelii and meristematic CWs of P. falcatus remained slightly undulated, suggestive of plasmalemma and/or CW damage, while those of Pi. elliottii returned to their original conformation. Cell areas in dried-rehydrated P. henkelii root meristem and cotyledon were also significantly lower than those from fresh embryos, suggesting incomplete recovery, even though embryo water contents were comparable between the two states. Electrolyte leakage measurements suggest that the two desiccation-sensitive species incurred significant plasmalemma damage relative to the tolerant species upon desiccation, in agreement with the CW abnormalities observed in these species after rehydration. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that of the four CW epitopes common to embryos of all three species, an increase in arabinan (LM6) upon desiccation and rehydration in desiccation-tolerant Pi. elliottii was the only difference, although this was not statistically significant. Seed desiccation sensitivity in species like P. henkelii and P. falcatus may therefore be partly based on the inability of the plasmalemma and consequently CWs of dried embryos to regain their original conformation following rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynston Ray Woodenberg
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Boby Varghese
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Norman Pammenter
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Santos CR, Hoffmam ZB, de Matos Martins VP, Zanphorlin LM, de Paula Assis LH, Honorato RV, Lopes de Oliveira PS, Ruller R, Murakami MT. Molecular mechanisms associated with xylan degradation by Xanthomonas plant pathogens. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32186-32200. [PMID: 25266726 PMCID: PMC4231694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas pathogens attack a variety of economically relevant plants, and their xylan CUT system (carbohydrate utilization with TonB-dependent outer membrane transporter system) contains two major xylanase-related genes, xynA and xynB, which influence biofilm formation and virulence by molecular mechanisms that are still elusive. Herein, we demonstrated that XynA is a rare reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase and not an endo-β-1,4-xylanase as predicted. Structural analysis revealed that an insertion in the β7-α7 loop induces dimerization and promotes a physical barrier at the +2 subsite conferring this unique mode of action within the GH10 family. A single mutation that impaired dimerization became XynA active against xylan, and high endolytic activity was achieved when this loop was tailored to match a canonical sequence of endo-β-1,4-xylanases, supporting our mechanistic model. On the other hand, the divergent XynB proved to be a classical endo-β-1,4-xylanase, despite the low sequence similarity to characterized GH10 xylanases. Interestingly, this enzyme contains a calcium ion bound nearby to the glycone-binding region, which is required for catalytic activity and structural stability. These results shed light on the molecular basis for xylan degradation by Xanthomonas and suggest how these enzymes synergistically assist infection and pathogenesis. Our findings indicate that XynB contributes to breach the plant cell wall barrier, providing nutrients and facilitating the translocation of effector molecules, whereas the exo-oligoxylanase XynA possibly participates in the suppression of oligosaccharide-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ramos Santos
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Zaira Bruna Hoffmam
- Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Vanesa Peixoto de Matos Martins
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Maria Zanphorlin
- Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Henrique de Paula Assis
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vargas Honorato
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lopes de Oliveira
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Biosciences National Laboratory and National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Properties of Selected Hemicellulases of a Multi-Enzymatic System fromPenicillium funiculosum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1286-92. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Sinha D, Gupta MK, Patel HK, Ranjan A, Sonti RV. Cell wall degrading enzyme induced rice innate immune responses are suppressed by the type 3 secretion system effectors XopN, XopQ, XopX and XopZ of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75867. [PMID: 24086651 PMCID: PMC3784402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are induced in plants and animals through perception of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns. These immune responses are suppressed by pathogens during infection. A number of studies have focussed on identifying functions of plant pathogenic bacteria that are involved in suppression of Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern induced immune responses. In comparison, there is very little information on functions used by plant pathogens to suppress Damage Associated Molecular Pattern induced immune responses. Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae, a gram negative bacterial pathogen of rice, secretes hydrolytic enzymes such as LipA (Lipase/Esterase) that damage rice cell walls and induce innate immune responses. Here, we show that Agrobacterium mediated transient transfer of the gene for XopN, a X. oryzae pv. oryzae type 3 secretion (T3S) system effector, results in suppression of rice innate immune responses induced by LipA. A xopN- mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzae retains the ability to suppress these innate immune responses indicating the presence of other functionally redundant proteins. In transient transfer assays, we have assessed the ability of 15 other X. oryzae pv. oryzae T3S secreted effectors to suppress rice innate immune responses. Amongst these proteins, XopQ, XopX and XopZ are suppressors of LipA induced innate immune responses. A mutation in any one of the xopN, xopQ, xopX or xopZ genes causes partial virulence deficiency while a xopN- xopX- double mutant exhibits a greater virulence deficiency. A xopN- xopQ- xopX- xopZ- quadruple mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzae induces callose deposition, an innate immune response, similar to a X. oryzae pv. oryzae T3S- mutant in rice leaves. Overall, these results indicate that multiple T3S secreted proteins of X. oryzae pv. oryzae can suppress cell wall damage induced rice innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Sinha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Gupta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Sowndhararajan K, Marimuthu S, Manian S. Biocontrol potential of phylloplane bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi BMO-111 against blister blight disease of tea. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:209-18. [PMID: 23020645 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was carried out to screen the phylloplane bacteria from tea for antagonism against grey blight caused by Pestalotiopsis theae and blister bight caused by Exobasidium vexans and to further evaluate the efficient isolates for disease control potential under field condition. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 316 morphologically different phylloplane bacteria were isolated. Among the antagonists, the isolates designated as BMO-075, BMO-111 and BMO-147 exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against both the pathogens under in vitro conditions and hence were selected for further evaluation under microplot field trial. Foliar application of 36-h-old culture of BMO-111 (1 × 10(8) colony-forming units ml(-1) ) significantly reduced the blister blight disease incidence than the other isolates. The culture of BMO-111 as well as its culture filtrate effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of various fungal plant pathogens. The isolate BMO-111 was identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi based on the morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analyses. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that the biocontrol agent O. anthropi BMO-111 was effective against blister blight disease of tea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Further study is required to demonstrate the mechanism of its action and formulation for the biocontrol potential against blister blight disease of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sowndhararajan
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Alimardani-Theuil P, Gainvors-Claisse A, Duchiron F. Yeasts: An attractive source of pectinases—From gene expression to potential applications: A review. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Hirunuma M, Shoyama Y, Sasaki K, Sakamoto S, Taura F, Shoyama Y, Tanaka H, Morimoto S. Flavone-catalyzed apoptosis in Scutellaria baicalensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:752-760. [PMID: 21377703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to mechanical damage, roots of Scutellaria baicalensis undergo cell death within 24h. The flavone baicalein was identified as the factor regulating apoptosis in the damaged roots of S. baicalensis. Plant apoptosis is known to be triggered by oxidative damage of DNA through oxidative bursts, whereas baicalein causes apoptosis in Scutellaria cells by a copper-dependent oxidation of nuclear DNA without inducing an oxidative burst. S. baicalensis possesses an interesting system for quickly producing this apoptosis-inducing flavone in its cells. Intact Scutellaria cells contain little baicalein but store a large amount of baicalin (baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide). Stress treatment of Scutellaria cells immediately initiates hydrolysis of baicalin by endogenous β-glucuronidase, and the resulting baicalein is immediately translocated to the nucleus, leading to apoptosis. Thus, S. baicalensis possesses a unique apoptosis-inducing system that is linked with metabolism of baicalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motosuke Hirunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Shinano T, Komatsu S, Yoshimura T, Tokutake S, Kong FJ, Watanabe T, Wasaki J, Osaki M. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from aseptically grown rice. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:312-20. [PMID: 21255809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are known to secrete a variety of compounds into the rhizosphere. These compounds are thought to play important roles in the regulation of soil chemical properties and soil microorganisms. To determine the composition of proteins secreted from rice roots, aseptic hydro culture was performed, and the collected proteins were analyzed. Over 100 proteins were identified; most were identified using the rice database (RAP-DB), and about 60% of the identified proteins were suspected to have a signal peptide. Functional categorization suggested that most were secondary metabolism- and defense-related proteins. Pathogenesis- and stress-related proteins were the major proteins found in the bathing solution under aseptic conditions. Thus, we propose that rice plants constitutively secrete a large variety of proteins to protect their roots against abiotic and/or biotic stresses in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shinano
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, 1-Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan.
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14
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Aparna G, Chatterjee A, Sonti RV, Sankaranarayanan R. A cell wall-degrading esterase of Xanthomonas oryzae requires a unique substrate recognition module for pathogenesis on rice. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1860-73. [PMID: 19525415 PMCID: PMC2714936 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.066886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight, a serious disease of rice (Oryza sativa). LipA is a secretory virulence factor of Xoo, implicated in degradation of rice cell walls and the concomitant elicitation of innate immune responses, such as callose deposition and programmed cell death. Here, we present the high-resolution structural characterization of LipA that reveals an all-helical ligand binding module as a distinct functional attachment to the canonical hydrolase catalytic domain. We demonstrate that the enzyme binds to a glycoside ligand through a rigid pocket comprising distinct carbohydrate-specific and acyl chain recognition sites where the catalytic triad is situated 15 A from the anchored carbohydrate. Point mutations disrupting the carbohydrate anchor site or blocking the pocket, even at a considerable distance from the enzyme active site, can abrogate in planta LipA function, exemplified by loss of both virulence and the ability to elicit host defense responses. A high conservation of the module across genus Xanthomonas emphasizes the significance of this unique plant cell wall-degrading function for this important group of plant pathogenic bacteria. A comparison with the related structural families illustrates how a typical lipase is recruited to act on plant cell walls to promote virulence, thus providing a remarkable example of the emergence of novel functions around existing scaffolds for increased proficiency of pathogenesis during pathogen-plant coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudlur Aparna
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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15
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Martianez-Molina E, Olivares J. A note on evidence for involvement of pectolytic enzymes in the infection process ofMedicago sativabyRhizobium meliloti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb05076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Wen F, VanEtten HD, Tsaprailis G, Hawes MC. Extracellular proteins in pea root tip and border cell exudates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:773-83. [PMID: 17142479 PMCID: PMC1803736 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.091637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Newly generated plant tissue is inherently sensitive to infection. Yet, when pea (Pisum sativum) roots are inoculated with the pea pathogen, Nectria haematococca, most newly generated root tips remain uninfected even though most roots develop lesions just behind the tip in the region of elongation. The resistance mechanism is unknown but is correlated spatially with the presence of border cells on the cap periphery. Previously, an array of >100 extracellular proteins was found to be released while border cell separation proceeds. Here we report that protein secretion from pea root caps is induced in correlation with border cell separation. When this root cap secretome was proteolytically degraded during inoculation of pea roots with N. haematococca, the percentage of infected root tips increased from 4% +/- 3% to 100%. In control experiments, protease treatment of conidia or roots had no effect on growth and development of the fungus or the plant. A complex of >100 extracellular proteins was confirmed, by multidimensional protein identification technology, to comprise the root cap secretome. In addition to defense-related and signaling enzymes known to be present in the plant apoplast were ribosomal proteins, 14-3-3 proteins, and others typically associated with intracellular localization but recently shown to be extracellular components of microbial biofilms. We conclude that the root cap, long known to release a high molecular weight polysaccharide mucilage and thousands of living cells into the incipient rhizosphere, also secretes a complex mixture of proteins that appear to function in protection of the root tip from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushi Wen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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17
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Ouellette GB, Baayen RP, Chamberland H, Simard M, Rioux D, Charest PM. Cytochemical labeling for fungal and host components in plant tissues inoculated with fungal wilt pathogens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2004; 10:449-461. [PMID: 15327706 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927604040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to detect pectin in present investigations attached to distinct fibrils in vessel lumina. In carnation infected with an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp., labeling of pathogen cells also occurred; in a resistant cultivar (cv.), it was coincident with proximate pectin fibrils and linked to altered fungal walls, which was the opposite in the susceptible cv., indicating that hindrance of pathogen ability to degrade pectin may be related to resistance. Labeling of the fungus in culture was nil, except in media containing pectin, showing that pectin is not native to the pathogen. Labeling of fungal walls for cellulose in elm (inoculated with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) and carnation also occurred, linked to adsorbed host wall components. The chitin probe often attached to dispersed matter, in vessel lumina, traceable to irregularly labeled fungal cells and host wall degradation products. With an anti-horseradish peroxidase probe, host and fungal walls were equally labeled, and with a glucosidase, differences of labeling between these walls were observed, depending on pH of the test solution. Fungal extracellular matter and filamentous structures, present in fungal walls, predominantly in another elm isolate (Phaeotheca dimorphospora), did not label with any of the probes used. However, in cultures of this fungus, extracellular material labeled, even at a distance from the colony margin, with an anti-fimbriae probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Ouellette
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada.
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18
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Morimoto S, Suemori K, Moriwaki J, Taura F, Tanaka H, Aso M, Tanaka M, Suemune H, Shimohigashi Y, Shoyama Y. Morphine metabolism in the opium poppy and its possible physiological function. Biochemical characterization of the morphine metabolite, bismorphine. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38179-84. [PMID: 11498543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel metabolic system of morphine in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). In response to stress, morphine is quickly metabolized to bismorphine consisting of two morphine units, followed by accumulation in the cell wall. This bismorphine binds predominantly to pectins, which possess high galacturonic acid residue contents, through ionical bonds. Our newly developed method using artificial polysaccharides demonstrated that bismorphine bridges are formed between the two amino groups of bismorphine and the carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid residues, resulting in cross-linking of galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharides to each other. The ability of bismorphine to cross-link pectins is much higher than that of Ca2+, which also acts as a cross-linker of these polysaccharides. Furthermore, we confirmed that cross-linking of pectins through bismorphine bridges leads to resistance against hydrolysis by pectinases. These results indicated that production of bismorphine is a defense response of the opium poppy. Bismorphine formation is catalyzed by anionic peroxidase that pre-exists in the capsules and leaves of opium poppies. The constitutive presence of morphine, together with bismorphine-forming peroxidase, enables the opium poppy to rapidly induce the defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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19
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20
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Lucas R, Robles A, García MT, Alvarez De Cienfuegos G, Gálvez A. Production, purification, and properties of an endoglucanase produced by the hyphomycete Chalara (Syn. Thielaviopsis) paradoxa CH32. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:79-85. [PMID: 11170563 DOI: 10.1021/jf000916p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hyphomycete Chalara (syn. Thielaviopsis) paradoxa produces endoglucanase activity during the late trophophase. The low molecular mass (35 kDa) endoglucanase purified from cultured broths works optimally at 37 degrees C and pH 5.0. The enzyme inactivates at pH below 3.0 and also at temperatures of 50 degrees C or higher, but it is stable at lower temperatures, including refrigeration temperature and freezing. The enzyme is inhibited by detergents, by EDTA, and by the divalent cations Hg(2+) and Ag(2+). It is also inhibited to some extent by 10 mM Zn(2+), Fe(2+), and Mg(2+), but it is stimulated by Mn(2+). Enzyme activity is not affected by reducing agents. In the presence of low concentrations of water miscible organic solvents (20%) endoglucanase activity is inhibited by 7% (for methanol) to 50% (for acetonitrile), and it is totally inhibited at higher solvent concentrations (50%). Enzyme activity is not affected by the water immiscible solvent ethyl acetate. Carboxymethylcellulose is the preferred substrate (K(m(app)) = 8.3 g/L; V(max(app)) = 1.1 microM/min). Hydrolysis of crystalline cellulosic substrates is very limited, but it is greatly enhanced by phosphoric acid swelling. The purified enzyme shows no activity toward disaccharides or aryl-glucosides. Its activity is inhibited by cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lucas
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaen, Spain
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21
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Khare V, Mehta A, Mehta P. Production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes byPhomopsisspecies during pathogenesis ofPsidium guajavaandAchras sapotafruits. Microbiol Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Khare V, Mehta P, Kachhwaha M, Mehta A. Role of phenolic substances in pathogenesis of soft rot diseases. J Basic Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620340508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Famurewa O, Oyede MA, Olutiola PO. Pectin transeliminase complex from Aspergillus flavus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1993; 38:459-66. [PMID: 8150394 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus grown in a liquid medium containing pectin as the sole carbon source produced extracellular enzymes which degraded the 1,4-alpha-D-glycosidic bonds of pectin. The products of degradation were characteristic of substances produced by transeliminase. Synthesis of this enzyme was repressed by the addition of sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose. The crude enzyme was partially purified by a combination of ultrafiltration and ammonium sulfate precipitation. The partially purified enzyme was separated by molecular exclusion chromatography into three components A, B and C, with molar masses ranging from 13.2 to 64 kDa. Only fraction B exhibited enzymic activity and further fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography into four components I-IV. Among these components, only fractions I and II possessed transeliminase activity. Both fractions had an optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 35 degrees C, and were stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ but inhibited by EDTA and DNP. The apparent Km for the degradation of pectin by fractions I and II were 6.2 and 8.0 g/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Famurewa
- Department of Microbiology, Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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24
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Mehta A, Chopra S, Mehta P. Antibiotic inhibition of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activity in two Fusarium species. Mycopathologia 1993; 124:185-8. [PMID: 8022465 DOI: 10.1007/bf01103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among all antibiotics tested, amoxycillin (500 ppm) completely inhibited the polygalacturonase and pectinmethylgalacturonase enzyme activity in F. oxysporum; none of the antibiotics did so in F. moniliforme. No antibiotic completely inhibited the cellulase activity in both test organisms, however, amoxycillin was better than other antibiotics in inhibiting the cellulase activity in both the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehta
- Department of Botany, University of Saugor, India
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25
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Detection and identification of fluorescent compounds in potato tuber tissue with corky patch syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02849154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Pitson SM, Seviour RJ, McDougall BM. Noncellulolytic fungal beta-glucanases: their physiology and regulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993; 15:178-92. [PMID: 7763458 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90136-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, regulation, and action of fungal enzymes capable of degrading noncellulosic beta-glucans, especially 1,3-beta- and 1,6-beta-glucans, are reviewed. Special consideration is given to their roles in both metabolic and morphogenetic events in the fungal cell, including cell wall extension, hyphal branching, sporulation, budding, and autolysis. Also examined are the protocols currently available for their purification, with some of the properties of purified beta-glucanases discussed in terms of their potential applications in industrial, agricultural, and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pitson
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University College of Northern Victoria, Bendigo, Australia
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27
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Mehta A, Chopra S, Mehta P. Production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by three isolates ofAspergillus niger under different cultivation conditions. J Basic Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620330310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Mehta A, Chopra S, Kare V, Mehta P. Influence of native carbon sources on the production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Effects of different factors on the production of cellulase byCurvularia lunata. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Connelly IC, Coughlan MP. Isolation and characterization of two endo-β-glucanases from solid-state cultures of the aerobic fungus Penicillium capsulatum. Enzyme Microb Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90003-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Copa-Patiño J, Reyes F, Pérez-Leblic MI. Purification and properties of a 1,3-β-glucanase fromPenicillium oxalicumautolysates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Myers ML, Hubbell DH. Plant Cell Wall Carbohydrates as Substrates for
Azospirillum brasiliense. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2745-8. [PMID: 16347490 PMCID: PMC204191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.12.2745-2748.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate components (simple sugars and polysaccharides) of cell walls of pearl millet (
Pennisetum americanum
L., cv. Gahi) were studied as potential substrates for the root-associated diazotroph
Azospirillum brasiliense
Sp. 7. Simple sugars were utilized, but no evidence was obtained to support the suggestion that the polysaccharide components tested might serve as substrates for growth following hydrolysis by the associated azospirilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Myers
- Department of Soil Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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33
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Wegener C, Henniger H. Charakterisierung und Einsatzmöglichkeiten einer Pektatlyase aus Erwinia carotovora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/food.19870310410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Ikotun T, Balogun O. In vitro andin vivo production of pectolytic enzymes by some phytopathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620270702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Pectolytic, cellulytic and proteolytic activities expressed by cultures of Endothia parasitica, and inhibition of these activities by components extracted from Chinese and American chestnut inner bark. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(85)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Chopra S, Mehta P. Influence of various nitrogen and carbon sources on the production of pectolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes byAspergillus niger. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02922204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes byfusarium oxysporum andF. moniliforme under different cultivation conditions. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02922496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Tissue maceration during pathogenesis ofFusarium oxysporum andF.moniliforme. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02887767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Ofuya CO. Physical properties of pectic polysaccharidases ofPseudomonas solanacearum from Nigeria. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Bassi M, Conti GG, Barbieri N. Cell wall degradation by Taphrina deformans in host leaf cells. Mycopathologia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00436441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Ikotun T. Cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by Penicillium oxalicum Curie et Thom. Mycopathologia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00439289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Lectin activity in a host-mycoparasite relationship was demonstrated with Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum. Attachment of O but not A and B erythrocytes to hyphae occurred on R. solani but not on its mycoparasite. This phenomenon, which was Ca2+ and Mn2+ dependent, was prevented by galactose, present in T. harzianum cell walls, and by fucose.
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43
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44
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Martinez M, Reyes F, Lahoz R. Cell wall plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in autolysis of Botrytis cinerea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(82)80148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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46
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47
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Tepfer M, Taylor IE. The Permeability of Plant Cell Walls as Measured by Gel Filtration Chromatography. Science 1981; 213:761-3. [PMID: 17834583 DOI: 10.1126/science.213.4509.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of plant cell walls to macromolecules may limit the ability of enzymes to alter the biochemical and physical properties of the wall. Proteins of molecular weight up to 60,000 can permeate a substantial portion of the cell wall. Measurements of wall permeability in which cells are exposed to hypertonic solutions of macromolecules may seriously underestimate wall permeability.
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48
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Verma D, Zogbi V, Bal A. A cooperative action of plant and Rhizobium to dissolvethe host cell wall during development of root nodule symbiosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(78)90242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Urbanek H, Zalewska-Sobczak J, Borowińska A. Isolation and properties of extracellular cellulase-hemicellulase complex of Phoma hibernica. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00429116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sabnis DD, Hart JW. The isolation and some properties of a lectin (Haemagglutinin) from Cucurbita phloem exudate. PLANTA 1978; 142:97-101. [PMID: 24408004 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/1978] [Accepted: 05/09/1978] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of high haemagglutinating (lectin) activity in phloem exudate from three cucurbit species is reported. The protein responsible for this lectin activity in Cucurbita maxima Duch. has been isolated by cation exchange chromatography on Sepharose and identified by gel electrophoresis. The lectin showed agglutinating activity at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/ml. No sugar, including those transported in the phloem of these species, interacted with agglutination. The lectin could not be extracted from cucurbit seed, but appeared in 5-day old seedlings. The possible role of a lectin in the sieve element is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Sabnis
- Department of Botany, University of Aberdeen, AB9 2UD, Aberdeen, UK
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