1
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Negroni M, Kurzbach D. Missing Pieces in Structure Puzzles: How Hyperpolarized NMR Spectroscopy Can Complement Structural Biology and Biochemistry. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200703. [PMID: 36624049 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Structure determination lies at the heart of many biochemical research programs. However, the "giants": X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and nuclear magnetic resonance, among others, leave quite a few dark spots on the structural pictures drawn of proteins, nucleic acids, membranes, and other biomacromolecules. For example, structural models under physiological conditions or of short-lived intermediates often remain out of reach of the established experimental methods. This account frames the possibility of including hyperpolarized, that is, dramatically signal-enhanced NMR in existing workflows to fill these spots with detailed depictions. We highlight how integrating methods based on dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization can provide valuable complementary information about formerly inaccessible conformational spaces for many systems. A particular focus will be on hyperpolarized buffers to facilitate the NMR structure determination of challenging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Negroni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Abhyankar N, Szalai V. Challenges and Advances in the Application of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Liquid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5171-5190. [PMID: 33960784 PMCID: PMC9871957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to study the molecular structure and dynamics of materials. The inherently low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy is a consequence of low spin polarization. Hyperpolarization of a spin ensemble is defined as a population difference between spin states that far exceeds what is expected from the Boltzmann distribution for a given temperature. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can overcome the relatively low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy by using a paramagnetic matrix to hyperpolarize a nuclear spin ensemble. Application of DNP to NMR can result in sensitivity gains of up to four orders of magnitude compared to NMR without DNP. Although DNP NMR is now more routinely utilized for solid-state (ss) NMR spectroscopy, it has not been exploited to the same degree for liquid-state samples. This Review will consider challenges and advances in the application of DNP NMR to liquid-state samples. The Review is organized into four sections: (i) mechanisms of DNP NMR relevant to hyperpolarization of liquid samples; (ii) applications of liquid-state DNP NMR; (iii) available detection schemes for liquid-state samples; and (iv) instrumental challenges and outlook for liquid-state DNP NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Abhyankar
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Veronika Szalai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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3
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Fedotov A, Kurakin I, Fischer S, Vogl T, Prisner T, Denysenkov V. Increased flow rate of hyperpolarized aqueous solution for dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging achieved by an open Fabry-Pérot type microwave resonator. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:275-284. [PMID: 37904825 PMCID: PMC10500708 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-275-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
A continuous flow dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) employing the Overhauser effect at ambient temperatures can be used among other methods to increase sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hyperpolarized state of water protons can be achieved by flowing aqueous liquid through a microwave resonator placed directly in the bore of a 1.5 T MRI magnet. Here we describe a new open Fabry-Pérot resonator as DNP polarizer, which exhibits a larger microwave exposure volume for the flowing liquid in comparison with a cylindrical TE013 microwave cavity. The Fabry-Pérot resonator geometry was designed using quasi-optical theory and simulated by CST software. Performance of the new polarizer was tested by MRI DNP experiments on a TEMPOL aqueous solution using a blood-vessel phantom. The Fabry-Pérot resonator revealed a 2-fold larger DNP enhancement with a 4-fold increased flow rate compared to the cylindrical microwave resonator. This increased yield of hyperpolarized liquid allows MRI applications on larger target objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Fedotov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Ilya Kurakin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Sebastian Fischer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University
Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University
Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Vasyl Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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4
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Waddington DEJ, Boele T, Maschmeyer R, Kuncic Z, Rosen MS. High-sensitivity in vivo contrast for ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb0998. [PMID: 32733998 PMCID: PMC7367688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners operating at ultra-low magnetic fields (ULF; <10 mT) are uniquely positioned to reduce the cost and expand the clinical accessibility of MRI. A fundamental challenge for ULF MRI is obtaining high-contrast images without compromising acquisition sensitivity to the point that scan times become clinically unacceptable. Here, we demonstrate that the high magnetization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) at ULF makes possible relaxivity- and susceptibility-based effects unachievable with conventional contrast agents (CAs). We leverage these effects to acquire high-contrast images of SPIONs in a rat model with ULF MRI using short scan times. This work overcomes a key limitation of ULF MRI by enabling in vivo imaging of biocompatible CAs. These results open a new clinical translation pathway for ULF MRI and have broader implications for disease detection with low-field portable MRI scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. J. Waddington
- Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- ACRF Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas Boele
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Maschmeyer
- Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zdenka Kuncic
- Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Pinon AC, Capozzi A, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH. Hyperpolarized water through dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization with UV-generated radicals. Commun Chem 2020; 3:57. [PMID: 36703471 PMCID: PMC9814647 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, hyperpolarization of water protons via dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dDNP) has attracted increasing interest in the magnetic resonance community. Hyperpolarized water may provide an alternative to Gd-based contrast agents for angiographic and perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations, and it may report on chemical and biochemical reactions and proton exchange while perfoming Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) investigations. However, hyperpolarizing water protons is challenging. The main reason is the presence of radicals, required to create the hyperpolarized nuclear spin state. Indeed, the radicals will also be the main source of relaxation during the dissolution and transfer to the NMR or MRI system. In this work, we report water magnetizations otherwise requiring a field of 10,000 T at room temperature on a sample of pure water, by employing dDNP via UV-generated, labile radicals. We demonstrate the potential of our methodology by acquiring a 15N spectrum from natural abundance urea with a single scan, after spontaneous magnetization transfer from water protons to nitrogen nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C. Pinon
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Kouno H, Orihashi K, Nishimura K, Kawashima Y, Tateishi K, Uesaka T, Kimizuka N, Yanai N. Triplet dynamic nuclear polarization of crystalline ice using water-soluble polarizing agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3717-3720. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00836b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first example of triplet dynamic nuclear polarization of crystalline ice is demonstrated by developing a water-soluble triplet polarizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kouno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Kana Orihashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Koki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Kenichiro Tateishi
- Cluster for Pioneering Research
- RIKEN
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uesaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research
- RIKEN
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
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7
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8
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Rayner PJ, Duckett SB. Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE): From Discovery to Diagnosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6742-6753. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rayner
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington YO10 5DD UK
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9
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Rayner PJ, Duckett SB. Signalverstärkung durch reversiblen Austausch (SABRE): von der Entdeckung zur diagnostischen Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rayner
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington YO10 5DD Großbritannien
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington YO10 5DD Großbritannien
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10
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Nardi-Schreiber A, Gamliel A, Harris T, Sapir G, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Biochemical phosphates observed using hyperpolarized 31P in physiological aqueous solutions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:341. [PMID: 28839124 PMCID: PMC5570947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization technology had previously enabled nuclear magnetic resonance detection of various nuclei in a hyperpolarized state. Here, we show the hyperpolarization of 31P nuclei in important biological phosphates (inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) in aqueous solutions. The hyperpolarized inorganic phosphate showed an enhancement factor >11,000 (at 5.8 T, 9.3% polarization) in D2O (T1 29.4 s). Deuteration and the solution composition and pH all affected the lifetime of the hyperpolarized state. This capability opens up avenues for real-time monitoring of phosphate metabolism, distribution, and pH sensing in the live body without ionizing radiation. Immediate changes in the microenvironment pH have been detected here in a cell-free system via the chemical shift of hyperpolarized inorganic phosphate. Because the 31P nucleus is 100% naturally abundant, future studies on hyperpolarized phosphates will not require expensive isotope labeling as is usually required for hyperpolarization of other substrates. Real-time monitoring of phosphate metabolism and distribution in the live body without ionizing radiation is highly desirable. Here, the authors show dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization technology can enable nuclear magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized 31P of important biological phosphates in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talia Harris
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Waddington DEJ, Sarracanie M, Zhang H, Salameh N, Glenn DR, Rej E, Gaebel T, Boele T, Walsworth RL, Reilly DJ, Rosen MS. Nanodiamond-enhanced MRI via in situ hyperpolarization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15118. [PMID: 28443626 PMCID: PMC5414045 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are of interest as nontoxic substrates for targeted drug delivery and as highly biostable fluorescent markers for cellular tracking. Beyond optical techniques, however, options for noninvasive imaging of nanodiamonds in vivo are severely limited. Here, we demonstrate that the Overhauser effect, a proton–electron polarization transfer technique, can enable high-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of nanodiamonds in water at room temperature and ultra-low magnetic field. The technique transfers spin polarization from paramagnetic impurities at nanodiamond surfaces to 1H spins in the surrounding water solution, creating MRI contrast on-demand. We examine the conditions required for maximum enhancement as well as the ultimate sensitivity of the technique. The ability to perform continuous in situ hyperpolarization via the Overhauser mechanism, in combination with the excellent in vivo stability of nanodiamond, raises the possibility of performing noninvasive in vivo tracking of nanodiamond over indefinitely long periods of time. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging can enhance imaging contrast by orders of magnitude, but applications are limited by the thermal relaxation of hyperpolarized states. Here, Waddington et al. demonstrate the on-demand hyperpolarization of hydrogen spins through the Overhauser effect with nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E J Waddington
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Suite 2301, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mathieu Sarracanie
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Suite 2301, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Najat Salameh
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Suite 2301, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ewa Rej
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Torsten Gaebel
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas Boele
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David J Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Suite 2301, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Siddiqui S, Kadlecek S, Pourfathi M, Xin Y, Mannherz W, Hamedani H, Drachman N, Ruppert K, Clapp J, Rizi R. The use of hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance for molecular imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:3-23. [PMID: 27599979 PMCID: PMC5783573 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, molecular imaging using magnetic resonance (MR) has been limited by the modality's low sensitivity, especially with non-proton nuclei. The advent of hyperpolarized (HP) MR overcomes this limitation by substantially enhancing the signal of certain biologically important probes through a process known as external nuclear polarization, enabling real-time assessment of tissue function and metabolism. The metabolic information obtained by HP MR imaging holds significant promise in the clinic, where it could play a critical role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the developments made in the field of hyperpolarized MR, including advancements in polarization techniques and delivery, probe development, pulse sequence optimization, characterization of healthy and diseased tissues, and the steps made towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Siddiqui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William Mannherz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hooman Hamedani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Drachman
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kai Ruppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Clapp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Denysenkov V, Terekhov M, Maeder R, Fischer S, Zangos S, Vogl T, Prisner TF. Continuous-flow DNP polarizer for MRI applications at 1.5 T. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44010. [PMID: 28290535 PMCID: PMC5349512 DOI: 10.1038/srep44010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a new hyperpolarization approach for magnetic resonance imaging applications at 1.5 T. Proton signal enhancements of more than 20 were achieved with a newly designed multimode microwave resonator situated inside the bore of the imager and used for Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of the water proton signal. Different from other approaches in our setup the hyperpolarization is achieved continuously by liquid water flowing through the polarizer under continuous microwave excitation. With an available flow rate of up to 1.5 ml/min, which should be high enough for DNP MR angiography applications in small animals like mice and rats. The hyperpolarized liquid cooled to physiological temperature can be routed by a mechanical switch to a quartz capillary for injection into the blood vessels of the target object. This new approach allows hyperpolarization of protons without the need of an additional magnet and avoids the losses arising from the transfer of the hyperpolarized solution between magnets. The signal-to-noise improvement of this method is demonstrated on two- and three-dimensional phantoms of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Terekhov
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Maeder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Fischer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zangos
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T F Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Lipsø KW, Bowen S, Rybalko O, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH. Large dose hyperpolarized water with dissolution-DNP at high magnetic field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 274:65-72. [PMID: 27889650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for the preparation of hyperpolarized water by dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at high magnetic field. Protons were polarized at 6.7T and 1.1K to >70% with frequency modulated microwave irradiation at 188GHz. 97.2±0.7% of the radical was extracted from the sample in the dissolution in a two-phase system. 16±1mL of 5.0M 1H in D2O with a polarization of 13.0±0.9% in the liquid state was obtained, corresponding to an enhancement factor of 4000±300 compared to the thermal equilibrium at 9.4T and 293K. A longitudinal relaxation time constant of 16±1s was measured. The sample was polarized and dissolved in a fluid path compatible with clinical polarizers. The volume of hyperpolarized water produced by this method enables angiography and perfusion measurements in large animals, as well as NMR experiments for studies of e.g. proton exchange and polarization transfer to other nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Wigh Lipsø
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sean Bowen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Oleksandr Rybalko
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; GE Healthcare, Brøndby, Denmark.
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15
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Rej E, Gaebel T, Waddington DEJ, Reilly DJ. Hyperpolarized Nanodiamond Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:193-199. [PMID: 28009158 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of nanodiamond as a biomedical platform for drug-delivery, imaging, and subcellular tracking applications stems from its nontoxicity and unique quantum mechanical properties. Here, we extend this functionality to the domain of magnetic resonance, by demonstrating that the intrinsic electron spins on the nanodiamond surface can be used to hyperpolarize adsorbed liquid compounds at low fields and room temperature. By combining relaxation measurements with hyperpolarization, spins on the surface of the nanodiamond can be distinguished from those in the bulk liquid. These results are likely of use in signaling the controlled release of pharmaceutical payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rej
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Torsten Gaebel
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David E J Waddington
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David J Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a methodology to increase the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It relies on the transfer of the electron spin polarization from a radical to coupled nuclear spins, driven by microwave excitation resonant with the electron spin transitions. In this work we explore the potential of pulsed multi-frequency microwave excitation in liquids. Here, the relevant DNP mechanism is the Overhauser effect. The experiments were performed with TEMPOL radicals in aqueous solution at room temperature using a Q-band frequency (1.2 T) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer combined with a Minispec NMR spectrometer. A fast arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) enabled the generation of multi-frequency pulses used to either sequentially or simultaneously excite all three 14N-hyperfine lines of the nitroxide radical. The multi-frequency excitation resulted in a doubling of the observed DNP enhancements compared to single-frequency microwave excitation. Q-band free induction decay (FID) signals of TEMPOL were measured as a function of the excitation pulse length allowing the efficiency of the electron spin manipulation by the microwave pulses to be extracted. Based on this knowledge we could quantitatively model our pulsed DNP enhancements at 1.2 T by numerical solution of the Bloch equations, including electron spin relaxation and experimental parameters. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Whereas for a narrow and homogeneous single EPR line continuous wave excitation leads to more efficient DNP enhancements compared to pulsed excitation for the same amount of averaged microwave power. The situation is different for radicals with several hyperfine lines or in the presence of inhomogeneous line broadening. In such cases pulsed single/multi-frequency excitation can lead to larger DNP enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schöps
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp E. Spindler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Spannring P, Reile I, Emondts M, Schleker PPM, Hermkens NKJ, van der Zwaluw NGJ, van Weerdenburg BJA, Tinnemans P, Tessari M, Blümich B, Rutjes FPJT, Feiters MC. A New Ir-NHC Catalyst for Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in D2 O. Chemistry 2016; 22:9277-82. [PMID: 27258850 PMCID: PMC5089654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) has been observed for pyridine, methyl nicotinate, N-methylnicotinamide, and nicotinamide in D2 O with the new catalyst [Ir(Cl)(IDEG)(COD)] (IDEG=1,3-bis(3,4,5-tris(diethyleneglycol)benzyl)imidazole-2-ylidene). During the activation and hyperpolarization steps, exclusively D2 O was used, resulting in the first fully biocompatible SABRE system. Hyperpolarized (1) H substrate signals were observed at 42.5 MHz upon pressurizing the solution with parahydrogen at close to the Earth's magnetic field, at concentrations yielding barely detectable thermal signals. Moreover, 42-, 26-, 22-, and 9-fold enhancements were observed for nicotinamide, pyridine, methyl nicotinate, and N-methylnicotinamide, respectively, in conventional 300 MHz studies. This research opens up new opportunities in a field in which SABRE has hitherto primarily been conducted in CD3 OD. This system uses simple hardware, leaves the substrate unaltered, and shows that SABRE is potentially suitable for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spannring
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Indrek Reile
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Emondts
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp P M Schleker
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Niels K J Hermkens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick G J van der Zwaluw
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram J A van Weerdenburg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tessari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Feiters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Hu Y, Zhou Y, Zhao N, Liu F, Xu FJ. Multifunctional pDNA-Conjugated Polycationic Au Nanorod-Coated Fe3 O4 Hierarchical Nanocomposites for Trimodal Imaging and Combined Photothermal/Gene Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2459-68. [PMID: 26996155 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is very desirable to design multifunctional nanocomposites for theranostic applications via flexible strategies. The synthesis of one new multifunctional polycationic Au nanorod (NR)-coated Fe3 O4 nanosphere (NS) hierarchical nanocomposite (Au@pDM/Fe3 O4 ) based on the ternary assemblies of negatively charged Fe3 O4 cores (Fe3 O4 -PDA), polycation-modified Au nanorods (Au NR-pDM), and polycations is proposed. For such nanocomposites, the combined near-infrared absorbance properties of Fe3 O4 -PDA and Au NR-pDM are applied to photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Besides, Fe3 O4 and Au NR components allow the nanocomposites to serve as MRI and CT contrast agents. The prepared positively charged Au@pDM/Fe3 O4 also can complex plasmid DNA into pDNA/Au@pDM/Fe3 O4 and efficiently mediated gene therapy. The multifunctional applications of pDNA/Au@pDM/Fe3 O4 nanocomposites in trimodal imaging and combined photothermal/gene therapy are demonstrated using a xenografted rat glioma nude mouse model. The present study demonstrates that the proper assembly of different inorganic nanoparticles and polycations is an effective strategy to construct new multifunctional theranostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhou
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nana Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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19
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Ravera E, Luchinat C, Parigi G. Basic facts and perspectives of Overhauser DNP NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:78-87. [PMID: 26920833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
After the first surprisingly large (1)H DNP enhancements of the water signal in aqueous solutions of nitroxide radicals observed at high magnetic fields, Overhauser DNP is gaining increasing attention for a number of applications now flourishing, showing the potentialities of this mechanism in solution and solid state NMR as well as in MRI. Unexpected Overhauser DNP enhancements in insulating solids were recently measured at 100K, with a magnitude which increases with the applied magnetic field. We recapitulate here the theoretical premises of Overhauser DNP in solution and analyze the effects of the various parameters on the efficacy of the mechanism, underlining the link between the DNP enhancements and the field dependent relaxation properties. Promisingly, more effective DNP enhancements are expected by exploiting the potentialities offered by (13)C detection and the use of supercritical fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
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20
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Wang X, Isley Iii WC, Salido SI, Sun Z, Song L, Tsai KH, Cramer CJ, Dorn HC. Optimization and prediction of the electron-nuclear dipolar and scalar interaction in 1H and 13C liquid state dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6482-6495. [PMID: 30090267 PMCID: PMC6054052 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has evolved as a powerful tool for hyperpolarization of NMR and MRI nuclides. However, it is not as well appreciated that solution-state dynamic nuclear polarization is a powerful approach to study intermolecular interactions in solution. For solutions and fluids, the 1H nuclide is usually dominated by an Overhauser dipolar enhancement and can be significantly increased by decreasing the correlation time (τc) of the substrate/nitroxide interaction by utilizing supercritical fluids (SF CO2). For molecules containing the ubiquitous 13C nuclide, the Overhauser enhancement is usually a profile of both scalar and dipolar interactions. For carbon atoms without an attached hydrogen, a dipolar enhancement usually dominates as we illustrate for sp2 hybridized carbons in the fullerenes, C60 and C70. However, the scalar interaction is dependent on a Fermi contact interaction which does not have the magnetic field dependence inherent in the dipolar interaction. For a comprehensive range of molecular systems we show that molecules that exhibit weakly acidic complexation interaction(s) with nitroxides provide corresponding large scalar enhancements. For the first time, we report that sp hybridized (H-C) alkyne systems, for example, the phenylacetylene-nitroxide system exhibit very large scalar dominated enhancements. Finally, we demonstrate for a wide range of molecular systems that the Fermi contact interaction can be computationally predicted via electron-nuclear hyperfine coupling and correlated with experimental 13C DNP enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
| | - W C Isley Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , USA .
| | - S I Salido
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
| | - L Song
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
| | - K H Tsai
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
| | - C J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , USA .
| | - H C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , USA .
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21
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Kaminker I, Barnes R, Han S. Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Studies on Local Water Dynamics. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:457-83. [PMID: 26477261 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) is an emerging technique for quantifying translational water dynamics in the vicinity (<1 nm) of stable radicals that can be chemically attached to macromolecules of interest. This has led to many in-depth and enlightening studies of hydration water of biomolecules, revolving around the role of solvent dynamics in the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipid bilayer membranes. Still to date, a complete and fully automated ODNP instrument is not commercialized. The purpose of this chapter is to share the technical know-how of the hardware, theory, measurement, and data analysis method needed to successfully utilize and disseminate the ODNP technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Kaminker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Ryan Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
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22
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Terekhov M, Krummenacker J, Denysenkov V, Gerz K, Prisner T, Schreiber LM. Characterization and optimization of the visualization performance of continuous flow overhauser DNP hyperpolarized water MRI: Inversion recovery approach. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:985-96. [PMID: 25884985 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) allows the production of liquid hyperpolarized substrate inside the MRI magnet bore as well as its administration in continuous flow mode to acquire MR images with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. We implemented inversion recovery preparation in order to improve contrast-to-noise ratio and to quantify the overall imaging performance of Overhauser DNP-enhanced MRI. METHOD The negative enhancement created by DNP in combination with inversion recovery (IR) preparation allows canceling selectively the signal originated from Boltzmann magnetization and visualizing only hyperpolarized fluid. The theoretical model describing gain of MR image intensity produced by steady-state continuous flow DNP hyperpolarized magnetization was established and proved experimentally. RESULTS A precise quantification of signal originated purely from DNP hyperpolarization was achieved. A temperature effect on longitudinal relaxation had to be taken into account to fit experimental results with numerical prediction. CONCLUSION Using properly adjusted IR preparation, the complete zeroing of thermal background magnetization was achieved, providing an essential increase of contrast-to-noise ratio of DNP-hyperpolarized water images. To quantify and optimize the steady-state conditions for MRI with continuous flow DNP, an approach similar to that incorporating transient-state thermal magnetization equilibrium in spoiled fast field echo imaging sequences can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Terekhov
- Section of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Krummenacker
- Section of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Bimolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vasyl Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Bimolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gerz
- Section of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Bimolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Maria Schreiber
- Section of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Shi F, Coffey A, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. Nanoscale Catalysts for NMR Signal Enhancement by Reversible Exchange. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:7525-7533. [PMID: 26185545 PMCID: PMC4501382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two types of nanoscale catalysts were created to explore NMR signal enhancement via reversible exchange (SABRE) at the interface between heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions. Nanoparticle and polymer comb variants were synthesized by covalently tethering Ir-based organometallic catalysts to support materials comprised of TiO2/PMAA (poly methacrylic acid) and PVP (polyvinyl pyridine), respectively, and characterized by AAS, NMR, and DLS. Following parahydrogen (pH2) gas delivery to mixtures containing one type of "nano-SABRE" catalyst particles, a target substrate, and ethanol, up to ~(-)40-fold and ~(-)7-fold 1H NMR signal enhancements were observed for pyridine substrates using the nanoparticle and polymer comb catalysts, respectively, following transfer to high field (9.4 T). These enhancements appear to result from intact particles and not from any catalyst molecules leaching from their supports; unlike the case with homogeneous SABRE catalysts, high-field (in situ) SABRE effects were generally not observed with the nanoscale catalysts. The potential for separation and reuse of such catalyst particles is also demonstrated. Taken together, these results support the potential utility of rational design at molecular, mesoscopic, and macroscopic/engineering levels for improving SABRE and HET-SABRE (heterogeneous-SABRE) for applications varying from fundamental studies of catalysis to biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Aaron
M. Coffey
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging
Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials
Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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24
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Abstract
Recent developments in NMR hyperpolarization have enabled a wide array of new in vivo molecular imaging modalities, ranging from functional imaging of the lungs to metabolic imaging of cancer. This Concept article explores selected advances in methods for the preparation and use of hyperpolarized contrast agents, many of which are already at or near the phase of their clinical validation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (United States)
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
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25
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Fekete M, Gibard C, Dear GJ, Green GGR, Hooper AJJ, Roberts AD, Cisnetti F, Duckett SB. Utilisation of water soluble iridium catalysts for signal amplification by reversible exchange. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:7870-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hyperpolarisation of pyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine and oxazol by the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) process is achieved by a series of water soluble iridium phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene dihydride complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - C. Gibard
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS
- F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - G. J. Dear
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited
- Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - G. G. R. Green
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - A. J. J. Hooper
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - A. D. Roberts
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited
- Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - F. Cisnetti
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS
- F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - S. B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance
- University of York
- York
- UK
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26
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Shi F, Coffey AM, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. Heterogeneous solution NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7495-8. [PMID: 24889730 PMCID: PMC6284233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel variant of an iridium-based organometallic catalyst was synthesized and used to enhance the NMR signals of pyridine in a heterogeneous phase by immobilization on polymer microbead solid supports. Upon administration of parahydrogen (pH2) gas to a methanol mixture containing the HET-SABRE catalyst particles and the pyridine, up to fivefold enhancements were observed in the (1)H NMR spectra after sample transfer to high field (9.4 T). Importantly, enhancements were not due to any residual catalyst molecules in solution, thus supporting the true heterogeneity of the SABRE process. Further significant improvements may be expected by systematic optimization of experimental parameters. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst is easy to separate and recycle, thus opening a door to future potential applications varying from spectroscopic studies of catalysis, to imaging metabolites in the body without concern of contamination from expensive and potentially toxic metal catalysts or accompanying organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL 62901 (USA)
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27
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Shi F, Coffey AM, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. Heterogeneous Solution NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Sezer D. Rationalizing Overhauser DNP of nitroxide radicals in water through MD simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1022-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Laustsen C, Bowen S, Rizi R. Hyperpolarized H2O MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:50-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark; Kgs Lyngby Denmark
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance; Hvidovre Hospital; Hvidovre Denmark
- GE Healthcare; Broendby Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance; Hvidovre Hospital; Hvidovre Denmark
- The MR Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Sean Bowen
- Technical University of Denmark; Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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30
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Franck JM, Pavlova A, Scott JA, Han S. Quantitative cw Overhauser effect dynamic nuclear polarization for the analysis of local water dynamics. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 74:33-56. [PMID: 24083461 PMCID: PMC3798041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Liquid state Overhauser effect Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (ODNP) has experienced a recent resurgence of interest. The ODNP technique described here relies on the double resonance of electron spin resonance (ESR) at the most common, i.e. X-band (∼10GHz), frequency and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at ∼15 MHz. It requires only a standard continuous wave (cw) ESR spectrometer with an NMR probe inserted or built into an X-band cavity. We focus on reviewing a new and powerful manifestation of ODNP as a high frequency NMR relaxometry tool that probes dipolar cross relaxation between the electron spins and the ¹H nuclear spins at X-band frequencies. This technique selectively measures the translational mobility of water within a volume extending 0.5-1.5 nm outward from a nitroxide radical spin probe that is attached to a targeted site of a macromolecule. It allows one to study the dynamics of water that hydrates or permeates the surface or interior of proteins, polymers, and lipid membrane vesicles. We begin by reviewing the recent advances that have helped develop ODNP into a tool for mapping the dynamic landscape of hydration water with sub-nanometer locality. In order to bind this work coherently together and to place it in the context of the extensive body of research in the field of NMR relaxometry, we then rephrase the analytical model and extend the description of the ODNP-derived NMR signal enhancements. This extended model highlights several aspects of ODNP data analysis, including the importance of considering all possible effects of microwave sample heating, the need to consider the error associated with various relaxation rates, and the unique ability of ODNP to probe the electron-¹H cross-relaxation process, which is uniquely sensitive to fast (tens of ps) dynamical processes. By implementing the relevant corrections in a stepwise fashion, this paper draws a consensus result from previous ODNP procedures and then shows how such data can be further corrected to yield clear and reproducible saturation of the NMR hyperpolarization process. Finally, drawing on these results, we broadly survey the previous ODNP dynamics literature. We find that the vast number of published, empirical hydration dynamics data can be reproducibly classified into regimes of surface, interfacial, vs. buried water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Franck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Franck JM, Kausik R, Han S. Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced NMR Relaxometry. MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE ASSOCIATION 2013; 178:113-118. [PMID: 23837010 PMCID: PMC3702190 DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a new methodological basis for selectively illuminating a dilute population of fluid within a porous medium. Specifically, transport in porous materials can be analyzed by now-standard nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry and NMR pulsed field gradient (PFG) diffusometry methods in combination with with the prominent NMR signal amplification tool, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The key components of the approach introduced here are (1) to selectively place intrinsic or extrinsic paramagnetic probes at the site or local volume of interest within the sample, (2) to amplify the signal from the local solvent around the paramagnetic probes with Overhauser DNP, which is performed in situ and under ambient conditions, and (3) to observe the ODNP-enhanced solvent signal with 1D or 2D NMR relaxometry methods, thus selectively amplifying only the relaxation dynamics of the fluid that resides in or percolates through the local porous volume that contains the paramagnetic probe. Here, we demonstrate the proof of principle of this approach by selectively amplifying the NMR signal of only one solvent population, which is in contact with a paramagnetic probe and occluded from a second solvent population. An apparent one-component T2 relaxation decay is shown to actually contain two distinct solvent populations. The approach outlined here should be universally applicable to a wide range of other 1D and 2D relaxometry and PFG diffusometry measurements, including T1-T2 or T1-D correlation maps, where the occluded population containing the paramagnetic probes can be selectively amplified for its enhanced characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Franck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara
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Lenkinski RE. Science to Practice: Can Hyperpolarized Water Be Used to Enhance MR Angiography and Flow Measurement? Radiology 2012; 265:325-6. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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