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Polymeric Nanosystems Applied for Metal-Based Drugs and Photosensitizers Delivery: The State of the Art and Recent Advancements. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071506. [PMID: 35890401 PMCID: PMC9320085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-based therapeutic agents have revealed significant potential as tools for enhancing the therapeutic effect of metal-based agents and minimizing their systemic toxicities. In this context, a series of polymer-based nanosized systems designed to physically load or covalently conjugate metal-based therapeutic agents have been remarkably improving their bioavailability and anticancer efficacy. Initially, the polymeric nanocarriers were applied for platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents resulting in some nanoformulations currently in clinical tests and even in medical applications. At present, these nanoassemblies have been slowly expanding for nonplatinum-containing metal-based chemotherapeutic agents. Interestingly, for metal-based photosensitizers (PS) applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially for cancer treatment, strategies employing polymeric nanocarriers have been investigated for almost 30 years. In this review, we address the polymeric nanocarrier-assisted metal-based therapeutics agent delivery systems with a specific focus on non-platinum systems; we explore some biological and physicochemical aspects of the polymer–metallodrug assembly. Finally, we summarize some recent advances in polymeric nanosystems coupled with metal-based compounds that present potential for successful clinical applications as chemotherapeutic or photosensitizing agents. We hope this review can provide a fertile ground for the innovative design of polymeric nanosystems for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-containing therapeutic agents.
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Karam M, Fahs D, Maatouk B, Safi B, Jaffa AA, Mhanna R. Polymeric nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction: Challenges and future prospects. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100249. [PMID: 35434594 PMCID: PMC9006854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chopra H, Bibi S, Mishra AK, Tirth V, Yerramsetty SV, Murali SV, Ahmad SU, Mohanta YK, Attia MS, Algahtani A, Islam F, Hayee A, Islam S, Baig AA, Emran TB. Nanomaterials: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Cardiovascular Diseases. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2022; 2022:1-25. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4155729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of death globally. A few classic and hybrid treatments exist to treat CVDs. However, they lack in both safety and effectiveness. Thus, innovative nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and treatment are urgently required. The tiny size of nanomaterials allows them to reach more areas of the heart and arteries, making them ideal for CVDs. Atherosclerosis causes arterial stenosis and reduced blood flow. The most common treatment is medication and surgery to stabilize the disease. Nanotechnologies are crucial in treating vascular disease. Nanomaterials may be able to deliver medications to lesion sites after being infused into the circulation. Newer point-of-care devices have also been considered together with nanomaterials. For example, this study will look at the use of nanomaterials in imaging, diagnosing, and treating CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, China
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421 Asir, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 61413 Asir, P.O. Box No. 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sree Vandana Yerramsetty
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613402, India
| | - Sree Varshini Murali
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613402, India
| | - Syed Umair Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421 Asir, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 61413 Asir, P.O. Box No. 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Hayee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421 Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
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Wu S, Helal-Neto E, Matos APDS, Jafari A, Kozempel J, Silva YJDA, Serrano-Larrea C, Alves Junior S, Ricci-Junior E, Alexis F, Santos-Oliveira R. Radioactive polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical application. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1544-1561. [PMID: 33118416 PMCID: PMC7599028 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1837296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging radiolabeled nanosystems are revolutionizing medicine in terms of diagnostics, treatment, and theranostics. These radionuclides include polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), liposomal carriers, dendrimers, magnetic iron oxide NPs, silica NPs, carbon nanotubes, and inorganic metal-based nanoformulations. Between these nano-platforms, polymeric NPs have gained attention in the biomedical field due to their excellent properties, such as their surface to mass ratio, quantum properties, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to absorb and carry other molecules. In addition, NPs are capable of carrying high payloads of radionuclides which can be used for diagnostic, treatment, and theranostics depending on the radioactive material linked. The radiolabeling process of nanoparticles can be performed by direct or indirect labeling process. In both cases, the most appropriate must be selected in order to keep the targeting properties as preserved as possible. In addition, radionuclide therapy has the advantage of delivering a highly concentrated absorbed dose to the targeted tissue while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues. Said another way, radioactive polymeric NPs represent a promising prospect in the treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac ischemia, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, and other type of cancer cells or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shentian Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy Center, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming City, China
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Amir Jafari
- Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology in the Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ján Kozempel
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FJFI), Czech Technical University in Prague (ČVUT), Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Severino Alves Junior
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cho SG, Kong EJ, Kang WJ, Paeng JC, Bom HSH, Cho I. KSNM60 in Cardiology: Regrowth After a Long Pause. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 55:151-161. [PMID: 34422125 PMCID: PMC8322215 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine (KSNM) is celebrating its 60th anniversary in honor of the nuclear medicine professionals who have dedicated their efforts towards research, academics, and the more comprehensive clinical applications and uses of nuclear imaging modalities. Nuclear cardiology in Korea was at its prime time in the 1990s, but its growth was interrupted by a long pause. Despite the academic and practical challenges, nuclear cardiology in Korea now meets the second leap, attributed to the growth in molecular imaging tailored for many non-coronary diseases and the genuine values of nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging. In this review, we describe the trends, achievements, challenges, and perspectives of nuclear cardiology throughout the 60-year history of the KSNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Geon Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seung Henry Bom
- 5Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihnho Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Republic of Korea
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Sonin D, Pochkaeva E, Zhuravskii S, Postnov V, Korolev D, Vasina L, Kostina D, Mukhametdinova D, Zelinskaya I, Skorik Y, Naumysheva E, Malashicheva A, Somov P, Istomina M, Rubanova N, Aleksandrov I, Vasyutina M, Galagudza M. Biological Safety and Biodistribution of Chitosan Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040810. [PMID: 32340313 PMCID: PMC7221586 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of unmodified chitosan nanoparticles with a size of ~100 nm and a weakly positive charge on blood coagulation, metabolic activity of cultured cardiomyocytes, general toxicity, biodistribution, and reactive changes in rat organs in response to their single intravenous administration at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg was studied. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have a small cytotoxic effect and have a weak antiplatelet and anticoagulant effect. Intravenous administration of CNPs does not cause significant hemodynamic changes, and 30 min after the CNPs administration, they mainly accumulate in the liver and lungs, without causing hemolysis and leukocytosis. The toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles was manifested in a dose-dependent short-term delay in weight gain with subsequent recovery, while in the 2-week observation period no signs of pain and distress were observed in rats. Granulomas found in the lungs and liver indicate slow biodegradation of chitosan nanoparticles. In general, the obtained results indicate a good tolerance of intravenous administration of an unmodified chitosan suspension in the studied dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Sonin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Blood Circulation, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6–8 L’va Tolstogo Street, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-702-51-68
| | - Evgeniia Pochkaeva
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya Street, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergei Zhuravskii
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Blood Circulation, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6–8 L’va Tolstogo Street, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor Postnov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Chemical Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 13B Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Korolev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Blood Circulation, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6–8 L’va Tolstogo Street, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyubov Vasina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Blood Circulation, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6–8 L’va Tolstogo Street, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Kostina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mukhametdinova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Irina Zelinskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Yury Skorik
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Bolshoy Avenue V.O., 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Naumysheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Chemical Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 13B Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Somov
- TESCAN (CIS) Ltd., 11 Grazhdansky Avenue, 195220 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Maria Istomina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
- Department: Micro- and Nanotechnology, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 5 Professora Popova Street, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Rubanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Ilia Aleksandrov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Marina Vasyutina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.Z.); (V.P.); (D.K.); (L.V.); (D.K.); (D.M.); (I.Z.); (Y.S.); (E.N.); (A.M.); (M.I.); (N.R.); (I.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Michael Galagudza
- Laboratory of Digital and Display Holography, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Avenue, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Wu TJ, Chiu HY, Yu J, Cautela MP, Sarmento B, das Neves J, Catala C, Pazos-Perez N, Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Vranješ-Đurić S, Ignjatović NL. Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention. NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN PREVENTIVE AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7156018 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48063-5.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology with great potential for applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), an inherently biocompatible and nontoxic nanoparticle, is well suited for such applications. We had developed a prospective isolation method using CD157, CD45, and CD54 to obtain lung stem cells. Labeling of CD45−CD54+CD157+ cells with FNDs did not eliminate their abilities for self-renewal and differentiation. The FND labeling in combination with cell sorting, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and immunostaining identified transplanted stem cells allowed tracking of their engraftment and regenerative capabilities with single-cell resolution. Time-gated fluorescence (TGF) imaging in mouse tissue sections indicated that they reside preferentially at the bronchoalveolar junctions of lungs, especially in naphthalene-injured mice. Our results presented in Subchapter 1.1 demonstrate not only the remarkable homing capacity and regenerative potential of the isolated stem cells, but also the ability of finding rare lung stem cells in vivo using FNDs. The topical use of antiretroviral-based microbicides, namely of a dapivirine ring, has been recently shown to partially prevent transmission of HIV through the vaginal route. Among different formulation approaches, nanotechnology tools and principles have been used for the development of tentative vaginal and rectal microbicide products. Subchapter 1.2 provides an overview of antiretroviral drug nanocarriers as novel microbicide candidates and discusses recent and relevant research on the topic. Furthermore, advances in developing vaginal delivery platforms for the administration of promising antiretroviral drug nanocarriers are reviewed. Although mostly dedicated to the discussion of nanosystems for vaginal use, the development of rectal nanomicrobicides is also addressed. Infectious diseases are currently responsible for over 8 million deaths per year. Efficient treatments require accurate recognition of pathogens at low concentrations, which in the case of blood infection (septicemia) can go as low as 1 mL–1. Detecting and quantifying bacteria at such low concentrations is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (∼1 mL) extending over 24–72 h. This delay seriously compromises the health of patients and is largely responsible for the death toll of bacterial infections. Recent advances in nanoscience, spectroscopy, plasmonics, and microfluidics allow for the development of optical devices capable of monitoring minute amounts of analytes in liquid samples. In Subchapter 1.3 we critically discuss these recent developments that will, in the future, enable the multiplex identification and quantification of microorganisms directly on their biological matrix with unprecedented speed, low cost, and sensitivity. Radiolabeled nanoparticles (NPs) are finding an increasing interest in a broad range of biomedical applications. They may be used to detect and characterize diseases, to deliver relevant therapeutics, and to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of nanomaterials. The use of radiotracer techniques in the research of novel NPs offers many advantages, but there are still some limitations. The binding of radionuclides to NPs has to be irreversible to prevent their escape to other tissues or organs. Due to the short half-lives of radionuclides, the manufacturing process is time limited and difficult, and there is also a risk of contamination. Subchapter 1.4 presents the main selection criteria for radionuclides and applicable radiolabeling procedures used for the radiolabeling of various NPs. Also, an overview of different types of NPs that have so far been labeled with radionuclides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhu Y, Matsumura Y, Wagner WR. Ventricular wall biomaterial injection therapy after myocardial infarction: Advances in material design, mechanistic insight and early clinical experiences. Biomaterials 2017; 129:37-53. [PMID: 28324864 PMCID: PMC5827941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocardial biomaterial injection therapy for myocardial infarction has made significant progress since concept initiation more than 10 years ago. The interim successes and progress in the first 5 years have been extensively reviewed. During the last 5 years, two phase II clinical trials have reported their long term follow up results and many additional biomaterial candidates have reached preclinical and clinical testing. Also in recent years deeper investigations into the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects associated with biomaterial injection therapy have been pursued, and a variety of process and material parameters have been evaluated for their impact on therapeutic outcomes. This review explores the advances made in this biomaterial-centered approach to ischemic cardiomyopathy and discusses potential future research directions as this therapy seeks to positively impact patients suffering from one of the world's most common sources of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Yasumoto Matsumura
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - William R Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Wu D, Wang J, Wang H, Ji A, Li Y. Protective roles of bioactive peptides during ischemia-reperfusion injury: From bench to bedside. Life Sci 2017; 180:83-92. [PMID: 28527782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a well-known pathological condition which may lead to disability and mortality. I/R injury remains an unresolved and complicated situation in a number of clinical conditions, such as cardiac arrest with successful reanimation, as well as ischemic events in brain and heart. Peptides have many attractive advantages which make them suitable candidate drugs in treating I/R injury, such as low toxicity and immunogenicity, good solubility property, distinct tissue distribution pattern, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. An increasing number of studies indicate that peptides could protect against I/R injury in many different organs and tissues. Peptides also face several therapeutic challenges that limit their clinical application. In this review, we present the mechanisms of action of peptides in reducing I/R injury, as well as further discuss modification strategies to improve the functional properties of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
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Pant K, Sedláček O, Nadar RA, Hrubý M, Stephan H. Radiolabelled Polymeric Materials for Imaging and Treatment of Cancer: Quo Vadis? Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28218487 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their tunable blood circulation time and suitable plasma stability, polymer-based nanomaterials hold a great potential for designing and utilising multifunctional nanocarriers for efficient imaging and effective treatment of cancer. When tagged with appropriate radionuclides, they may allow for specific detection (diagnosis) as well as the destruction of tumours (therapy) or even customization of materials, aiming to both diagnosis and therapy (theranostic approach). This review provides an overview of recent developments of radiolabelled polymeric nanomaterials (natural and synthetic polymers) for molecular imaging of cancer, specifically, applying nuclear techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Different approaches to radiolabel polymers are evaluated from the methodical radiochemical point of view. This includes new bifunctional chelating agents (BFCAs) for radiometals as well as novel labelling methods. Special emphasis is given to eligible strategies employed to evade the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in view of efficient targeting. The discussion encompasses promising strategies currently employed as well as emerging possibilities in radionuclide-based cancer therapy. Key issues involved in the clinical translation of radiolabelled polymers and future scopes of this intriguing research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritee Pant
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského námeˇstí 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Robin A. Nadar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského námeˇstí 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
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11
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Abstract
In vivo imaging, which enables us to peer deeply within living subjects, is producing tremendous opportunities both for clinical diagnostics and as a research tool. Contrast material is often required to clearly visualize the functional architecture of physiological structures. Recent advances in nanomaterials are becoming pivotal to generate the high-resolution, high-contrast images needed for accurate, precision diagnostics. Nanomaterials are playing major roles in imaging by delivering large imaging payloads, yielding improved sensitivity, multiplexing capacity, and modularity of design. Indeed, for several imaging modalities, nanomaterials are now not simply ancillary contrast entities, but are instead the original and sole source of image signal that make possible the modality's existence. We address the physicochemical makeup/design of nanomaterials through the lens of the physical properties that produce contrast signal for the cognate imaging modality-we stratify nanomaterials on the basis of their (i) magnetic, (ii) optical, (iii) acoustic, and/or (iv) nuclear properties. We evaluate them for their ability to provide relevant information under preclinical and clinical circumstances, their in vivo safety profiles (which are being incorporated into their chemical design), their modularity in being fused to create multimodal nanomaterials (spanning multiple different physical imaging modalities and therapeutic/theranostic capabilities), their key properties, and critically their likelihood to be clinically translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- Stanford University , 3155 Porter Drive, #1214, Palo Alto, California 94304-5483, United States
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- The James H. Clark Center , 318 Campus Drive, First Floor, E-150A, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
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12
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Hwang H, Jeong HS, Oh PS, Kim M, Lee TK, Kwon J, Kim HS, Lim ST, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. PEGylated nanoliposomes encapsulating angiogenic peptides improve perfusion defects: Radionuclide imaging-based study. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:552-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Lu W, Hong H, Cai W. Radio-nanomaterials for biomedical applications: state of the art. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2016; 8:151-170. [PMID: 27482194 PMCID: PMC4963156 DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of radioactive isotope(s) into conventional nanomaterials can bring extra properties which are not possessed by original materials. The resulting radioactive nanomaterials (radio-nanomaterials), with added physical/chemical properties, can be used as important tools for different biomedical applications. In this review, our goal is to provide an up-to-date overview on these applications using radio-nanomaterials. The first section illustrates the utilization of radionanomaterials for understanding of in vivo kinetics of their parent nano-materials. In the second section, we focus on two primary applications of radio-nanomaterials: imaging and therapeutic delivery. With various methods being used to form radio-nanomaterials, they can be used for positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and multimodal imaging. Therapeutic isotopes-loading radio-nanomaterials can possess selective killing efficacy of diseased cells (e.g. tumor cells) and can provide promises for certain isotopes which are not able to be used in a conventional manner. The successful and versatile biomedical applications of radio-nanomaterials warrants further investigations of those materials and their optimizations can pave the way to future imaging guidable, personalized treatments in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; and College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA, , ,
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA; and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA, , ,
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14
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The use of polymer-based nanoparticles and nanostructured materials in treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases: Recent advances and emerging designs. Prog Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Cuadrado I, Piedras MJGM, Herruzo I, Turpin MDC, Castejón B, Reventun P, Martin A, Saura M, Zamorano JL, Zaragoza C. EMMPRIN-Targeted Magnetic Nanoparticles for In Vivo Visualization and Regression of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:545-57. [PMID: 26941847 PMCID: PMC4775864 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation may represent a mechanism for cardiac protection against ischemia. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is highly expressed in response to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and induces activation of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. We targeted EMMPRIN with paramagnetic/fluorescent micellar nanoparticles conjugated with the EMMPRIN binding peptide AP-9 (NAP9), or an AP-9 scrambled peptide as a negative control (NAPSC). We found that NAP9 binds to endogenous EMMPRIN in cultured HL1 myocytes and in mouse hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Injection of NAP9 at the time of or one day after IR, was enough to reduce progression of myocardial cell death when compared to Control and NAPSC injected mice (infarct size in NAP9 injected mice: 32%±6.59 vs Control: 46%±9.04 or NAPSC injected mice: 48%±7.64). In the same way, cardiac parameters were recovered to almost healthy levels (LVEF NAP9 63% ± 7.24 vs Control 42% ± 4.74 or NAPSC 39% ± 6.44), whereas ECM degradation was also reduced as shown by inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scans have shown a signal enhancement in the left ventricle of NAP9 injected mice with respect to non-injected, and to mice injected with NAPSC. A positive correlation between CMR enhancement and Evans-Blue/TTC staining of infarct size was calculated (R:0.65). Taken together, these results point to EMMPRIN targeted nanoparticles as a new approach to the mitigation of ischemic/reperfusion injury.
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Stendahl JC, Sinusas AJ. Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutic Delivery, Part 2: Radiolabeled Probes. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1637-41. [PMID: 26294304 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.164145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate imaging agents and therapeutics have proven to be valuable tools in preclinical cardiovascular disease research. Because of their distinct properties and significant functional versatility, nanoparticulate imaging agents afford certain capabilities that are typically not provided by traditional small molecule agents. This review is the second in a two-part series covering nanoparticulate imaging agents and theranostics. It highlights current examples of radiolabeled nanoparticulate probes in preclinical cardiovascular research and demonstrates their utility in applications such as blood pool imaging and molecular imaging of ischemia, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. These agents provide valuable insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease and illustrate both the limitations and the significant potential of nanoparticles in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Further technologic development to improve performance, address safety concerns, and fulfil regulatory obligations is required for clinical translation of these emergent technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Stendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Stendahl JC, Sinusas AJ. Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutic Delivery, Part 1: Compositions and Features. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1469-75. [PMID: 26272808 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging agents made from nanoparticles are functionally versatile and have unique properties that may translate to clinical utility in several key cardiovascular imaging niches. Nanoparticles exhibit size-based circulation, biodistribution, and elimination properties different from those of small molecules and microparticles. In addition, nanoparticles provide versatile platforms that can be engineered to create both multimodal and multifunctional imaging agents with tunable properties. With these features, nanoparticulate imaging agents can facilitate fusion of high-sensitivity and high-resolution imaging modalities and selectively bind tissues for targeted molecular imaging and therapeutic delivery. Despite their intriguing attributes, nanoparticulate imaging agents have thus far achieved only limited clinical use. The reasons for this restricted advancement include an evolving scope of applications, the simplicity and effectiveness of existing small-molecule agents, pharmacokinetic limitations, safety concerns, and a complex regulatory environment. This review describes general features of nanoparticulate imaging agents and therapeutics and discusses challenges associated with clinical translation. A second, related review to appear in a subsequent issue of JNM highlights nuclear-based nanoparticulate probes in preclinical cardiovascular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Stendahl
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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Lee TK, Lee CM, Hwang H, Jeong HS, Oh PS, Kwon J, Kim SH, Lim S, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. Scintigraphic evaluation of therapeutic angiogenesis induced by VEGF-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in a rodent model of hindlimb ischemia. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Hwang H, Jeong HS, Oh PS, Na KS, Kwon J, Kim J, Lim S, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. Improving Cerebral Blood Flow Through Liposomal Delivery of Angiogenic Peptides: Potential of ¹⁸F-FDG PET Imaging in Ischemic Stroke Treatment. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1106-11. [PMID: 25977466 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Strategies to promote angiogenesis can benefit cerebral ischemia. We determined whether liposomal delivery of angiogenic peptides with a known biologic activity of vascular endothelial growth factor benefitted cerebral ischemia. Also, the study examined the potential of (18)F-FDG PET imaging in ischemic stroke treatment. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) underwent 40 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 15 min of reperfusion, the rats (n = 10) received angiogenic peptides incorporated into liposomes. Animals receiving phosphate-buffered solution or liposomes without peptides served as controls. One week later, (18)F-FDG PET imaging was performed to examine regional changes in glucose utilization in response to the angiogenic therapy. The following day, (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime autoradiography was performed to determine changes in cerebral perfusion after angiogenic therapy. Corresponding changes in angiogenic markers, including von Willebrand factor and angiopoietin-1 and -2, were determined by immunostaining and polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. RESULTS A 40-min period of middle cerebral artery occlusion decreased blood perfusion in the ipsilateral ischemic cortex of the brain, compared with that in the contralateral cortex, as measured by (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime autoradiography. Liposomal delivery of angiogenic peptides to the ischemic hemisphere of the brain attenuated the cerebral perfusion defect compared with controls. Similarly, vascular density evidenced by von Willebrand factor-positive staining was increased in response to angiogenic therapy, compared with that of controls. This increase was accompanied by an early increase in angiopoietin-2 expression, a gene participating in angiogenesis. (18)F-FDG PET imaging measured at 7 d after treatment revealed that liposomal delivery of angiogenic peptides facilitated glucose utilization in the ipsilateral ischemic cortex of the brain, compared with that in the controls. Furthermore, the change in regional glucose utilization was correlated with the extent of improvement in cerebral perfusion (r = 0.742, P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Liposomal delivery of angiogenic peptides benefits cerebral ischemia. (18)F-FDG PET imaging holds promise as an indicator of the effectiveness of angiogenic therapy in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosook Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Seok Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Phil-Sun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Na
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - JeongIl Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - SeokTae Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Sohn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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