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Zhao H, Xu Z, Chen L, Wu L, Cui Z, Ma J, Sun T, Lei Y, Wang N, Hu H, Tan Y, Lu W, Yang W, Liao K, Teng G, Liang X, Li Y, Feng C, Nie T, Han X, Xiang D, Majoie CBLM, van Zwam WH, van der Lugt A, van der Sluijs PM, van Walsum T, Feng Y, Liu G, Huang Y, Liu W, Kan X, Su R, Zhang W, Wang X, Zheng C. Large-scale pretrained frame generative model enables real-time low-dose DSA imaging: An AI system development and multi-center validation study. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00307-6. [PMID: 39163857 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) devices are commonly used in numerous interventional procedures across various parts of the body, necessitating multiple scans per procedure, which results in significant radiation exposure for both doctors and patients. Inspired by generative artificial intelligence techniques, this study proposes GenDSA, a large-scale pretrained multi-frame generative model-based real-time and low-dose DSA imaging system. METHODS GenDSA was developed to generate 1-, 2-, and 3-frame sequences following each real frame. A large-scale dataset comprising ∼3 million DSA images from 27,117 patients across 10 hospitals was constructed to pretrain, fine-tune, and validate GenDSA. Two other datasets from 25 hospitals were used for evaluation. Objective evaluations included SSIM and PSNR. Five interventional radiologists independently assessed the quality of the generated frames using the Likert scale and visual Turing test. Scoring consistency among the radiologists was measured using the Kendall coefficient of concordance (W). The Fleiss' kappa values were used for inter-rater agreement analysis for visual Turing tests. FINDINGS Using only one-third of the clinical radiation dose, videos generated by GenDSA were perfectly consistent with real videos. Objective evaluations demonstrated that GenDSA's performance (PSNR = 36.83, SSIM = 0.911, generation time = 0.07 s/frame) surpassed state-of-the-art algorithms. Subjective ratings and statistical results from five doctors indicated no significant difference between real and generated videos. Furthermore, the generated videos were comparable to real videos in overall quality (4.905 vs. 4.935) and lesion assessment (4.825 vs. 4.860). CONCLUSIONS With clear clinical and translational values, the developed GenDSA can significantly reduce radiation damage to both doctors and patients during DSA-guided procedures. FUNDING This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Linxia Wu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ziwei Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinqiang Ma
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyao Hu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Tan
- Department of Radiology, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhong Yang
- Department of Radiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaibing Liao
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liang
- Institute of Research and Clinical Innovations, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Research and Clinical Innovations, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Congcong Feng
- CV Systems Research and Development Department, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Tong Nie
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dongqiao Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H van Zwam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Matthijs van der Sluijs
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo van Walsum
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yun Feng
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Liu
- CV Business Unit, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- CV Business Unit, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuefeng Kan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ruisheng Su
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinggang Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Koch A, Gruber-Rouh T, Zangos S, Eichler K, Vogl T, Basten L. Radiation protection in CT-guided interventions: does real-time dose visualisation lead to a reduction in radiation dose to participating radiologists? A single-centre evaluation. Clin Radiol 2024; 79:e785-e790. [PMID: 38388255 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate if real-time dose visualisation during computed tomography (CT)-guided interventions leads to a reduction in radiation dose to participating radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS The individual radiation dose radiologists are exposed to during CT interventions was measured using dedicated dosimeters (RaySafe i2-system, Unfors RaySafe GmbH, Billdal, Sweden) worn over the usual radiation protective apron. Initially, only the total radiation dose was measured, without visualisation (control group). In the following study period, the radiation dose was shown to participants on a live screen in real-time (experimental group). In both groups, the dose was recorded in 1-second intervals. The results collected were evaluated by comparison using descriptive statistics and mixed-effect models. In particular, the variables experience, gender, role, and position during the intervention were analysed. RESULTS In total, 517 measurements of 304 interventions (n=249 with and n=268 without live screen) performed by 29 radiologists acting as interventionalists or assistants were analysed. All CT-guided interventions were performed percutaneously, the majority of which (n=280) were microwave ablations (MWA). Radiation doses in the group without visualisation were comparable with usual dose rates for the corresponding intervention type. The mean total radiation dose was reduced by 58.1% (11.6 versus 4.86 μSv) in the experimental group (p=0.034). The highest reduction of 78.5% (15.55 versus 3.35 μSv) was observed in radiologists with the role of assistant (p=0.002). Sub-analysis showed significant dose reduction (p<0.0001) for the use of live screen in general; considering all variables, the role "assistant" alone had a statistically significant influence (p=0.002). CONCLUSION The real-time visualisation of active radiation dose during CT interventions leads to a relevant reduction in radiation dose to participating radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Gruber-Rouh
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zangos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K Eichler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Vogl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Basten
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Frankfurt-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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Stahl R, Seidensticker M, Arbogast H, Kuppinger D, Greif V, Crispin A, D’Anastasi M, Pedersen V, Forbrig R, Liebig T, Rutetzki T, Trumm CG. Technical and Clinical Outcome of Low-Milliampere CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Drainage Placement in Abdominal Fluid Collections after Liver Transplantation: A 16-Year Retrospective Analysis of 50 Consecutive Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:353. [PMID: 38396392 PMCID: PMC10887879 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of the effectiveness of CT-guided drainage (CTD) placement in managing symptomatic postoperative fluid collections in liver transplant patients. The assessment included technical success, clinical outcomes, and the occurrence of complications during the peri-interventional period. METHODS Analysis spanned the years 2005 to 2020 and involved 91 drain placement sessions in 50 patients using percutaneous transabdominal or transhepatic access. Criteria for technical success (TS) included (a) achieving adequate drainage of the fluid collection and (b) the absence of peri-interventional complications necessitating minor or prolonged hospitalization. Clinical success (CS) was characterized by (a) a reduction or normalization of inflammatory blood parameters within 30 days after CTD placement and (b) the absence of a need for surgical revision within 60 days after the intervention. Inflammatory markers in terms of C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count and interleukin-6, were evaluated. The dose length product (DLP) for various intervention steps was calculated. RESULTS The TS rate was 93.4%. CS rates were 64.3% for CRP, 77.8% for leukocytes, and 54.5% for interleukin-6. Median time until successful decrease was 5.0 days for CRP and 3.0 days for leukocytes and interleukin-6. Surgical revision was not necessary in 94.0% of the cases. During the second half of the observation period, there was a trend (p = 0.328) towards a lower DLP for the entire intervention procedure (median: years 2013 to 2020: 623.0 mGy·cm vs. years 2005 to 2012: 811.5 mGy·cm). DLP for the CT fluoroscopy component was significantly (p = 0.001) lower in the later period (median: years 2013 to 2020: 31.0 mGy·cm vs. years 2005 to 2012: 80.5 mGy·cm). CONCLUSIONS The TS rate of CT-guided drainage (CTD) placement was notably high. The CS rate ranged from fair to good. The reduction in radiation exposure over time can be attributed to advancements in CT technology and the growing expertise of interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stahl
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.F.); (T.L.); (T.R.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Helmut Arbogast
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.A.); (D.K.)
| | - David Kuppinger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Veronika Greif
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Alexander Crispin
- IBE—Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Melvin D’Anastasi
- Medical Imaging Department, Mater Dei Hospital, University of Malta, MSD 2090 Msida, Malta;
| | - Vera Pedersen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Robert Forbrig
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.F.); (T.L.); (T.R.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Thomas Liebig
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.F.); (T.L.); (T.R.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Tim Rutetzki
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.F.); (T.L.); (T.R.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Christoph G. Trumm
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.F.); (T.L.); (T.R.); (C.G.T.)
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Matsui Y, Kamegawa T, Tomita K, Uka M, Umakoshi N, Kawabata T, Munetomo K, Iguchi T, Matsuno T, Hiraki T. Robotic systems in interventional oncology: a narrative review of the current status. Int J Clin Oncol 2024; 29:81-88. [PMID: 37115426 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Interventional oncology offers minimally invasive treatments for malignant tumors for curative and palliative purposes based on the percutaneous insertion of needles or catheters into the target location under image guidance. Robotic systems have been gaining increasing attention as tools that provide potential advantages for image-guided interventions. Among the robotic systems developed for intervention, those relevant to the oncology field are mainly those for guiding or driving the needles in non-vascular interventional procedures such as biopsy and tumor ablation. Needle-guiding robots support planning the needle path and align the needle robotically according to the planned trajectory, which is combined with subsequent manual needle insertion by the physician through the needle guide. Needle-driving robots can advance the needle robotically after determining its orientation. Although a wide variety of robotic systems have been developed, only a limited number of these systems have reached the clinical phase or commercialization thus far. The results of previous studies suggest that such interventional robots have the potential to increase the accuracy of needle placement, facilitate out-of-plane needle insertion, decrease the learning curve, and reduce radiation exposure. On the other hand, increased complexity and costs may be a concern when using robotic systems compared with conventional manual procedures. Further data should be collected to comprehensively assess the value of robotic systems in interventional oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsui
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Tetsushi Kamegawa
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Tomita
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayu Uka
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Umakoshi
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawabata
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Munetomo
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Iguchi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsuno
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Hiraki
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Jardon M, Fritz J, Samim M. Imaging approach to prosthetic joint infection. Skeletal Radiol 2023:10.1007/s00256-023-04546-7. [PMID: 38133670 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains challenging, despite multiple available laboratory tests for both serum and synovial fluid analysis. The clinical symptoms of PJI are not always characteristic, particularly in the chronic phase, and there is often significant overlap in symptoms with non-infectious forms of arthroplasty failure. Further exacerbating this challenge is lack of a universally accepted definition for PJI, with publications from multiple professional societies citing different diagnostic criteria. While not included in many of the major societies' guidelines for diagnosis of PJI, diagnostic imaging can play an important role in the workup of suspected PJI. In this article, we will review an approach to diagnostic imaging modalities (radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI) in the workup of suspected PJI, with special attention to the limitations and benefits of each modality. We will also discuss the role that image-guided interventions play in the workup of these patients, through ultrasound and fluoroscopically guided joint aspirations. While there is no standard imaging algorithm that can universally applied to all patients with suspected PJI, we will discuss a general approach to diagnostic imaging and image-guided intervention in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Jardon
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jan Fritz
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Samim
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Sorensen AM, Zlevor AM, Kisting MA, Couillard AB, Ziemlewicz TJ, Toia GV, Hinshaw JL, Woods M, Stratchko LM, Pickhardt PJ, Foltz ML, Peppler WW, Lee FT, Knavel Koepsel EM. CT Navigation for Percutaneous Needle Placement: How I Do It. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 26:100911. [PMID: 38071032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvir.2023.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
CT navigation (CTN) has recently been developed to combine many of the advantages of conventional CT and CT-fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement. CTN systems display real-time needle position superimposed on a CT dataset. This is accomplished by placing electromagnetic (EM) or optical transmitters/sensors on the patient and needle, combined with fiducials placed within the scan field to superimpose a known needle location onto a CT dataset. Advantages of CTN include real-time needle tracking using a contemporaneous CT dataset with the patient in the treatment position, reduced radiation to the physician, facilitation of procedures outside the gantry plane, fewer helical scans during needle placement, and needle guidance based on diagnostic-quality CT datasets. Limitations include the display of a virtual (vs actual) needle position, which can be inaccurate if the needle bends, the fiducial moves, or patient movement occurs between scans, and limitations in anatomical regions with a high degree of motion such as the lung bases. This review summarizes recently introduced CTN technologies in comparison to historical methods of CT needle guidance. A "How I do it" section follows, which describes how CT navigation has been integrated into the study center for both routine and challenging procedures, and includes step-by-step explanations, technical tips, and pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sorensen
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Annie M Zlevor
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe V Toia
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - J Louis Hinshaw
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Departments of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Michael Woods
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Marcia L Foltz
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Fred T Lee
- Departments of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Departments of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Bohang SAM, Sohaimi N. An Overview on the Alignment of Radiation Protection in Computed Tomography with Maqasid al-Shari'ah in the Context of al-Dharuriyat. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:60-72. [PMID: 37425388 PMCID: PMC10325131 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing utilisation of computed tomography (CT) in the medical field has raised a greater concern regarding the radiation-induced health effects as CT imposes high radiation risks on the exposed individual. Adherence to radiation protection measures in CT as endorsed by regulatory bodies; justification, optimisation and dose limit, is essential to minimise radiation risks. Islam values every human being and Maqasid al-Shari'ah helps to protect human beings through its sacred principles which aim to fulfil human beings' benefits (maslahah) and prevent mischief (mafsadah). Alignment of the concept of radiation protection in CT within the framework of al-Dharuriyat; protection of faith or religion (din), protection of life (nafs), protection of lineage (nasl), protection of intellect ('aql) and protection of property (mal) is essential. This strengthens the concept and practices of radiation protection in CT among radiology personnel, particularly Muslim radiographers. The alignment provides supplementary knowledge towards the integration of knowledge fields between Islamic worldview and radiation protection in medical imaging, particularly in CT. This paper is hoped to set a benchmark for future studies on the integration of knowledge between the Islamic worldview and radiation protection in medical imaging in terms of other classifications of Maqasid al-Shari'ah; al-Hajiyat and al-Tahsiniyat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Munirah Bohang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norhanna Sohaimi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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8
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Zlevor AM, Kisting MA, Couillard AB, Rossebo AE, Szczykutowicz TP, Mao L, White JK, Hartung MP, Gettle LM, Hinshaw JL, Pickhardt PJ, Ziemlewicz TJ, Foltz ML, Lee FT. Percutaneous CT-Guided Abdominal and Pelvic Biopsies: Comparison of an Electromagnetic Navigation System and CT Fluoroscopy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 34:910-918. [PMID: 36736821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare electromagnetic navigation (EMN) with computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy for guiding percutaneous biopsies in the abdomen and pelvis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective matched-cohort design was used to compare biopsies in the abdomen and pelvis performed with EMN (consecutive cases, n = 50; CT-Navigation; Imactis, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France) with those performed with CT fluoroscopy (n = 100). Cases were matched 1:2 (EMN:CT fluoroscopy) for target organ and lesion size (±10 mm). RESULTS The population was well-matched (age, 65 vs 65 years; target size, 2.0 vs 2.1 cm; skin-to-target distance, 11.4 vs 10.7 cm; P > .05, EMN vs CT fluoroscopy, respectively). Technical success (98% vs 100%), diagnostic yield (98% vs 95%), adverse events (2% vs 5%), and procedure time (33 minutes vs 31 minutes) were not statistically different (P > .05). Operator radiation dose was less with EMN than with CT fluoroscopy (0.04 vs 1.2 μGy; P < .001), but patient dose was greater (30.1 vs 9.6 mSv; P < .001) owing to more helical scans during EMN guidance (3.9 vs 2.1; P < .001). CT fluoroscopy was performed with a mean of 29.7 tap scans per case. In 3 (3%) cases, CT fluoroscopy was performed with gantry tilt, and the mean angle out of plane for EMN cases was 13.4°. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous biopsies guided by EMN and CT fluoroscopy were closely matched for technical success, diagnostic yield, procedure time, and adverse events in a matched cohort of patients. EMN cases were more likely to be performed outside of the gantry plane. Radiation dose to the operator was higher with CT fluoroscopy, and patient radiation dose was higher with EMN. Further study with a wider array of procedures and anatomic locations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Zlevor
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Meridith A Kisting
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Annika E Rossebo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy P Szczykutowicz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James K White
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael P Hartung
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - J Louis Hinshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Marcia L Foltz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Fred T Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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9
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Costa PR, Tomal A, de Oliveira Castro JC, Nunes IPF, Nersissian DY, Sawamura MVY, Leão Filho H, Lee C. Diagnostic reference level quantities for adult chest and abdomen-pelvis CT examinations: correlation with organ doses. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:60. [PMID: 37024637 PMCID: PMC10079797 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate correlations between DRL quantities (DRLq) stratified into patient size groups for non-contrast chest and abdomen-pelvis CT examinations in adult patients and the corresponding organ doses. METHODS This study presents correlations between DRLq (CTDIvol, DLP and SSDE) stratified into patient size ranges and corresponding organ doses shared in four groups: inside, peripheral, distributed and outside. The demographic, technical and dosimetric parameters were used to identify the influence of these quantities in organ doses. A robust statistical method was implemented in order to establish these correlations and its statistical significance. RESULTS Median values of the grouped organ doses are presented according to the effective diameter ranges. Organ doses in the regions inside the imaged area are higher than the organ doses in peripheral, distributed and outside regions, excepted to the peripheral doses associated with chest examinations. Different levels of statistical significance between organ doses and the DRLq were presented. CONCLUSIONS Correlations between DRLq and target-organ doses associated with clinical practice can support guidance's to the establishment of optimization criteria. SSDE demonstrated to be significant in the evaluation of organ doses is also highlighted. The proposed model allows the design of optimization actions with specific risk-reduction results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Costa
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R. Do Matão, 1371, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Tomal
- Institute of Physics Gleb Watagin, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Denise Yanikian Nersissian
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R. Do Matão, 1371, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Hilton Leão Filho
- Division of Radiology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Helical CT versus intermittent CT fluoroscopic guidance for musculoskeletal needle biopsies: impact on radiation exposure, procedure time, diagnostic yield, and adverse events. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 52:1119-1126. [PMID: 36355218 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsies are essential in the workup of musculoskeletal (MSK) lesions. While helical CT (HCT) is well established, intermittent CT fluoroscopy (iCTF) is an increasingly used alternative. The purpose of this study is to establish whether differences in subject radiation exposure, procedure time, yield, or adverse events exist between HCT and iCTF guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included consecutive MSK needle biopsies performed on a single-CT scanner over a 12-month period at a tertiary academic center. Subject demographics, radiation dose, and outcomes were abstracted from the medical record. Comparisons between the two cohorts were performed using Student's t-test for continuous data and using Fisher's exact test for categorical data and a two-tailed p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Two hundred sixteen adults (115 (53.2%) females) with a mean age of 58.8 ± 18.4 years, underwent 216 biopsies (109 (50.5%) HCT guided, 107 (49.5%) iCTF guided) between June 2017 and June 2018. Dose-length product (DLP) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) were significantly higher for the HCT cohort (HCT 698.9 ± 400.8 mGycm vs iCTF 312.8 ± 170.8 mGycm; p < 0.005 and HCT 19.1 mGy ± 8.8 vs iCTF 6.9 mGy ± 1.5, p < 0.001). No significant difference in diagnostic yield, procedure time, or adverse event rate was identified. CONCLUSION For CT-guided MSK needle biopsies, iCTF decreases subject radiation dose compared to HCT without negatively affecting outcomes. iCTF should be strongly considered by radiologists performing MSK biopsies given the reduced patient radiation exposure.
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11
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Abrishami Kashani M, Campbell-Washburn AE, Murphy MC, Catalano OA, McDermott S, Fintelmann FJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Guidance and Follow-up of Thoracic Needle Biopsies and Thermal Ablations. J Thorac Imaging 2022; 37:201-216. [PMID: 35426857 PMCID: PMC10441002 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for the guidance and follow-up of percutaneous minimally invasive interventions in many body parts. In the thorax, computed tomography (CT) is currently the most used imaging modality for the guidance and follow-up of needle biopsies and thermal ablations. Compared with CT, MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast, lacks ionizing radiation, and allows functional imaging. The role of MRI is limited in the thorax due to the low hydrogen proton density and many air-tissue interfaces of the lung, as well as respiratory and cardiac motion. Here, we review the current experience of MR-guided thoracic needle biopsies and of MR-guided thermal ablations targeting lesions in the lung, mediastinum, and the chest wall. We provide an overview of MR-compatible biopsy needles and ablation devices. We detail relevant MRI sequences and their relative advantages and disadvantages for procedural guidance, assessment of complications, and long-term follow-up. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of CT and MR for thoracic interventions and identify areas in need of improvement and additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrienne E Campbell-Washburn
- Division of Intramural Research, Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark C Murphy
- Division of Thoracic Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology
| | - Onofrio A Catalano
- Division of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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12
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Levy S, Goldberg SN, Roth I, Shochat M, Sosna J, Leichter I, Flacke S. Clinical evaluation of a robotic system for precise CT-guided percutaneous procedures. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:5007-5016. [PMID: 34146132 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess accuracy and compare protocols for CT-guided needle insertion for clinical biopsies using a hands-free robotic system, balancing system accuracy with duration of procedure and radiation dose. METHODS Thirty-two percutaneous abdominal and pelvic biopsies were performed and analyzed at two centers (Center 1 n = 11; Center 2 n = 21) as part of an ongoing prospective, multi-center study. CT datasets were obtained for planning and controlled placement of 17 g needles using a patient-mounted, CT-guided robotic system. Planning included target selection, skin entry point, and predetermined checkpoints. Additional CT imaging was performed at checkpoints to confirm needle location and permit stepwise correction of the trajectory. Center 1 used a more conservative approach with multiple checkpoints, whereas Center 2 used fewer checkpoints. Scanning and needle advancement were performed under respiratory gating. Accuracy, radiation dose, and steering duration were compared. RESULTS Overall accuracy was 1.6 ± 1.5 mm (1.9 ± 1.2 mm Center 1; 1.5 ± 1.6 mm Center 2; p = 0.55). Mean distance to target was 86.2 ± 27.1 mm (p = 0.18 between centers). Center 1 used 4.6 ± 0.8 checkpoints, whereas Center 2 used 1.8 ± 0.6 checkpoints (p < 0.001). Effective radiation doses were lower for Center 1 than for Center 2 (22.2 ± 12.6 mSv vs. 11.7 ± 4.3 mSv; p = 0.002). Likewise, steering duration (from planning to target) was significantly reduced in relation to the number of checkpoints from 43.8 ± 15.9 min for Center 1 to 30.5 ± 10.2 min for Center 2 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Accurate needle targeting with < 2 mm error can be achieved in patients when using a CT-guided robotic system. Judicious selection of the number of checkpoints may substantially reduce procedure time and radiation dose without sacrificing accuracy.
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13
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Differences in Radiation Exposure of CT-Guided Percutaneous Manual and Powered Drill Bone Biopsy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44:1430-1438. [PMID: 33977330 PMCID: PMC8382636 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apart from the commonly applied manual needle biopsy, CT-guided percutaneous biopsies of bone lesions can be performed with battery-powered drill biopsy systems. Due to assumably different radiation doses and procedural durations, the aim of this study is to examine radiation exposure and establish local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of CT-guided bone biopsies of different anatomical regions. METHODS In this retrospective study, dose data of 187 patients who underwent CT-guided bone biopsy with a manual or powered drill biopsy system performed at one of three different multi-slice CT were analyzed. Between January 2012 and November 2019, a total of 27 femur (A), 74 ilium (B), 27 sacrum (C), 28 thoracic vertebrae (D) and 31 lumbar vertebrae (E) biopsies were included. Radiation exposure was reported for volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP). RESULTS CTDIvol and DLP of manual versus powered drill biopsy were (median, IQR): A: 56.9(41.4-128.5)/66.7(37.6-76.2)mGy, 410(203-683)/303(128-403)mGy·cm, B: 83.5(62.1-128.5)/59.4(46.2-79.8)mGy, 489(322-472)/400(329-695)mGy·cm, C: 97.5(71.6-149.2)/63.1(49.1-83.7)mGy, 627(496-740)/404(316-515)mGy·cm, D: 67.0(40.3-86.6)/39.7(29.9-89.0)mGy, 392(267-596)/207(166-402)mGy·cm and E: 100.1(66.5-162.6)/62.5(48.0-90.0)mGy, 521(385-619)/315(240-452)mGy·cm. Radiation exposure with powered drill was significantly lower for ilium and sacrum, while procedural duration was not increased for any anatomical location. Local DRLs could be depicted as follows (CTDIvol/DLP): A: 91 mGy/522 mGy·cm, B: 90 mGy/530 mGy·cm, C: 116 mGy/740 mGy·cm, D: 87 mGy/578 mGy·cm and E: 115 mGy/546 mGy·cm. The diagnostic yield was 82.4% for manual and 89.4% for powered drill biopsies. CONCLUSION Use of powered drill bone biopsy systems for CT-guided percutaneous bone biopsies can significantly reduce the radiation burden compared to manual biopsy for specific anatomical locations such as ilium and sacrum and does not increase radiation dose or procedural duration for any of the investigated locations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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14
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Jones AK, Kisiel ME, Rong XJ, Tam AL. Validation of a method for estimating peak skin dose from CT-guided procedures. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:224-228. [PMID: 33955655 PMCID: PMC8200428 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for estimating peak skin dose (PSD) from CTDIvol has been published but not validated. The objective of this study was to validate this method during CT‐guided ablation procedures. Radiochromic film was calibrated and used to measure PSD. Sixty‐eight patients were enrolled in this study, and measured PSD were collected for 46 procedures. CTDIvol stratified by axial and helical scanning was used to calculate an estimate of PSD using the method [1.2 × CTDIvol(helical) + 0.6 × CTDIvol(axial)], and both calculated PSD and total CTDIvol were compared to measured PSD using paired t‐tests on the log‐transformed data and Bland‐Altman analysis. Calculated PSD were significantly different from measured PSD (P < 0.0001, bias, 18.3%, 95% limits of agreement, −63.0% to 26.4%). Measured PSD were not significantly different from total CTDIvol (P = 0.27, bias, 3.97%, 95% limits of agreement, −51.6% to 43.7%). Considering that CTDIvol is reported on the console of all CT scanners, is not stratified by axial and helical scanning modes, and is immediately available to the operator during CT‐guided interventional procedures, it may be reasonable to use the scanner‐reported CTDIvol as an indicator of PSD during CT‐guided procedures. However, further validation is required for other models of CT scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kyle Jones
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meghan E Kisiel
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X John Rong
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alda L Tam
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Páez-Carpio A, Gómez FM, Isus Olivé G, Paredes P, Baetens T, Carrero E, Sánchez M, Vollmer I. Image-guided percutaneous ablation for the treatment of lung malignancies: current state of the art. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:57. [PMID: 33914187 PMCID: PMC8085189 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-00997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Image-guided percutaneous lung ablation has proven to be a valid treatment alternative in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma or oligometastatic lung disease. Available ablative modalities include radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation. Currently, there are no sufficiently representative studies to determine significant differences between the results of these techniques. However, a common feature among them is their excellent tolerance with very few complications. For optimal treatment, radiologists must carefully select the patients to be treated, perform a refined ablative technique, and have a detailed knowledge of the radiological features following lung ablation. Although no randomized studies comparing image-guided percutaneous lung ablation with surgery or stereotactic radiation therapy are available, the current literature demonstrates equivalent survival rates. This review will discuss image-guided percutaneous lung ablation features, including available modalities, approved indications, possible complications, published results, and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Páez-Carpio
- Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando M Gómez
- Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma Isus Olivé
- Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Paredes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarik Baetens
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enrique Carrero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Sánchez
- Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Vollmer
- Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Takiguchi K, Urikura A, Yoshida T, Nakaya Y, Endo M, Aramaki T. Radiation dose and image quality of CT fluoroscopy with partial exposure mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:333-338. [PMID: 32490834 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.19091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to evaluate the scan technique of computed tomography (CT)-guided puncture procedures using partial exposure mode (PEM) on the radiation dose of the operator's hand and image quality. METHODS Radiation dose was evaluated using three types of scanning methods: one-shot scan (OS), OS with a bismuth shield added (OSBismuth), and a half-scan (i.e., PEM) capable of an adjustable exposure angle. Dose evaluation was performed using a torso phantom, while a circular phantom simulating the liver parenchyma and lesions was used for image quality evaluation. For each scanning method, four measurements were made to determine the radiation dose to the operator's hand and the dose distribution on the surface of the patient's torso; the output-dose profile was determined from five measurements. Image quality was evaluated in terms of contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman test were used for comparison between groups as appropriate. The post hoc tests were Tukey's honestly difference (HSD) test for parametric data or Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction for nonparametric data. RESULTS The PEM yielded a radiation dose to the operator's hand that was 84% (0.35 vs. 2.33 mGy) lower than that of the OS. The dose to the patient's torso was reduced by 35% and 68% for the OSBismuth and PEM, respectively, relative to that of the OS. Compared with the CNR of the other two scanning methods (OS, 2.9±0.1; OSBismuth, 2.9±0.1), the PEM increased the standard deviation and decreased the CNR (2.1±0.04, Tukey's HSD, P < 0.001 for all). Images acquired with PEM showed visibility equivalent to that of other scanning methods when window conditions were adjusted. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CT-guided puncture procedure using PEM effectively reduces the operator's exposure to radiation while minimizing image quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takiguchi
- Radiation and Proton Therapy Center, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Urikura
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- Radiation and Proton Therapy Center, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakaya
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Endo
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aramaki
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
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17
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Scandiffio R, Bozzi E, Ezeldin M, Capanna R, Ceccoli M, Colangeli S, Donati DM, Colangeli M. Image-guided Cryotherapy for Musculoskeletal Tumors. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:166-178. [PMID: 32842945 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666200825162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article represents a review of the use of image-guided cryotherapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal tumor lesions. Cryotherapy is able to induce a lethal effect on cancer cells through direct and indirect mechanisms. In this manuscript, we combined our experience with that of other authors who have published on this topic in order to provide indications on when to use cryotherapy in musculoskeletal oncology. DISCUSSION Image-Guided percutaneous cryotherapy is a therapeutic method now widely accepted in the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal tumors. It can be used both for palliative treatments of metastatic bone lesions and for the curative treatment of benign bone tumors, such as osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma. In the treatment of bone metastases, cryotherapy plays a major role in alleviating or resolving disease-related pain, but it has also been demonstrated that it can have a role in local disease control. In recent years, the use of cryotherapy has also expanded for the treatment of both benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. CONCLUSION Percutaneous cryotherapy can be considered a safe and effective technique in the treatment of benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors. Cryotherapy can be considered the first option in benign tumor lesions, such as osteoid osteoma, and a valid alternative to radiofrequency ablation. In the treatment of painful bone metastases, it must be considered secondarily to other standard treatments (radiotherapy, bisphosphonate therapy, and chemotherapy) when they are no longer effective in controlling the disease or when they cannot be repeated (for example, radiotherapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Scandiffio
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mohamed Ezeldin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- 2nd Orthopedic Division, Department Of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceccoli
- 2nd Orthopedic Division, Department Of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Colangeli
- 2nd Orthopedic Division, Department Of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide M Donati
- Department of Musculo-Skeletal Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Colangeli
- Department of Musculo-Skeletal Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Fong AJ, Stewart CL, Lafaro K, LaRocca CJ, Fong Y, Femino JD, Crawford B. Robotic assistance for quick and accurate image-guided needle placement. Updates Surg 2021; 73:1197-1201. [PMID: 33394359 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-020-00956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) image-guided procedures including biopsy, drug delivery, and ablation are gaining increasing application in medicine. Robotic technology holds the promise for allowing surgeons, and other proceduralists, access to such CT-guided procedures by potentially shortening training, improving accuracy, decreasing needle passes, and reducing radiation exposure. We evaluated surgeon learning and proficiency for image-guided needle placement with an FDA-cleared robotic arm. Five out of six surgeons had no prior CT-guided procedural experience, while one had prior experience with freehand CT-guided needle placement. All surgeons underwent a 60-min training with the MAXIO robot (Perfint Healthcare, Redmond, WA). The robot was used to place needles into three different pre-specified targets on a spine model. Performance time, procedural errors, and needle placement accuracy were recorded. All participants successfully placed needles into the targets using the robotic arm. The average time for needle placement was 3:44 ± 1:43 min. Time for needle placement decreased with subsequent attempts, with average third placement taking 2:29 ± 1:51 min less than the first attempt. The average vector distance from the target was 2.3 ± 1.2 mm. One error resulted in the need for reimaging by CT scan. No errant needle placement occurred. Surgeons (attending fellows and residents) without previous experience and minimal training could successfully place percutaneous needles under CT guidance quickly, accurately, and reproducibly using a robotic arm. This suggests that robotic technology may be used to facilitate surgeon adoption of CT image-guided needle-based procedures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Fong
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Camille L Stewart
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kelly Lafaro
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Christopher J LaRocca
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Joseph D Femino
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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Arellano RS, Yang K, Rehani MM. Analysis of patients receiving ≥ 100 mSv during a computed tomography intervention. Eur Radiol 2020; 31:3065-3070. [PMID: 33180164 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a patient cohort who received ≥ 100 mSv during a single computed tomography (CT)-guided intervention and analyze clinical information. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the dose-tracking platform Radimetrics that collects data from all CT scanners in a single hospital, a patient-level search was performed retrospectively by setting a threshold effective dose (E) of 100 mSv for the period from January 2013 to December 2017. Patients who received ≥ 100 mSv in a single day during a single CT-guided intervention were then identified. Procedure types were identified, and medical records were reviewed up to January 2020 to identify patients who developed short- and/or medium-term (up to 8 years) medical consequences. RESULTS Of 8952 patients with 100 mSv+, there were 33 patients who underwent 37 CT-guided interventions each resulting in ≥ 100 mSv. Procedures included ablations (15), myelograms (8), drainages (7), biopsies (6), and other (1). The dose for individual procedures was 100.2 to 235.5 mSv with mean and median of 125.7 mSv and 111.8 mSv, respectively. Six patients (18 %) were less than 50 years of age. During the study period of 0.2 to 7 years, there were no deterministic or stochastic consequences identified in this study cohort. CONCLUSIONS While infrequent, CT-guided interventions may result in a single procedure dose of ≥ 100 mSv. Awareness of the possibility of such high doses and potential for long-term deleterious effects, especially in younger patients, and consideration of alternative imaging guidance and/or further dose optimization should be strongly considered whenever feasible. KEY POINTS • Although not so frequent, CT-guided interventions may result in a single procedure dose of ≥ 100 mSv • Procedures with potential for high dose includes ablations, myelograms, drainages, and biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Arellano
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Kai Yang
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Madan M Rehani
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Advocating the Development of Next-Generation, Advanced-Design Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Systems. Invest Radiol 2020; 55:747-753. [PMID: 33156083 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
New next-generation low-field magnetic resonance imaging systems (operating in the range of 0.5 T) hold great potential for increasing access to clinical diagnosis and needed health care both in developed countries and worldwide. The relevant history concerning the choice of field strength, which resulted in 1.5 T still dominating today the number of installed systems, is considered, together with design advances possible because of interval developments, since low field was considered for clinical use in the 1980s, and current research. The potential impact of low-cost, advanced-generation low-field magnetic resonance imaging systems, properly designed, is high in terms of further dissemination of health care-across the gamut from industrial to developing countries-regardless of disease entity and anatomic region of involvement, with major niche applications likely as well.
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21
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Schembri V, Piron L, Le Roy J, Hermida M, Lonjon J, Escal L, Pierredon MA, Belgour A, Cassinotto C, Guiu B. Percutaneous ablation of obscure hypovascular liver tumours in challenging locations using arterial CT-portography guidance. Diagn Interv Imaging 2020; 101:707-713. [PMID: 33012694 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of percutaneous ablation (PA) of obscure hypovascular liver tumors in challenging locations using arterial CT-portography (ACP) guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 26 patients with a total of 28 obscure, hypovascular malignant liver tumors were included. There were 18 men and 6 women with a mean age of 58±14 (SD) years (range: 37-75 years). The tumors had a mean diameter of 14±10 (SD) mm (range: 7-24mm) and were intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (4/28; 14%), liver metastases from colon cancer (18/28; 64%), corticosurrenaloma (3/28; 11%) or liver metastases from breast cancer (3/28; 11%). All tumors were in challenging locations including subcapsular (14/28; 50%), liver dome (9/28; 32%) or perihilar (5/28; 18%) locations. A total of 28 PA (12 radiofrequency ablations, 11 microwave ablations and 5 irreversible electroporations) procedures were performed under ACP guidance. RESULTS A total of 67 needles [mean: 2.5±1.5 (SD); range: 1-5] were inserted under ACP guidance, with a 100% technical success rate for PA. Median total effective dose was 26.5 mSv (IQR: 19.1, 32.2 mSv). Two complications were encountered (pneumothorax; one abscess both with full recovery), yielding a complication rate of 7%. No significant change in mean creatinine clearance was observed (80.5mL/min at baseline and 85.3mL/min at day 7; P=0.8). Post-treatment evaluation of the ablation zone was overestimated on ACP compared with conventional CT examination in 3/28 tumors (11%). After a median follow-up of 20 months (range: 12-35 months), local tumor progression was observed in 2/28 tumours (7%). CONCLUSION ACP guidance is feasible and allows safe and effective PA of obscure hypo-attenuating liver tumors in challenging locations without damaging the renal function and with acceptable radiation exposure. Post-treatment assessment should be performed using conventional CT or MRI to avoid size overestimation of the ablation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schembri
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - L Piron
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - J Le Roy
- Department of radiation protection, University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - M Hermida
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - J Lonjon
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - L Escal
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - M-A Pierredon
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - A Belgour
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - C Cassinotto
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France
| | - B Guiu
- Department of radiology, St-Éloi University Hospital, 34980 Montpellier, France.
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22
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Systematic Evaluation of Low-dose MDCT for Planning Purposes of Lumbosacral Periradicular Infiltrations. Clin Neuroradiol 2019; 30:749-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Bhagavatula SK, Upadhyaya K, Miller BJ, Bursch P, Lammers A, Cima MJ, Silverman SG, Jonas O. An interventional image-guided microdevice implantation and retrieval method for in-vivo drug response assessment. Med Phys 2019; 46:5134-5143. [PMID: 31494942 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently developed implantable microdevices can perform multi-drug response assessment of cancer drugs in-vivo, with potential to develop highly optimized personalized cancer treatment strategies. However, minimally invasive/interventional image-guided methods of in-vivo microdevice implantation, securement, and retrieval are needed for broad clinical translation. Here we demonstrate proof-of-concept of an interventional microdevice implantation and retrieval method for personalized drug response assessment, using ex-vivo phantom, ex-vivo tissue, and in-vivo murine models. METHODS A method for minimally-invasive microdevice implantation and retrieval was developed, by which a custom-prototyped 6 mm retrievable microdevice can be implanted into a live tumor, deliver drugs into 10 discrete regions of adjacent tissue, and retrieved along with the adjacent drug-exposed tissue with a custom-prototyped retrieval needle device to allow in-vivo multi-drug response assessment. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US)-guided minimally invasive microdevice implantation and retrieval were tested in ex-vivo phantom and tissue models. Successful retrieval was defined as retrieval of the microdevice and adjacent core phantom/tissue sample containing at least 4/10 drug delivery sites. Subsequently, 10 implantation and retrieval trials in phantom models were performed using bi-axial and tri-axial retrieval needles; success rates were calculated and compared using a two-proportion z-test and the number of successfully retrieved drug release sites per microdevice was calculated and compared using a one-tailed independent t-test. Finally, five microdevices, each containing ten reservoirs preloaded with chemotherapy agent Doxorubicin, were implanted into mouse tumors in-vivo, secured for 24-h during drug release, and microdevice/tissue retrieval was performed under ultrasound guidance. Fluorescence microscopy of the retrieved tissue was used to confirm drug delivery and apoptosis staining assessed in-vivo tissue response; correlation of drug release and apoptosis staining were used to assess in-vivo drug efficacy. RESULTS Image-guided microdevice implantation and retrieval were successful in ex-vivo phantom and tissue models with both US and CT guidance. Bi-axial retrieval success rate was significantly higher than triaxial retrieval in ex-vivo phantom trials (90% vs 50%, z = 1.95, P = 0.026), and had nonsignificantly higher number of retrieved drug-release sites per microdevice (8.3 vs 7.0, t = 1.37, P = 0.097). Bi-axial retrieval was successful in all five in-vivo mouse tumor models, and allowed in-vivo drug response assessment at up to ten discrete drug delivery sites per microdevice. An average of 6.8/10 discrete tumor sites containing micro-doses of delivered drug were retrieved per in-vivo attempt (min 5, max 10, std 1.93). Tissue regions of drug delivery, as assessed with fluorescent Doxorubicin drug signal, correlated with regions of apoptosis staining in all in-vivo models, indicating drug efficacy. No bleeding, microdevice migration, or other complications were noted during implantation, 24-h observation, or retrieval. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated image-guided minimally invasive microdevice implantation and retrieval method is similar to routine outpatient biopsy procedures, obviates the need for surgery, and can be performed at varying depths under CT and/or US guidance. There is potential for this method to enable clinical translation of in-vivo personalized drug response assessment/prediction in a much larger number of patients than currently possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath K Bhagavatula
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kunj Upadhyaya
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brendyn J Miller
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick Bursch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alex Lammers
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stuart G Silverman
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
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24
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Gray ME, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Meehan J, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. A Novel Translational Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Model for Human Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:534. [PMID: 31316911 PMCID: PMC6611418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell line and in vivo murine models have historically dominated pre-clinical cancer research. These models can be expensive and time consuming and lead to only a small percentage of anti-cancer drugs gaining a license for human use. Large animal models that reflect human disease have high translational value; these can be used to overcome current pre-clinical research limitations through the integration of drug development techniques with surgical procedures and anesthetic protocols, along with emerging fields such as implantable medical devices. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally-occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease has similar histological classification and oncogenic pathway activation to that of human lung adenocarcinomas making it a valuable model for studying human lung cancer. Developing OPA models to include techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer would enhance its translational potential, making it an excellent research tool in assessing cancer therapeutics. In this study we developed a novel OPA model to validate the ability of miniaturized implantable O2 and pH sensors to monitor the tumor microenvironment. Naturally-occurring pre-clinical OPA cases were obtained through an on-farm ultrasound screening programme. Sensors were implanted into OPA tumors of anesthetized sheep using a CT-guided trans-thoracic percutaneous implantation procedure. This study reports the findings from 9 sheep that received sensor implantations. Time taken from initial CT scans to the placement of a single sensor into an OPA tumor was 45 ± 5 min, with all implantations resulting in the successful delivery of sensors into tumors. Immediate post-implantation mild pneumothoraces occurred in 4 sheep, which was successfully managed in all cases. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of the use of naturally-occurring OPA cases as a pre-clinical surgical model. Through the integration of techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer patients, including ultrasound, general anesthesia, CT and surgery into the OPA model, we have demonstrated its translational potential. Although our research was tailored specifically for the implantation of sensors into lung tumors, we believe the model could also be developed for other pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R K Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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