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Grist JT, Collier GJ, Walters H, Kim M, Chen M, Abu Eid G, Laws A, Matthews V, Jacob K, Cross S, Eves A, Durrant M, McIntyre A, Thompson R, Schulte RF, Raman B, Robbins PA, Wild JM, Fraser E, Gleeson F. Lung Abnormalities Detected with Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI in Patients with Long COVID. Radiology 2022; 305:709-717. [PMID: 35608443 PMCID: PMC9134268 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.220069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Post-COVID-19 condition encompasses symptoms following COVID-19 infection that linger at least 4 weeks after the end of active infection. Symptoms are wide ranging, but breathlessness is common. Purpose To determine if the previously described lung abnormalities seen on hyperpolarized (HP) pulmonary xenon 129 (129Xe) MRI scans in participants with post-COVID-19 condition who were hospitalized are also present in participants with post-COVID-19 condition who were not hospitalized. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, nonhospitalized participants with post-COVID-19 condition (NHLC) and posthospitalized participants with post-COVID-19 condition (PHC) were enrolled from June 2020 to August 2021. Participants underwent chest CT, HP 129Xe MRI, pulmonary function testing, and the 1-minute sit-to-stand test and completed breathlessness questionnaires. Control subjects underwent HP 129Xe MRI only. CT scans were analyzed for post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease severity using a previously published scoring system and full-scale airway network (FAN) modeling. Analysis used group and pairwise comparisons between participants and control subjects and correlations between participant clinical and imaging data. Results A total of 11 NHLC participants (four men, seven women; mean age, 44 years ± 11 [SD]; 95% CI: 37, 50) and 12 PHC participants (10 men, two women; mean age, 58 years ±10; 95% CI: 52, 64) were included, with a significant difference in age between groups (P = .05). Mean time from infection was 287 days ± 79 (95% CI: 240, 334) and 143 days ± 72 (95% CI: 105, 190) in NHLC and PHC participants, respectively. NHLC and PHC participants had normal or near normal CT scans (mean, 0.3/25 ± 0.6 [95% CI: 0, 0.63] and 7/25 ± 5 [95% CI: 4, 10], respectively). Gas transfer (Dlco) was different between NHLC and PHC participants (mean Dlco, 76% ± 8 [95% CI: 73, 83] vs 86% ± 8 [95% CI: 80, 91], respectively; P = .04), but there was no evidence of other differences in lung function. Mean red blood cell-to-tissue plasma ratio was different between volunteers (mean, 0.45 ± 0.07; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.47]) and PHC participants (mean, 0.31 ± 0.10; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.37; P = .02) and between volunteers and NHLC participants (mean, 0.37 ± 0.10; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.44; P = .03) but not between NHLC and PHC participants (P = .26). FAN results did not correlate with Dlco) or HP 129Xe MRI results. Conclusion Nonhospitalized participants with post-COVID-19 condition (NHLC) and posthospitalized participants with post-COVID-19 condition (PHC) showed hyperpolarized pulmonary xenon 129 MRI and red blood cell-to-tissue plasma abnormalities, with NHLC participants demonstrating lower gas transfer than PHC participants despite having normal CT findings. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Parraga and Matheson in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Grist
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Guilhem J. Collier
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Huw Walters
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Minsuok Kim
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Mitchell Chen
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Gabriele Abu Eid
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Aviana Laws
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Violet Matthews
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Kenneth Jacob
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Susan Cross
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Alexandra Eves
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Marianne Durrant
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Anthony McIntyre
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Roger Thompson
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Rolf F. Schulte
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Betty Raman
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Peter A. Robbins
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Jim M. Wild
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Emily Fraser
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- From the Department of Radiology (J.T.G., H.W., M.C., G.A.E., A.L.,
V.M., K.J., S.C., A.E., M.D., A.M., F.G.) and Oxford Interstitial Lung Disease
Service (E.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of
Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (J.T.G., P.A.R.), Radcliffe Department of
Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (J.T.G., B.R.),
and Department of Oncology (F.G.), University of Oxford, Old Road Headington,
Oxford 0X3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (J.T.G.); POLARIS, Department of Infection
Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (G.J.C., J.M.W.), and Department of
Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease (R.T.), University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK; Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (M.K.); and GE
Healthcare, Munich, Germany (R.F.S.)
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