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Pushing CT and MR imaging to the molecular level for studying the "omics": current challenges and advancements. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:365812. [PMID: 24738056 PMCID: PMC3971568 DOI: 10.1155/2014/365812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, medical imaging has made the transition from anatomical imaging to functional and even molecular imaging. Such transition provides a great opportunity to begin the integration of imaging data and various levels of biological data. In particular, the integration of imaging data and multiomics data such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and pharmacogenomics may open new avenues for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. However, to promote imaging-omics integration, the practical challenge of imaging techniques should be addressed. In this paper, we describe key challenges in two imaging techniques: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and then review existing technological advancements. Despite the fact that CT and MRI have different principles of image formation, both imaging techniques can provide high-resolution anatomical images while playing a more and more important role in providing molecular information. Such imaging techniques that enable single modality to image both the detailed anatomy and function of tissues and organs of the body will be beneficial in the imaging-omics field.
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Gillies RJ, Flowers CI, Drukteinis JS, Gatenby RA. A unifying theory of carcinogenesis, and why targeted therapy doesn't work. Eur J Radiol 2013; 81 Suppl 1:S48-50. [PMID: 23083599 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA.
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Kim N, Choi J, Yi J, Choi S, Park S, Chang Y, Seo JB. An engineering view on megatrends in radiology: digitization to quantitative tools of medicine. Korean J Radiol 2013; 14:139-53. [PMID: 23482650 PMCID: PMC3590324 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2013.14.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Within six months of the discovery of X-ray in 1895, the technology was used to scan the interior of the human body, paving the way for many innovations in the field of medicine, including an ultrasound device in 1950, a CT scanner in 1972, and MRI in 1980. More recent decades have witnessed developments such as digital imaging using a picture archiving and communication system, computer-aided detection/diagnosis, organ-specific workstations, and molecular, functional, and quantitative imaging. One of the latest technical breakthrough in the field of radiology has been imaging genomics and robotic interventions for biopsy and theragnosis. This review provides an engineering perspective on these developments and several other megatrends in radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkug Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
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Gillies RJ, Verduzco D, Gatenby RA. Evolutionary dynamics of carcinogenesis and why targeted therapy does not work. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:487-93. [PMID: 22695393 PMCID: PMC4122506 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All malignant cancers, whether inherited or sporadic, are fundamentally governed by Darwinian dynamics. The process of carcinogenesis requires genetic instability and highly selective local microenvironments, the combination of which promotes somatic evolution. These microenvironmental forces, specifically hypoxia, acidosis and reactive oxygen species, are not only highly selective, but are also able to induce genetic instability. As a result, malignant cancers are dynamically evolving clades of cells living in distinct microhabitats that almost certainly ensure the emergence of therapy-resistant populations. Cytotoxic cancer therapies also impose intense evolutionary selection pressures on the surviving cells and thus increase the evolutionary rate. Importantly, the principles of Darwinian dynamics also embody fundamental principles that can illuminate strategies for the successful management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology and Biophysics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa FL 33602, USA.
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Hundt W, Yuh EL, Steinbach S, Bednarski MD, Guccione S. Mechanic effect of pulsed focused ultrasound in tumor and muscle tissue evaluated by MRI, histology, and microarray analysis. Eur J Radiol 2009; 76:279-87. [PMID: 19545959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to tumor and muscle tissue. Pulsed HIFU was applied to tumor and muscle tissue in C3H/Km mice. Three hours after HIFU treatment pre- and post-contrast T1-wt, T2-wt images and a diffusion-wt STEAM-sequence were obtained. After MR imaging, the animals were euthenized and the treated tumor and muscle was taken out for histology and functional genomic analysis. In the tumor tissue a slight increase of the diffusion coefficient could be found. In the muscle tissue T2 images showed increased signal intensity and post-contrast T1 showed a decreased contrast uptake in the center and a severe contrast uptake in the surrounding muscle tissue. A significant increase of the diffusion coefficient was found. Gene expression analysis revealed profound changes in the expression levels of 29 genes being up-regulated and 3 genes being down-regulated in the muscle tissue and 31 genes being up-regulated and 15 genes being down-regulated in the SCCVII tumor tissue. Seven genes were up-regulated in both tissue types. The highest up-regulated gene in the tumor and muscle tissue encoded for Mouse histone H2A.1 gene (FC=13.2±20.6) and Apolipoprotein E (FC=12.8±27.4) respectively MHC class III (FC=83.7±67.4) and hsp70 (FC=75.3±85.0). Immunoblot confirmed the presence of HSP70 protein in the muscle tissue. Pulsed HIFU treatment on tumor and muscle tissue results in dramatic changes in gene expression, indicating that the effect of pulsed HIFU is in some regard dependent and also independent of the tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Lucas MRS Research Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA.
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Hundt W, Steinbach S, Mayer D, Bednarski MD. Modulation of luciferase activity using high intensity focused ultrasound in combination with bioluminescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis in muscle tissue. ULTRASONICS 2009; 49:549-557. [PMID: 19345388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to muscle tissue transfected with a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a CMV-promoter. HIFU was applied to the transfected muscle tissue using a dual HIFU system. In a first group four different intensities (802 W/cm2, 1401 W/cm2, 2117 W/cm2, 3067 W/cm2) of continuous HIFU were applied 20 s every other week for four times. In a second group two different intensities (802 W/cm2, 1401 W/cm2) were applied 20 s every fourth day for 20 times. The luciferase activity was determined by bioluminescence imaging. The effect of HIFU to the muscle tissue was assessed by T1-weighted +/- Gd-DTPA, T2-weighted and a diffusion-weighted STEAM sequence obtained on a 1.5-T GE-MRI scanner. Histology of the treated tissue was done at the end. In the first group the photon emission was at 3067.6 W/cm2 1.28 x 10(7) +/- 3.1 x 10(6) photon/s (5.5 +/- 1.2-fold), of 2157.9 W/cm2 8.1 +/- 2.7 x 10(6) photon/s (3.2 +/- 1.1-fold), of 1401.9 W/cm2 9.3 +/- 1.3 x 10(6) photon/s (4.9 +/- 0.4-fold) and of 802.0 W/cm2 8.6x +/- 1.2 x 10(6) photon/s (4.5 +/- 0.6-fold) compared to baseline. In the second group the photon emission was at 1401.9 W/cm2 and 802.0 W/cm2 14.1 +/- 3.6 x 10(6) photon/s (6.1 +/- 1.5-fold), respectively, 5.1 +/- 4.7 x 10(6) photon/s (6.5 +/- 2.0-fold). HIFU can enhance the luciferase activity controlled by a CMV-promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Department of Radiology, Lucas MRS Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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From molecular imaging to systems diagnostics: time for another paradigm shift? Eur J Radiol 2009; 70:201-4. [PMID: 19261418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The term "Molecular Imaging" has hit the consciousness of radiologists only in the past decade although many of the concepts that molecular imaging encompasses has been practiced in biomedical imaging, especially in nuclear medicine, for many decades. Many new imaging techniques have allowed us to interrogate biologic events at the cellular and molecular level in vivo in four dimensions but the challenge now is to translate these techniques into clinical practice in a way that will enable us to revolutionize healthcare delivery. The purpose of this article is to introduce the term "Systems Diagnostics" and examine how radiologists can become translators of disparate sources of information into medical decisions and therapeutic actions.
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Hundt W, Yuh EL, Steinbach S, Bednarski MD, Guccione S. Comparison of continuous vs. pulsed focused ultrasound in treated muscle tissue as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, histological analysis, and microarray analysis. Eur Radiol 2008; 18:993-1004. [PMID: 18205005 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different application modes of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to muscle tissue. HIFU was applied to muscle tissue of the flank in C3H/Km mice. Two dose regimes were investigated, a continuous HIFU and a short-pulsed HIFU mode. Three hours after HIFU treatment pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted, T2-weighted images and a diffusion-weighted STEAM sequence were obtained. After MR imaging, the animals were euthanized and the treated, and the non-treated tissue was taken out for histology and functional genomic analysis. T2 images showed increased signal intensity and post-contrast T1 showed a decreased contrast uptake in the central parts throughout the tissue of both HIFU modes. A significantly higher diffusion coefficient was found in the muscle tissue treated with continuous wave focused ultrasound. Gene expression analysis revealed profound changes of 54 genes. For most of the analyzed genes higher expression was found after treatment with the short-pulse mode. The highest up-regulated genes encoded for the MHC class III (FC approximately 84), HSP 70 (FC approximately 75) and FBJ osteosarcoma related oncogene (FC approximately 21). Immunohistology and the immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of HSP70 protein in both applied HIFU modes. The use of HIFU treatment on muscle tissue results in dramatic changes in gene expression; however, the same genes are up-regulated after the application of continuous or pulsed HIFU, indicating that the tissue reaction is independent of the type of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Lucas MRS Research Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA.
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Abstract
Although most clinical diagnostic imaging studies employ anatomic techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, much of radiology research currently focuses on adapting these conventional methods to physiologic imaging as well as on introducing new techniques and probes for studying processes at the cellular and molecular levels in vivo, i.e. molecular imaging. Molecular imaging promises to provide new methods for the early detection of cancer and support for personalized cancer therapy. Although molecular imaging has been practiced in various incarnations for over 20 years in the context of nuclear medicine, other imaging modalities have only recently been applied to the noninvasive assessment of physiology and molecular events. Nevertheless, there has been sufficient experience with specifically targeted contrast agents and high-resolution techniques for MR imaging and other modalities that we must begin moving these new technologies from the laboratory to the clinic. This brief review outlines several of the more promising areas of pursuit in molecular imaging for oncology with an emphasis on those that show the most immediate likelihood for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-2182, USA.
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Nieman BJ, Bock NA, Bishop J, Chen XJ, Sled JG, Rossant J, Henkelman RM. Magnetic resonance imaging for detection and analysis of mouse phenotypes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:447-68. [PMID: 16206127 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the enormous and growing number of experimental and genetic mouse models of human disease, there is a need for efficient means of characterizing abnormalities in mouse anatomy and physiology. Adaptation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the scale of the mouse promises to address this challenge and make major contributions to biomedical research by non-invasive assessment in the mouse. MRI is already emerging as an enabling technology providing informative and meaningful measures in a range of mouse models. In this review, recent progress in both in vivo and post mortem imaging is reported. Challenges unique to mouse MRI are also identified. In particular, the needs for high-throughput imaging and comparative anatomical analyses in large biological studies are described and current efforts at handling these issues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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Li KCP. A primer on molecular biology for imagers IX. How to become a "molecular imager". Acad Radiol 2004; 11:1274-7. [PMID: 15561574 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King C P Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 1C626, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892-1182, USA.
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Li KC. A primer on molecular biology for imagers. Acad Radiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
MR Spectroscopy provides a means to characterize the metabolite profiles of tumoral and non-tumoral lesions in the brain. This article aims to provide tools to increase our sensitivity and specificity of neurodiagnosis, particularly in combination with other advanced MRI techniques such as perfusion MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Law
- Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Guccione S, Li KCP, Bednarski MD. Molecular imaging and therapy directed at the neovasculature in pathologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:50-6. [PMID: 15565799 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2004.1360408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have discussed the impact of molecular imaging on clinical and preclinical medicine. We have presented the potential problems of delivering the effective therapeutic dose and the properties that can help contribute to the drug efficacy. The rationale for the design of new antiangiogenic agents that can be used for imaging and therapy was presented. Finally, results from imaging and targeted nanoparticle based therapies were presented. In vivo imaging of angiogenic tumors using anti-alpha(v)beta3 -targeted polymerized vesicles composed of the murine antibody LM609 attached to NPs labeled with the MR contrast agent gadolinium in the V2 carcinoma model in rabbits. MRI studies using this targeted contrast agent revealed large areas of alpha(v)beta3 integrin expression in tumor-associated vasculature that conventional MRIs failed to show. Other investigators have used microemulsions conjugated to an antibody targeted against alpha(v)beta as imaging agents. These materials also show contrast enhancement of tumor vasculature undergoing angiogenesis. Other markers, such as the PECAM-1 (CD-31), VCAM-1 (CD54) and VEGF receptor (flk-1), have been shown to be upregulated on tumor endothelium and associated with angiogenesis but have not been used in imaging studies. Furthermore, by modification of the NPs, we were able to use this imaging agent as an antiangiogenic gene delivery system. The results from these studies are very promising and are being further pursued.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to the rapidly expanding field of mouse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is by no means meant to be all-inclusive but rather to provide a brief introduction to the basics of MRI theory, provide some insight into the basic experiments that can be performed in mice by using MRI, and bring to light some factors to consider when planning a mouse MRI experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robia G Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Yang YS, Guccione S, Bednarski MD. Comparing genomic and histologic correlations to radiographic changes in tumors: a murine SCC VII model study. Acad Radiol 2004; 10:1165-75. [PMID: 14587635 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the correlation between the temporal changes in T1- and T2-weighted contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histologic evaluation, and genomic analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays in a murine squamous cell carcinoma tumor models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) cell line was used to initiate subcutaneous tumors in mice. This mouse model has been used as a model for human head and neck carcinomas. Animals were imaged using contrast enhanced MRI (CE-MRI). Different stages of tumor growth were defined based on changes in the T1- and T2-weighted MRI patterns. The contrast enhancing (CE) and nonenhancing (NE) regions of the tumors were marked and biopsied for oligonucleotide microarray and histologic analysis. Tumors with no differential contrast enhancement were used as controls. RESULTS Distinct temporal stages of tumor progression can be defined using both T1- and T2-weighted CE-MRI and microarray analysis. The early stage tumors show a homogeneous contrast enhancement pattern in the T1- and T2-weighted images with no significant differential gene expression from the center and periphery of the tumor. The more advanced tumors that show discrete regions of contrast enhancement in the post-contrast T1-weighted MRIs and tissues from the CE and NE regions show distinctly differential gene expression profiles. Histologic analysis (hematoxylin-eosin stain) showed that the samples obtained from the periphery and center of the early stage tumors and the CE and NE regions from these more advanced tumors were similar. The gene expression profiles of late-stage tumors that showed changes in T2-weighted MRI signal intensity were consistent with tissue degradation in the NE region, which also showed characteristic signs of tissue necrosis in histologic analysis. CONCLUSION These results show that temporal changes in T1- and T2-weighted CE-MRI are related to distinct gene expression profiles, and histologic analysis may not be sufficient to detect these detailed changes. As tumors progress, discrete regions of post-contrast T1 enhancement are identified; these regions have distinct gene expression patterns despite similar histologic features. In late-stage tumors, regions of T2 signal changes are observed which correspond with tissue necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Yang
- Lucas MRS Research Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Guccione S, Li KCP, Bednarski MD. Vascular-Targeted Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Therapy. Methods Enzymol 2004; 386:219-36. [PMID: 15120254 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)86010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Guccione
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Gerber HP. Angiogenesis: new opportunities and solutions for drug development. Predictive markers for antiangiogenic drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:2001-4. [PMID: 14640944 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.12.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Gerber
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Current awareness in NMR in biomedicine. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2003; 16:510-517. [PMID: 14719526 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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