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Herrera-Ortiz AF, Del Castillo V, Aguirre D, Duarte JN, Gutierrez MJ, Olarte LM, Noguera V, Quiroz-Alfaro AJ. Spleen anomalies and lesions in CT and MRI: essentials for radiologists and clinicians-a pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024:10.1007/s00261-024-04405-6. [PMID: 39192089 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The precise evaluation of splenic lesions using cross-sectional imaging presents a complex challenge due to the overlapping imaging characteristics of most splenic diseases and the absence of specific symptoms, complicating the diagnosis process. This pictorial review highlights the essential elements that should be included in a radiology report to interpret cross-sectional imaging studies of splenic lesions. To augment the diagnostic accuracy, we propose the implementation of a stepwise algorithmic approach. This approach offers a comprehensive analysis of splenic anomalies and lesions, providing an invaluable tool for radiologists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Herrera-Ortiz
- Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 116 Street # 9-02, 110111, Bogotá, Colombia
- Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valeria Del Castillo
- Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 116 Street # 9-02, 110111, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Diego Aguirre
- Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 116 Street # 9-02, 110111, Bogotá, Colombia
- Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Nicolás Duarte
- Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 116 Street # 9-02, 110111, Bogotá, Colombia
- Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Valeria Noguera
- Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 116 Street # 9-02, 110111, Bogotá, Colombia
- Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro José Quiroz-Alfaro
- Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Internal Medicine, North Mississippi Medical Center, Tupelo, USA
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Valizadeh P, Jannatdoust P, Tahamtan M, Soleimani Dorcheh S, Khalaj F, Ghorani H, Ayoobi Yazdi N, Salahshour F. Differentiating malignant from benign splenic lesions: a meta-analysis and pictorial review of imaging features. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:2833-2857. [PMID: 38900328 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Splenic lesions might exhibit overlapping imaging features, varying from benign entities like cysts and hemangiomas to malignancies such as lymphoma and angiosarcoma. This meta-analysis aims to delineate imaging characteristics that distinguish malignant from benign splenic lesions. METHODS Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies on imaging features differentiating malignant from benign splenic lesions. We extracted data on splenic pathology and imaging characteristics and assessed the methodological quality via QUADAS-2. Odds ratio meta-analyses were performed using STATA (Version 17.0, Stata Corp, College Station, TX). RESULTS Portal phase hypoenhancement, hypovascular enhancement pattern, diffusion restriction, and late phase hypoenhancement, with odds ratios above 10, highly indicate malignancy. Other features suggestive of malignancy include solid morphology, lymphadenopathy, presence of perisplenic fluid, arterial hypoenhancement, hypoechogenicity on ultrasound, splenomegaly, and presence of multiple lesions. In contrast, cystic morphology, hypervascular-washout and hypervascular-persistent pattern of enhancement, late phase hyperenhancement, anechogenicity on ultrasound, portal phase hyperenhancement, well-defined borders, and calcification are in favour of benign pathology. CONCLUSION The study underscores the critical role of contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted imaging in distinguishing malignant from benign splenic lesions, emphasizing the role of features like portal phase hypoenhancement and restricted diffusion in diagnosing malignancies. Additionally, the study emphasizes the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, which allows for the visualization of key contrast-enhancement patterns without the risk of ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Valizadeh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Jannatdoust
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Tahamtan
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Soleimani Dorcheh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Khalaj
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghorani
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Salahshour
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Krähling H, Seidensticker M, Heindel WL, Gerwing M. Diagnostic approach to splenic lesions. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024; 196:573-581. [PMID: 37967822 DOI: 10.1055/a-2193-2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenic lesions are rare and mostly incidental findings on cross-sectional imaging. Most lesions are of benign nature and can be correctly identified based on imaging characteristics. Further, invasive evaluation is only necessary in cases of splenic lesions with uncertain or potentially malignant etiology. METHOD While in most cases a correct diagnosis can be made from computed tomography (CT), (additional) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can aid in the identification of lesions. As these lesions are rare, only a few of the differential diagnoses are regularly diagnosed in the clinical routine. RESULT AND CONCLUSION This review presents the differential diagnoses of splenic lesions, including imaging characteristics and a flowchart to determine the right diagnosis. In conjunction with laboratory results and clinical symptoms, histological workup is necessary only in a few cases, especially in incidental findings. In these cases, image-guided biopsies should be preferred over splenectomy, if possible. KEY POINTS · Splenic lesions are rare and are usually incidental findings on abdominal imaging. · CT imaging and MRI imaging are the diagnostic tools of choice for the further workup of splenic lesions. · Based on their image morphological characteristics, a large number of splenic lesions can be assigned to one entity and do not need histological analysis. CITATION FORMAT · Krähling H, Seidensticker M, Heindel WL et al. Diagnostic approach to splenic lesions. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 573 - 581.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | | | - Mirjam Gerwing
- Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Valizadeh P, Jannatdoust P, Tahamtan M, Ghorani H, Dorcheh SS, Farnoud K, Salahshour F. Diagnostic performance of different imaging modalities for splenic malignancies: A comparative meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol Open 2024; 12:100566. [PMID: 38681661 PMCID: PMC11053287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2024.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The spleen hosts both benign and malignant lesions. Despite multiple imaging modalities, the distinction between these lesions poses a diagnostic challenge, marked by varying diagnostic accuracy levels across methods. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of various imaging techniques for detecting malignant splenic lesions. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases for studies evaluating imaging techniques in detecting malignant splenic lesions. Data extraction included diagnostic accuracy metrics, and methodological quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Diagnostic Test Accuracy meta-analyses were conducted using R (version: 4.2.1). Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to compare different modalities and clinical settings. Results Our study included 28 studies (pooled sample size: 2358), primarily using retrospective designs with histopathology as the reference standard. PET scan demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 92 %), demonstrating a sensitivity of 93 % (95 % CI: 80.4 % - 97.7 %) and a specificity of 82.8 % (95 % CI: 71.1 % - 90.4 %). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), Contrast-enhanced CT scan, and contrast-enhanced MRI also showed impressive performance with AUCs of 91.4 %, 90.9 %, and 85.3 %, respectively. Differences among these modalities were not statistically significant, but they outperformed non-contrast-enhanced methods. PET and CEUS exhibited higher specificity for lymphoma cases compared to studies including other malignancies. Conclusion and clinical implications Overall, PET emerges as the best modality for splenic malignancies, and CEUS and CE-MRI show promise as potential alternatives, notably due to their reduced radiation exposure. Further research is essential for precise malignancy differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Valizadeh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Jannatdoust
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Tahamtan
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghorani
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Soleimani Dorcheh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Khashayar Farnoud
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Salahshour
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang W, Shi X, Zhang X, Li Z, Yue J. Feasibility and safety of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance-guided adaptive radiotherapy for upper abdominal tumors: A preliminary exploration. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024; 30:100582. [PMID: 38765880 PMCID: PMC11099332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) in MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART) for upper abdominal tumors. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR (cT1w MR) using half doses of gadoterate was used to guide daily adaptive radiotherapy for tumors poorly visualized without contrast. The use of gadoterate was found to be feasible and safe in 5-fraction MRgART and could improve the contrast-to-noise ratio of MR images. And the use of cT1w MR could reduce the interobserver variation of adaptive tumor delineation compared to plain T1w MR (4.41 vs. 6.58, p < 0.001) and T2w MR (4.41 vs. 7.42, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenheng Jiang
- Department of Graduate, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xihua Shi
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinbo Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Pooler BD, Fleming CJ, Garrett JW, Summers RM, Pickhardt PJ. Artificial intelligence tool detection of intravenous contrast enhancement using spleen attenuation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:3382-3390. [PMID: 37634138 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the ability of an automated AI tool to detect intravenous contrast material (IVCM) in abdominal CT examinations using spleen attenuation. METHODS A previously validated automated AI tool measuring the attenuation of the spleen was deployed on a sample of 32,994 adult (age ≥ 18) patients (mean age, 61.9 ± 14.7 years; 13,869 men, 19,125 women) undergoing 65,449 supine position CT examinations (41,020 with and 24,429 without IVCM by DICOM header) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2021. After exclusions, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal threshold for binary classification of IVCM status (non-contrast vs IVCM enhanced), which was then applied to the sample. Discordant examinations (i.e., IVCM status determined by AI tool did not match DICOM header) were manually reviewed to establish ground truth. Repeat ROC curve and contingency table analysis were performed to assess AI tool performance. RESULTS ROC analysis of the initial study sample of 61,783 CT examinations yielded AUC of 0.970 with Youden index suggesting an optimal spleen attenuation threshold of 65 Hounsfield units (HU). Manual review of 2094 discordant CT examinations revealed discordance due to DICOM header error in 1278 (61.0%) and AI tool misclassification in 410 (19.6%), with 406 (9.4%) meeting exclusion criteria. Analysis of 61,377 CT examinations in the final study sample yielded AUC of 0.999 with accuracy of 99.3% at the 65 HU threshold. Error rate for DICOM header information was 2.1% (1278/61,377) versus 0.7% (410/61,377) for the AI tool. CONCLUSION The automated spleen attenuation AI tool was highly accurate for detection of IVCM at a threshold of 65 HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dustin Pooler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Cullen J Fleming
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John W Garrett
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald M Summers
- Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Gourtsoyianni S, Laniado M, Ros-Mendoza L, Mansueto G, Zamboni GA. The Spectrum of Solitary Benign Splenic Lesions-Imaging Clues for a Noninvasive Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2120. [PMID: 37371015 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional imaging of the upper abdomen, especially if intravenous contrast has been administered, will most likely reveal any acute or chronic disease harbored in the spleen. Unless imaging is performed with the specific purpose of evaluating the spleen or characterizing a known splenic lesion, incidentally discovered splenic lesions pose a small challenge. Solitary benign splenic lesions include cysts, hemangiomas, sclerosing angiomatous nodular transformation (SANT), hamartomas, and abscesses, among others. Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, although predominantly diffuse micronodular disease processes, may also present as a solitary splenic mass lesion. In addition, infarction and rupture, both traumatic and spontaneous, may take place in the spleen. This review aims to describe the imaging features of the most common benign focal splenic lesions, with emphasis on the imaging findings as these are encountered on routine cross-sectional imaging from a multicenter pool of cases that, coupled with clinical information, can allow a definite diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gourtsoyianni
- 1st Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Areteion Hospital, 76, Vas. Sophias Ave., 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Laniado
- Institute and Policlinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luis Ros-Mendoza
- Department of Radiology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Mansueto
- Istituto di Radiologia, DAI Patologia e Diagnostica, Policlinico GB Rossi, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia A Zamboni
- Istituto di Radiologia, DAI Patologia e Diagnostica, Policlinico GB Rossi, AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Xu N, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Radiologic Findings of Single Accessory Splenic Infarction in a Patient with Accessory Spleens in the Abdominal Cavity: A Case Report. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040807. [PMID: 37109765 PMCID: PMC10144062 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of multiple accessory spleens in the abdominal cavity is typically limited to two, with cases involving a higher number being exceedingly rare. Concurrently, accessory spleen infarction is remarkably uncommon, primarily resulting from torsion of the vascular pedicle. In this report, we present a case of a 19-year-old male who experienced infarction in one of four accessory spleens. Imaging diagnosis proved challenging, with the definitive diagnosis being made through postoperative pathology, revealing no torsion in the affected accessory spleen. Following surgery combined with anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment, the patient exhibited an uneventful recovery. No complications were observed at the 3-month follow-up. This case indicates the challenge and difficulty of diagnosing accessory splenic infarction without torsion in imaging diagnosis. Employing a multimodality approach and diffusion-weighted imaging may aid in confirming the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yingchen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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Jang YS, Kim SS, Shin HC, Choi SY, Park CH, Lee HN, Kim SY, Park H, Kim YT. Various congenital anomalies and anatomical variations of the spleen: a multimodality pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:1505-1513. [PMID: 36790453 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
There are various congenital anomalies and anatomical variations of the spleen (CAAVS). CAAVS are common and are often associated with systemic anomalies. Widespread use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in a variety of clinical situations has increased the detection of CAAVS. However, CAAVS are frequently overlooked and are occasionally misdiagnosed as pathologic disease entities. This article aimed to review the various manifestations of CAAVS with radiologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sil Jang
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeong Cheol Shin
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Youn Choi
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Nam Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Park
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-721, Republic of Korea
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Extramedullary Hematopoiesis: A Forgotten Diagnosis and a Great Mimicker of Malignancy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2023; 47:445-452. [PMID: 36728149 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Radiology errors have been reported in up to 30% of cases when patients have abnormal imaging findings. Although more than half of errors are failures to detect critical findings, over 40% of errors are when findings are recognized but the correct diagnosis or interpretation is not made. One common source of error is when imaging findings from one process simulate imaging findings from another process but the correct diagnosis is not made. This can result in additional imaging studies, unnecessary biopsies, or surgery. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is one of those uncommon disease processes that can produce many imaging findings that may lead to misdiagnosis. The objective of this article is to review the common and uncommon imaging features of extramedullary hematopoiesis while presenting a series of interesting relevant illustrative cases with emphasis on CT.
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11
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Huang WP, Li LM, Zhu LN, Gao JB. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the spleen in a child: a case report. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:207. [PMID: 36434525 PMCID: PMC9701009 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a vascular tumor characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells with papillary formation. It is a rare benign condition affecting the head and neck. Currently, no cases of IPEH of the spleen have been reported. Here, we report a case of IPEH of the spleen in a child and discuss its clinical manifestations, imaging features, and surgical treatment. CASE PRESENTATION A 5-year-old female presented with a 4-month-old tumor in the left upper abdomen, abdominal pain, and constipation. She underwent radiography, barium enema, US, and MRI. A solid space-occupying mass was found in the left abdominal cavity on preoperative imaging, and it was diagnosed as angiosarcoma. The lesion was surgically resected. Histopathological analysis was consistent with IPEH. CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider the possibility of IPEH in patients presenting with tumors in the spleen, which is curable by surgical resection. Malignant vascular tumors must be excluded in the differential diagnosis of IPEH to prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-peng Huang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
| | - Li-ming Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
| | - Li-na Zhu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
| | - Jian-bo Gao
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
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Luo M, Chen JW, Xie CM. Magnetic resonance imaging features of intrahepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis: Three case reports. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:6626-6635. [PMID: 35979290 PMCID: PMC9294877 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i19.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramedullary hematopoiesis rarely occurs within the liver alone, and is easily misdiagnosed. The radiological literature on this disease is exclusively case reports. There is a paucity of literature on the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most common imaging modalities used are computed tomography and ultrasound. This report aims to provide more data on the appearance of extramedullary hematopoiesis using MRI to help radiologists establish the diagnosis.
CASE SUMMARY Three patients (one male and two females) were incidentally found to have a hepatic mass or nodule, without hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. Laboratory tests including liver function, serum hepatic tumor markers, and hepatitis serologic markers were normal. On MRI scans, all lesions showed lower signal intensity on in-phase images than on out-phase images. One case showed changes in signal intensity on T2 weighted images (WI) and diffusion WI, which shifted from hyperintensity to hypointensity with size enlargement between two rounds of imaging examination. These lesions exhibited different enhancement patterns on dynamic contrast enhancement series.
CONCLUSION The MRI signal change and in-/out-phase image might provide useful information and help radiologists establish the diagnosis of intrahepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Luo
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Wen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Xie
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Solomon N, Segaran N, Badawy M, Elsayes KM, Pellerito JS, Katz DS, Moshiri M, Revzin MV. Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disorder at Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging. Radiographics 2022; 42:1103-1122. [PMID: 35559660 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disorder (SCD) refers to a spectrum of hematologic disorders that cause a characteristic clinical syndrome affecting the entire body. It is the most prevalent monogenetic hemoglobinopathy worldwide, with a wide range of focal and systemic expressions. Hemoglobin gene mutation leads to the formation of abnormal sickle-shaped red blood cells, which cause vascular occlusion and result in tissue and organ ischemia and infarction. Recurrent episodes of acute illness lead to progressive multisystem organ damage and dysfunction. Vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, and infection as a result of functional asplenia are at the core of the disease manifestations. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of SCD-related complications in the abdomen and pelvis. A thorough understanding of the key imaging findings of SCD complications involving hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems is crucial to timely recognition and accurate diagnosis. The authors aim to familiarize the radiologist with the SCD spectrum, focusing on the detection and evaluation of manifestations that may appear at imaging of the abdomen and pelvis. The topics the authors address include (a) the pathophysiology of the disease, (b) the placement of SCD among hemoglobinopathies, (c) the clinical presentation of SCD, (d) the role of imaging in the evaluation and diagnosis of patients with SCD who present with abdominal and pelvic manifestations in addition to extraperitoneal manifestations detectable at abdominal or pelvic imaging, (e) imaging features associated with common and uncommon sequelae of SCD in abdominal and pelvic imaging studies, and (f) a brief overview of management and treatment of patients with SCD. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Solomon
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Nicole Segaran
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed Badawy
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - John S Pellerito
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Douglas S Katz
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Mariam Moshiri
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
| | - Margarita V Revzin
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042 Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (N. Solomon, M.V.R.); Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (N. Segaran); Department of Imaging Physics (M.B.) and Department of Abdominal Imaging (K.M.E.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, N.Y. (J.S.P.); Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y. (D.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle Wash. (M.M.)
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14
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Nasr S, Khsiba A, Mahmoudi M, Mohamed AB, Bouasida M, Hamzaoui L. Spleen metastases secondary to gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: case report. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:131. [PMID: 36060838 PMCID: PMC9430885 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.131.34091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) in the stomach represents a rare and rapidly growing type of gastric tumors. They are considered a distinct entity of neuroendocrine tumors characterized by an aggressive behavior and high metastases rate. On the other hand, spleen metastases of neuroendocrine tumors are extremely rare. We report the first case of spleen metastases of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient was a 54-year-old male who presented with a 10-month history of epigastralgia. Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy revealed a 5 cm ulcerative lesion located in the greater gastric curvature. Biopsies with immunohistochemical staining revealed gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma. Abdominal computed tomography showed thickening of the stomach with two large solid spleen lesions. Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 18-fluorodexyglucose positron-emission tomography revealed peritoneal carcinosis and splenic metastases with splenic vein invasion. Clinicians should keep in mind that splenic metastases can arise from gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia,Corresponding author: Sahar Nasr, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Amal Khsiba
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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15
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Kim N, Auerbach A, Manning MA. Algorithmic Approach to the Splenic Lesion Based on Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2022; 42:683-701. [PMID: 35302864 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Splenic lesions are commonly discovered incidentally at imaging, without clinical signs or symptoms that may aid in diagnosis. As such, the differential diagnosis and subsequent management are based primarily on imaging characteristics. Much has been written about the myriad pathologic conditions that can occur in the spleen; however, there is little guidance on the approach to an incidental splenic mass. Applying an approach frequently used in imaging to the splenic mass-based on the number and consistency of lesions and refined by supplementary imaging features-allows formulation of a useful differential diagnosis. Solitary cystic masses include true cysts, pseudocysts, and parasitic cysts. When multiple cystic lesions are present, the differential diagnosis expands to include infectious lesions (abscess or microabscesses) and lymphangioma (a benign cystic neoplasm). Hemangioma is the most common solitary solid mass, although other vascular lesions (hamartoma, sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation) and nonvascular lesions (inflammatory pseudotumor, lymphoma) manifest as solitary and solid. When multiple solid masses are present, diffuse inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis), littoral cell angioma, and lymphoma should be considered. Malignancies, such as angiosarcoma or metastasis, can manifest as solitary or multiple and solid or cystic masses but are typically associated with symptoms or widespread primary malignancy. Careful assessment of the multimodality imaging characteristics of splenic lesions based on this approach aids the radiologist faced with the incidental splenic lesion. Online supplemental material is available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, CCC Building Ground Floor, CG 201, Washington, DC 20007 (N.K., M.A.M.); the Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Md (A.A.); and the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology, Silver Spring, Md (M.A.M.)
| | - Aaron Auerbach
- From the Department of Radiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, CCC Building Ground Floor, CG 201, Washington, DC 20007 (N.K., M.A.M.); the Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Md (A.A.); and the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology, Silver Spring, Md (M.A.M.)
| | - Maria A Manning
- From the Department of Radiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, CCC Building Ground Floor, CG 201, Washington, DC 20007 (N.K., M.A.M.); the Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Md (A.A.); and the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology, Silver Spring, Md (M.A.M.)
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16
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Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation of the Spleen: A Diagnostic Conundrum. J Belg Soc Radiol 2022; 106:12. [PMID: 35480339 PMCID: PMC8992766 DOI: 10.5334/jbsr.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A splenic lesion often represents a diagnostic challenge due to relative scarcity and the broad differential diagnosis. Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) of the spleen is usually encountered only incidentally. Although benign, patients with SANT often receive splenectomy, due to its rarity, diagnostic uncertainty and sometimes intimidating imaging morphology and size. Imaging features on computed tomography, magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography have a high diagnostic value for SANT and help differentiate this entity from other splenic lesions. When the imaging parameters are matched with core needle biopsy tissue analysis, further watchful waiting can be recommended in order to avoid splenectomy.
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17
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Pecorelli A, Franceschi P, Braccischi L, Izzo F, Renzulli M, Golfieri R. MRI Appearance of Focal Lesions in Liver Iron Overload. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040891. [PMID: 35453939 PMCID: PMC9029711 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver iron overload is defined as an accumulation of the chemical element Fe in the hepatic parenchyma that exceeds the normal storage. When iron accumulates, it can be toxic for the liver by producing inflammation and cell damage. This can potentially lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as to other liver lesions depending on the underlying condition associated to liver iron overload. The correct assessment of liver iron storage is pivotal to drive the best treatment and prevent complication. Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best non-invasive modality to detect and quantify liver iron overload. However, due to its superparamagnetic properties, iron provides a natural source of contrast enhancement that can make challenging the differential diagnosis between different focal liver lesions (FLLs). To date, a fully comprehensive description of MRI features of liver lesions commonly found in iron-overloaded liver is lacking in the literature. Through an extensive review of the published literature, we aim to summarize the MRI signal intensity and enhancement pattern of the most common FLLs that can occur in liver iron overload.
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18
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Borsani O, Asano T, Boisson B, Fraticelli S, Braschi‐Amirfarzan M, Pietra D, Casetti IC, Vanni D, Trotti C, Borghesi A, Casanova J, Arcaini L, Rumi E. Isolated congenital asplenia: An overlooked cause of thrombocytosis. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:1110-1115. [PMID: 35266186 PMCID: PMC9541836 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Borsani
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
- Division of Hematology Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy
| | - Takaki Asano
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
- Paris Cité University Imagine Institute Paris France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch INSERM U1163 Paris France
| | - Sara Fraticelli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Marta Braschi‐Amirfarzan
- Beth Israel Lahey Health, Lahey Health Medical Center Tufts University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniela Pietra
- Division of Hematology Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy
| | | | - Daniele Vanni
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Chiara Trotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy
| | - Jean‐Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch The Rockefeller University New York New York USA
- Paris Cité University Imagine Institute Paris France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Department of Pediatrics Necker Hospital for Sick Children Paris France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute New York New York USA
| | - Luca Arcaini
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
- Division of Hematology Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy
| | - Elisa Rumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
- Division of Hematology Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy
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19
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Malgras B, Najah H, Dohan A, Barat M, Soyer P. Diagnosis and treatment of focal splenic lesions. J Visc Surg 2022; 159:121-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Gao J. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient of the liver and spleen in adults: A preliminary observation. Clin Imaging 2022; 84:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Signal intensity patterns in health and disease: basics of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in children. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:158-166. [PMID: 33837799 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an increasing role in pediatric abdominal imaging, especially in the evaluation of diffuse parenchymal disease where other imaging modalities might be less sensitive. While quantitative imaging is slowly being incorporated into clinical imaging, qualitative assessment of visceral signal intensity should be part of the routine clinical workflow of all radiologists. Based on their T1 and T2 weighting, the liver, spleen, kidneys and pancreas have characteristic signal intensity patterns with respect to one another and to skeletal muscle. It is important to recognize normal signal intensity patterns of viscera and their evolution with patient age to be able to identify age-related variations and accurately identify diffuse parenchymal disease. Knowledge of normal signal intensity patterns can also help identify ectopic locations of normal tissue such as splenic rests and splenosis. In this review, we discuss normal signal intensity patterns of upper abdominal viscera and their variations on commonly used sequences in pediatric abdominal MRI. We also review normal variations in the perinatal period. Knowledge of these patterns can help pediatric radiologists become more astute in their interpretation of diffuse parenchymal disease in the abdomen.
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22
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Sabra TA, Maher A, AlRashidi R, Ibrahim H. A splenic hamartoma: Adding a new case to the literature: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 90:106647. [PMID: 34979425 PMCID: PMC8732791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Splenic tumours are relatively rare and include malignancies such as lymphomas, angiosarcomas, plasmacytomas, primary malignant fibrous histiocytomas, and splenic metastases. Benign tumours of the spleen such as hemangiomas, cysts, and inflammatory pseudotumours are very rare (Kaza et al., 2010, PisaniCeretti et al., 2012) [1], [2]. There are fewer than 160 cases of splenic hamartoma or splenomas having been reported in the literature (Basso et al., 2012) [3]. Only 20% of the cases were detected in children (Abramowsky et al., 2004) [4]. Although multi-modality imaging findings were described preoperatively, the final diagnosis was splenic hamartoma based on histology and immunohistochemistry. Case report Here, we report a case of a14 year old child left upper quadrant abdominal pain and worsening sickness. Multi-modality imaging detected a solid lesion of the spleen, who required splenectomy and was pathologically diagnosed as a splenic hamartoma. The postoperative course was uneventful. Discussion Splenic hamartoma is very rare. Only 20% of hamartomas occur in children. They are commonly found incidentally on imaging with no symptoms. Conclusion Splenic hamartoma is a benign vascular proliferative lesion that requires a multi-modality imaging studies for diagnosis and confirmed by histopathology. It must be included in the differential diagnosis of splenic mass forming lesions. There are fewer than 160 cases of splenic hamartoma having been reported in the literature. Only 20% of the cases were detected in children. Although imaging findings were described preoperatively, the final diagnosis was splenic hamartoma based on histology. We report a case of solid lesion of the spleen, who required splenectomy and was pathologically diagnosed as splenic hamartomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Pediatric surgery unit, Assiut university children hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Hussein Ibrahim
- Pediatric surgery unit, Assiut university children hospital, Assiut, Egypt
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23
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Karaosmanoglu AD, Uysal A, Onder O, Hahn PF, Akata D, Ozmen MN, Karcaaltıncaba M. Cross-sectional imaging findings of splenic infections: is differential diagnosis possible? Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:4828-4852. [PMID: 34047800 PMCID: PMC8160561 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in the immunological homeostasis of the body. Several neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases may affect this organ, and imaging is of fundamental importance for diagnosis. Infectious diseases of the spleen can be encountered in daily radiology practice, and differential diagnosis may sometimes be challenging. Infectious involvement of the spleen can be primary or secondary to a different source outside the spleen. Despite the fact that different infectious diseases may cause similar imaging findings, we believe that differential diagnosis between different causes may also be possible in certain patients with imaging. Early diagnosis may potentially enhance patients’ treatment and outcome. In this review, we aimed to increase imaging specialists’ awareness of splenic infections by describing the multimodality imaging features of common and atypical infections of the spleen with their differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aycan Uysal
- Department of Radiology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | - Omer Onder
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Peter F Hahn
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Deniz Akata
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nasuh Ozmen
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
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24
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Wang MX, Segaran N, Bhalla S, Pickhardt PJ, Lubner MG, Katabathina VS, Ganeshan D. Tuberous Sclerosis: Current Update. Radiographics 2021; 41:1992-2010. [PMID: 34534018 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a relatively rare autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder secondary to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. Although manifestation of the classic triad of seizures, intellectual disability, and facial angiofibromas may facilitate timely diagnosis of TSC, the multisystem features that may indicate TSC in the absence of these manifestations remain highly variable. In addition, patients with TSC are at risk of developing multiple benign and malignant tumors in various organ systems, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Thus, imaging plays a critical role in diagnosis, surveillance, and management of patients with TSC. It is crucial that radiologists be familiar with TSC and the various associated imaging features to avoid a delayed or incorrect diagnosis. Key manifestations include cortical dysplasias, subependymal nodules, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and angiomyolipomas. Renal angiomyolipomas in particular can manifest with imaging features that mimic renal malignancy and pose a diagnostic dilemma. Other manifestations include dermatologic and ophthalmic manifestations, renal cysts, renal cell carcinomas, multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia, splenic hamartomas, and other rare tumors such as perivascular epithelioid tumors. In addition to using imaging and clinical features to confirm the diagnosis, genetic testing can be performed. In this article, the molecular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and imaging features of TSC are reviewed. Current recommendations for management and surveillance of TSC are discussed as well. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy X Wang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Nicole Segaran
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Sanjeev Bhalla
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Meghan G Lubner
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Venkata S Katabathina
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Pickens Academic Tower, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (M.X.W., D.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.S.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Section of Abdominal Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (S.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (P.J.P., M.G.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (V.S.K.)
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25
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Kurch L, Kluge R, Sabri O, Fischer L, Wendt S, Graf Einsiedel H, Starke S, Kühl JS, Christiansen H, Hirsch FW, Sorge I, Roth C. Whole-body [ 18F]-FDG-PET/MRI for staging of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma: first results from a single-center evaluation. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 34216300 PMCID: PMC8254839 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim In 2015, the revised International Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Staging System was published. It mentions [18F]-FDG-PET/MRI as the latest method to perform whole-body imaging. However, supporting data are pending. Our aim was to investigate the performance of whole-body [18F]-FDG-PET/MRI in pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients by using a limited number of MRI sequences. Materials and methods Ten pediatric patients with histologically proven non-Hodgkin lymphoma underwent whole-body [18F]-FDG-PET/MRI at staging. The retrospective analysis included three steps: First, [18F]-FDG-PET and MR scans were evaluated separately by a nuclear medicine physician and a pediatric radiologist. Nineteen nodal and two extranodal regions as well as six organs were checked for involvement. Second, discrepant findings were reviewed together in order to reach consensus. Third, [18F]-FDG-PET/MRI findings were correlated with the results of other clinical investigations. Results Of the 190 lymph node regions evaluated, four were rated controversial. Consensus was reached by considering metabolic, functional and morphologic information combined. Concordantly, [18F]-FDG-PET and MRI detected Waldeyer’s ring involvement in two patients whose Waldeyer’s ring was negative on clinical assessment. In four patients MRI showed pleural effusion. However, in only two of them an increased glucose metabolism as a reliable sign of pleural involvement was detectable. In six patients [18F]-FDG-PET and MRI detected skeletal lesions although bone marrow biopsy was positive in only one of them. Conclusion Despite the small number of cases evaluated, whole-body [18F]-FDG-PET turned out to be a valuable tool for staging of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kurch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - R Kluge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Wendt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Graf Einsiedel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Starke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J-S Kühl
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Christiansen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - F W Hirsch
- Institute of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - I Sorge
- Institute of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Roth
- Institute of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Incidental Splenic Findings on Cross-Sectional Imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 2021; 59:603-616. [PMID: 34053608 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incidental splenic focal findings are commonly encountered in clinical practice and frequently represent a diagnostic dilemma due to nonspecific imaging features. Most are benign, particularly in patients without a history of malignancy and without symptoms of fever, weight loss, or left upper quadrant or epigastric pain. Incidental malignant splenic processes are exceedingly rare. This article reviews imaging characteristics of incidental focal splenic findings, and proposes a practical approach for management of such findings, which can prevent unnecessary workup and its related drawbacks in clinical practice.
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27
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Barat M, Hoeffel C, Aissaoui M, Dohan A, Oudjit A, Dautry R, Paisant A, Malgras B, Cottereau AS, Soyer P. Focal splenic lesions: Imaging spectrum of diseases on CT, MRI and PET/CT. Diagn Interv Imaging 2021; 102:501-513. [PMID: 33965354 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spleen can be affected by a variety of diseases. Some of them are readily identified as variations of normal or benign diseases on imaging. However, for a substantial number of focal splenic abnormalities, the diagnosis can be difficult so that histopathologic analysis may be required for a definite diagnosis. In this review, the typical splenic abnormalities that can be diagnosed with imaging with a high degree of confidence are illustrated. The complementary role of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/CT that helps make a diagnostic approach is discussed. Finally, current applications and future trends of radiomics and artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of splenic diseases are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Barat
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Christine Hoeffel
- Department of Radiology, Reims University Hospital, 51092 Reims, France; CRESTIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | | | - Anthony Dohan
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amar Oudjit
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Dautry
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anita Paisant
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Angers, 49100 Angers, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Brice Malgras
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Bégin Army Training hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; École du Val-de-Grâce, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Ségolène Cottereau
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Soyer
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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28
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Nadeem M, Tiwari HA, Jambhekar K, Shah H, Ram R. Revisiting the Spleen—An Imaging Review of the Common and Uncommon Splenic Pathology. JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and is responsible for both hematological and immunological functions. Several common etiologies such as trauma, developmental variants, infectious/inflammatory conditions, and benign and malignant lesions can occur in the spleen. The role of imaging modalities such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing these conditions continues to evolve. The main objective of this review article is to illustrate the role of imaging in identifying the common and uncommon pathology of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshaal Nadeem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Hina Arif Tiwari
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona Health sciences, Tuscon, Arizona, United States
| | - Kedar Jambhekar
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Hemendra Shah
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Roopa Ram
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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29
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Consul N, Javed-Tayyab S, Morani AC, Menias CO, Lubner MG, Elsayes KM. Iron-containing pathologies of the spleen: magnetic resonance imaging features with pathologic correlation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:1016-1026. [PMID: 32915270 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and non-systemic pathologies that involve iron deposition within the spleen have characteristic features on MRI due to the susceptibility properties of deposited iron, or hemosiderin. These lesions will have signal loss on longer echo sequences due to the T2* effect when evaluated with dual-echo gradient-echo sequences. The pathophysiology of systemic and localized iron sequestration disease processes can elucidate an underlying diagnosis based on these imaging features in conjunction with clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Consul
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sidra Javed-Tayyab
- Department of Radiology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ajaykumar C Morani
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Meghan G Lubner
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Unit 1473, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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30
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Kovač JD, Janković A. The tobacco flecks. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:3944-3945. [PMID: 32430513 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djokić Kovač
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Janković
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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31
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Boehnke MW, Watterson CT, Connolly SA, Perez-Atayde AR, Weldon CB, Callahan MJ. Imaging features of pathologically proven pediatric splenic masses. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1284-1292. [PMID: 32495175 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Splenic masses present a diagnostic challenge to radiologists and clinicians alike, with a relative paucity of data correlating radiologic findings to pathological diagnosis in the pediatric population. To illustrate splenic mass imaging findings and approximate lesion prevalence, we retrospectively reviewed all splenectomies and splenic biopsies for splenic masses at a single academic pediatric hospital over a 10-year period in patients 18 years and younger. A total of 31 splenic masses were analyzed. Lesion prevalence, pathology and imaging features associated with sampled splenic masses are described. The lesions encountered include benign splenic cysts (9), vascular anomalies (7), hamartoma (3), leukemia/lymphoma (3), granulomata (3) and metastasis (2). We also identified single cases of angiosarcoma, splenic cord capillary hemangioma, congestive hemorrhage, and benign smooth muscle neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell W Boehnke
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christopher T Watterson
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan A Connolly
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Weldon
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Callahan
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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32
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Kaur R, Dua A, Dalal A. Wandering spleen: A rare entity and a diagnostic dilemma. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2020; 30:389-391. [PMID: 33273777 PMCID: PMC7694723 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_46_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wandering spleen refers to a spleen that is ectopic in its location contrary to a normal spleen which rests in the left hypochondrium. Although it is a rare clinical entity seen in children, it can also be rarely seen in females of reproductive age group. We present one such case of wandering spleen which was misdiagnosed earlier as a sub-hepatic collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Dua
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Dalal
- Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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33
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Kinger NP, Moreno CC, Miller FH, Mittal PK. Abdominal Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2020; 50:241-251. [PMID: 32564896 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a debilitating hematologic process that affects the entire body. Disease manifestations in the abdomen most commonly result from vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, or infection due to functional asplenia. Organ specific manifestations include those involving the liver (eg, hepatopathy, iron deposition), gallbladder (eg, stone formation), spleen (eg, infarction, abscess formation, sequestration), kidneys (eg, papillary necrosis, infarction), pancreas (eg, pancreatitis), gastrointestinal tract (eg, infarction), reproductive organs (eg, priapism, testicular atrophy), bone (eg, marrow changes, avascular necrosis), vasculature (eg, vasculopathy), and lung bases (eg, acute chest syndrome, infarction). Imaging provides an important clinical tool for evaluation of acute and chronic disease manifestations and complications. In summary, there are multifold abdominal manifestations of sickle cell disease. Recognition of these sequela helps guide management and improves outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review abdominal manifestations of sickle cell disease and discuss common and rare complications of the disease within the abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhar P Kinger
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Courtney C Moreno
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Frank H Miller
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Pardeep K Mittal
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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34
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Angelova EA, Bagherpour A, Schnadig VJ, He J. Gamna-Gandy bodies in fine-needle aspiration from abdominal splenosis: A clue to underlying portal hypertension. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 48:670-674. [PMID: 32271504 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. Past medical history was significant only for splenectomy following a motor vehicle accident. Owing to presence of multiple peritoneal nodules on computerized tomography (CT) and elevated serum CA-125, ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealed presence of abundant hemosiderin, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and fungal hypha-like structures. No evidence of neoplasia was found. Findings were consistent with Gamna-Gandy bodies (GGBS) within splenic tissue. Based on history of splenectomy and FNA findings, a diagnosis of abdominal splenosis with presence of GGBS was made. Workup for hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension was recommended. Liver biopsy confirmed presence of cirrhosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GGBS identified within abdominal splenosis. It is important for pathologists to be able to recognize GGBS and to be aware of their relationship to portal hypertension and other conditions associated with severe vascular congestion or hemorrhage. History and pathogenesis of GGBS, their diagnostic morphologic features and a review of cases of GGBS diagnosed via cytology are given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arya Bagherpour
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Vicki J Schnadig
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
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35
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Calcified Splenic Lesions: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT With Pathologic Correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 214:1083-1091. [PMID: 32208005 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Incidental splenic lesions, often found on CT images of the abdomen, may often be ignored or mischaracterized. Calcified splenic lesions are often presumed to be granulomas; however, understanding the broader differential diagnostic considerations can be useful. CONCLUSION. Determining the cause of splenic lesions is essential to guide appropriate management; the pattern of calcification together with other imaging and clinical findings can aid with differentiation.
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36
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Hectors SJ, Bane O, Stocker D, Carbonell G, Lewis S, Kennedy P, Schiano TD, Thung S, Fischman A, Taouli B. Splenic T 1ρ as a noninvasive biomarker for portal hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:787-794. [PMID: 32073207 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for noninvasive methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of portal hypertension (PH). PURPOSE To 1) assess the correlation of liver and spleen T1 and T1ρ measurements with portal pressures in patients with chronic liver disease, and 2) to compare the diagnostic performance of the relaxation parameters with radiological assessment of PH. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS Twenty-five patients (M/F 16/9, mean age 56 years, range 21-78 years) undergoing portal pressure (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG]) measurements. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5T abdominal MRI scan, including T1ρ and T1 mapping. ASSESSMENT Liver and spleen T1ρ and T1 , radiological PH score, and (normalized) spleen length were evaluated. STATISTICAL TESTS Spearman correlation of all MRI parameters with HVPG was assessed. The diagnostic performance of the assessed parameters for prediction of PH (HVPG ≥5 mmHg) and clinically significant PH (CSPH, HVPG ≥10 mmHg) was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The mean HVPG measurement was 7.8 ± 5.3 mmHg (PH, n = 18 [72%] including CSPH, n = 9 [36%]). PH score, (normalized) spleen length and spleen T1ρ significantly correlated with HVPG, with the strongest correlation found for spleen T1ρ (r = 0.613, P = 0.001). Spleen T1ρ was the only parameter that showed significant diagnostic performance for assessment of PH (area under the curve [AUC] 0.817, P = 0.015) and CSPH (AUC = 0.778, P = 0.024). Normalized spleen length also showed significant diagnostic performance for prediction of CSPH, with a slightly lower AUC (= 0.764, P = 0.031). The radiological PH score, T1ρ and T1 of the liver and T1 of the spleen, did not show significant diagnostic performance for assessment of CSPH (P > 0.075). DATA CONCLUSION Spleen T1ρ showed a significant correlation with portal pressure and showed improved diagnostic performance for prediction of CSPH compared to radiological assessment. These initial results need confirmation in a larger cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:787-794.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Hectors
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Octavia Bane
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Stocker
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo Carbonell
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Lewis
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Kennedy
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Swan Thung
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Fischman
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bachir Taouli
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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37
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Marrow outside marrow: imaging of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:565-578. [PMID: 31973940 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the formation of non-neoplastic blood cell lines outside the bone marrow and is a common incidental finding when patients with haematological disorders are imaged. EMH presenting as mass (tumefactive EMH) has long been a radiological conundrum as it resembles neoplasms. Several imaging findings have been described in EMH, and these vary depending on the activity of the underlying haematopoiesis. The older lesions are easier to diagnose as they often demonstrate characteristic findings such as haemosiderin and fat deposition. In comparison, the newer, actively haematopoietic lesions often mimic neoplasms. Molecular imaging, particularly 99mTc labelled sulphur colloid scintigraphy, may be helpful in such cases. Although imaging is extremely useful in detecting and characterising EMH, imaging alone is often non-diagnostic as no single mass shows all the typical findings. Hence, a judgement based on the clinical background, combination of imaging findings, and slow interval growth may be more appropriate and practical in making the correct diagnosis. In every case, an effort has to be made in providing an imaging-based diagnosis as it may prevent a potentially risky biopsy. When confident differentiation is not possible, biopsy has to be resorted to. This article describes the causes, pathophysiology, and theories underlying the genesis of EMH, followed by the general and location-specific imaging findings. The purpose is to provide a thorough understanding of the condition as well as enable the clinical radiologist in making an imaging-based diagnosis whenever possible and identify the situations where biopsy has to be performed.
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38
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Oon SF, Singh D, Tan TH, Lee A, Noe G, Burbury K, Paiva J. Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:71. [PMID: 31388788 PMCID: PMC6684717 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis is a chronic clonal stem cell disorder that results in a build-up of marrow fibrosis and dysfunction, hypermetabolic states, and myeloid metaplasia. The clinical and radiological consequences can be quite diverse and range from the manifestations of osteosclerosis and extramedullary haematopoiesis to thrombohaemorrhagic complications from haemostatic dysfunction. In addition, there is the challenge of identifying less well-recognised sites of extramedullary haematopoiesis and their site-specific complications. The intent of this article is to illustrate the spectrum of primary myelofibrosis as declared though multimodality imaging, with examples of both common and rarer disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fei Oon
- Department of Radiology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Dalveer Singh
- Department of Radiology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Teng Han Tan
- Department of Radiology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan Lee
- Department of Radiology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geertje Noe
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Burbury
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph Paiva
- Department of Radiology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Rowe SP, Chu LC, Fishman EK. 3D CT cinematic rendering of the spleen: Potential role in problem solving. Diagn Interv Imaging 2019; 100:477-483. [PMID: 30928470 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cinematic rendering (CR) is a new 3D visualization methodology for volumetric diagnostic imaging including computed tomography (CT) datasets composed of isotropic voxels. CR produces photorealistic images with enhanced detail relative to other 3D visualization methods and realistic shadowing. In this review, we provide a number of examples of splenic pathology visualized with CR including conditions affecting the splenic vasculature, neoplasms, and accessory spleens. These examples are compared to 2D CT and traditional 3D CT techniques and the potential advantages of CR are highlighted. CR displays textural changes in the splenic parenchyma to particular advantage, and a portion of this review will be devoted to examples of how textural features can help distinguish intrapancreatic accessory spleens from neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rowe
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - L C Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E K Fishman
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
A 69-year-old man with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy underwent 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy. Upon discontinuation of androgen deprivation therapy, serum prostate-specific antigen rose again to 0.69 ng/mL, and F-DCFPyL PET/CT was performed to identify the site of recurrence. However, only an intense focus of uptake in the spleen could be found. Subsequent contrast-enhanced MRI findings were pathognomonic for splenic hemangioma.
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Freitas HMP, Mançano AD, Rodrigues RS, Hochhegger B, Torres PPTES, Escuissato D, Araujo Neto CA, Marchiori E. Niemann-Pick disease type B: HRCT assessment of pulmonary involvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:451-455. [PMID: 29340494 PMCID: PMC5792045 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562017000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze HRCT findings in patients with Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type B, in order to determine the frequency of HRCT patterns and their distribution in the lung parenchyma, as well as the most common clinical characteristics. METHODS We studied 13 patients (3 males and 10 females) aged 5 to 56 years. HRCT images were independently evaluated by two observers, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. The inclusion criteria were presence of abnormal HRCT findings and diagnosis of NPD type B confirmed by histopathological examination of a bone marrow, lung, or liver biopsy specimen. RESULTS The most common clinical findings were hepatosplenomegaly and mild to moderate dyspnea. The most common HRCT patterns were smooth interlobular septal thickening and ground-glass opacities, which were both present in all patients. Intralobular lines were present in 12 patients (92.3%). A crazy-paving pattern was observed in 5 patients (38.4%), and areas of air trapping were identified in only 1 case (7.6%). Pulmonary involvement was bilateral in all cases, with the most affected area being the lower lung zone. CONCLUSIONS Smooth interlobular septal thickening, with or without associated ground-glass opacities, in patients with hepatosplenomegaly is the most common finding in NPD type B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Dias Mançano
- . Departamento de Radiologia, Radiologia Anchieta - Hospital Anchieta, Taguatinga (DF) Brasil
| | - Rosana Souza Rodrigues
- . Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil.,. Departamento de Radiologia, Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Educação, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | - Bruno Hochhegger
- . Departamento de Radiologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | | | - Dante Escuissato
- . Departamento de Radiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (PR) Brasil
| | | | - Edson Marchiori
- . Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
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Xiang H, Han J, Ridley WE, Ridley LJ. Zebra spleen and liver. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018; 62 Suppl 1:117. [PMID: 30309134 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.60_12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Han
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lloyd J Ridley
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Imaging, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kania L, Guglielmo F, Mitchell D. Interpreting body MRI cases: classic findings in abdominal MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:2790-2808. [PMID: 29594465 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Few things in radiology are "pathognomonic" in their appearance or presentation. However, having an awareness of those findings which are specific to a certain entity is important when interpreting imaging studies. These classic findings can be identified with many imaging modalities, but no modality provides as many recognizable observations as an MRI. This results from the large variety of pulse sequences that provide high contrast resolution, prior to and following contrast administration. In this article, the most classically recognized abdominal findings are presented including the following: Liver: Cyst, hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, hemosiderosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Spleen: Cyst, hemangioma, lymphangioma, hemosiderosis, Gandy-Gamna bodies. Biliary system: Biliary stones and choledocholithiasis, pneumobilia, choledochal cyst. Gallbladder: Adenomyomatosis, sludge, surgical clips in the gallbladder fossa. Pancreas: Pancreatic divisum, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, pseudocyst, autoimmune pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, adenocarcinoma. Kidneys: Simple cyst, hemorrhagic cyst, renal sinus cyst, angiomyolipoma, solid mass.
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Serra F, Sorrentino L, Cabry F, Biondini D, Ceccarelli PL, Campanelli M, Gelmini R. First case of laparoscopic partial splenectomy in a child with hamartoma: Case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2018; 53:140-143. [PMID: 30396124 PMCID: PMC6216043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, laparoscopic surgery has played a key role in the treatment of not only splenic hematologic pathologies but also solid ones. Hamartoma is a rare disease; only twenty percent of them are of pediatric relevance; it is a benign tumor, but radiological features never allow proper differentiation from malignant neoplasms. In children, hamartoma may be associated with other morbid conditions, such as sickle cell disease or other hematological alterations. PRESENTATION OF THE CASE We report a case of hamartoma in a 7-year-old child treated with partial laparoscopic splenectomy. After a multidisciplinary evaluation, the indication of laparoscopic splenectomy was decided; upon evaluating the age of the patient and the affected spleen portion, a partial splenectomy was proposed. The histological examination during surgery was performed to exclude any form of malignancy. The intraoperative frozen section of the specimen was negative for malignancies, and a partial splenectomy was performed. DISCUSSION Surgery remains the first choice in the definitive treatment of solid lesions of the spleen; minimally invasive technique, namely, laparoscopy, has set itself as the technique of choice for surgical treatment. In this case, the possibility of obtaining an intraoperative pathological diagnosis by frozen section of the specimen, confirming the benign nature of the lesion, allowed the surgeon to decide in favor of a laparoscopic partial splenectomy. CONCLUSION Partial laparoscopic splenectomy can be considered a safe, effective and reproducible alternative in patients suffering from benign solid diseases, safeguarding the hematological functions of the organ itself in pediatric age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Serra
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Lorena Sorrentino
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cabry
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Diego Biondini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Pier Luca Ceccarelli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Michela Campanelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gelmini
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Spleen enlargement assessment using computed tomography: which coefficient correlates the strongest with the real volume of the spleen? Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:2455-2461. [PMID: 29460042 PMCID: PMC6105139 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to find which linear measurements, field and volume coefficients correlate the best with real volume of the spleen and can be further used for identification of splenomegaly. Methods Abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations of 264 patients were retrospectively analyzed in terms of maximal length, maximal thickness, hilum thickness, maximal height, vertical height and estimated height. Spleen volume was manually measured in Vitrea software. Two- and three-dimensional coefficients were calculated through proper mathematical formulas from linear measurements. Splenomegaly cut-off: 314.5 cm3. Data were analyzed with use of Pearson correlation and χ2 test with statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results For single measurements, the correlation with real spleen volume was the strongest for maximal height (r = 0.804; p < 0.05). Among two-dimensional indexes, multiplication product of maximal length and vertical height reached the highest level of correlation with spleen volume (r = 0.923; p < 0.05) and had the highest sensitivity and specificity (94.3% and 93.0%, respectively) for splenomegaly detection (threshold 115 cm2). In case of three-dimensional ones, the coefficient calculated from maximal length, vertical height and hilum thickness established the strongest link with spleen volume (r = 0.956; p < 0.05). Conclusions Coefficient calculated from maximal length, vertical height and hilum thickness correlates the strongest with spleen volume and can be utilized for monitoring of spleen volume instead of obsolete splenic index. The most suitable for quick splenomegaly screening is two-dimensional coefficient (maximal length × vertical height), with the cut-off 115 cm2.
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Jang S, Kim JH, Hur BY, Ahn SJ, Joo I, Kim MJ, Han JK. Role of CT in Differentiating Malignant Focal Splenic Lesions. Korean J Radiol 2018; 19:930-937. [PMID: 30174483 PMCID: PMC6082758 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.5.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to asses the CT findings and clinical features differentiating malignant from benign focal splenic lesions. Materials and Methods Among 673 patients with splenectomy, we included 114 patients with pathologically confirmed focal splenic lesions (malignant = 66, benign = 48). Two radiologists retrospectively assessed CT findings including: size, number, solid component, margin, wall, calcification, contrast-enhancement, lymph node (LN) enlargement and possible malignancy. We assessed clinical features including age, sex, underlying malignancy, fever, and leukocytosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant predictors of malignant lesion. We used receiver operating curve analysis for determination of diagnostic performance. Results Common findings of malignant lesions include enhanced, mainly solid, ill-defined margin, absence of splenomegaly, absence of the wall, absence of calcification, LN enlargement, and presence of underlying malignancy (p < 0.05). Among them, mainly solid features (odds ratio [OR], 39.098, p = 0.007), LN enlargement (OR, 6.326, p = 0.005), and presence of underlying malignancy (OR, 8.615, p = 0.001) were significant predictors of malignancy. The mean size of benign splenic lesions (5.8 ± 3.3 cm) was larger than that of malignant splenic lesions (4.0 ± 3.4 cm). Diagnostic performance of CT findings by two reviewers using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for differentiation of malignant lesions was 0.856 and 0.893, respectively. Conclusion Solid nature of the splenic mass on CT images, LN enlargement, and presence of underlying malignancy are significant predictors of malignant splenic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwon Jang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bo Yun Hur
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Su Joa Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ijin Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Joon Koo Han
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Lee HJ, Kim JW, Hong JH, Kim GS, Shin SS, Heo SH, Lim HS, Hur YH, Seon HJ, Jeong YY. Cross-sectional Imaging of Splenic Lesions: RadioGraphics Fundamentals | Online Presentation. Radiographics 2018. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-jae Lee
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Jun Hyung Hong
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Gun Su Kim
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Sang Soo Shin
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Suk Hee Heo
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Hyo Soon Lim
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Young Hoe Hur
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Hyun Ju Seon
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
| | - Yong Yeon Jeong
- From the Departments of Radiology (H.J.L., J.W.K., J.H.H., G.S.K., S.S.S., S.H.H., H.S.L., Y.Y.J.) and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery (Y.H.H.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; and Department of Radiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (H.J.S.)
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Acute Nontraumatic Imaging in the Liver and Spleen. Emerg Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65397-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uy PPD, Francisco DM, Trivedi A, O’Loughlin M, Wu GY. Vascular Diseases of the Spleen: A Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:152-164. [PMID: 28660153 PMCID: PMC5472936 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases of the spleen are relatively uncommon in the clinical practice. However, the reported incidence has been progressively increasing, probably due to advances in the imaging modalities used to detect them. This disease condition often presents with non-specific clinical manifestations, but can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review article aims to provide updated clinical information on the different vascular diseases of the splenic vasculature-splenic vein thrombosis, splenic vein aneurysm, splenic artery aneurysm, splenic arteriovenous fistula, and spontaneous splenorenal shunt-in order to aid clinicians in early diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Princess D. Uy
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- *Correspondence to: Pearl Princess D. Uy, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1235, USA. Tel: +1-860-810-9608, Fax: +1-860-679-4613, E-mail:
| | | | - Anshu Trivedi
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - George Y. Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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