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Bonfanti-Azzolin G, Capelleti CP, Rodrigues KS, Abdallah SDR, Frielink AP, Rupphental G, Kuhn BB, Cattaneo R, Wolkmer P, Bortolotto JW, Parisi MM. Accelerated apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cholinergic inflammation in blood of metalworkers. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:752-762. [PMID: 34794353 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211053164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Metalworkers are exposed to numerous chemicals in their workplace environment, such as solvents, heavy metals, and metalworking fluids, that have a negative impact on their health. Furthermore, there is an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases among metalworkers; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this increased predisposition to chronic diseases are unclear. Considering that occupational exposure represents a potential risk for metalworkers, the aim of this study was to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood of metalworkers from Southern Brazil. The study included 40 metalworkers and 20 individuals who did not perform activities with any recognized exposure to chemical substances, such as those working in administration, commerce, and education, as controls. Cellular and molecular biomarkers as leukocyte viability, intracellular production of reactive species, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential and plasma lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl groups, total antioxidant capacity, and butyrylcholinesterase activity were evaluated in the blood of metalworkers and controls. Metalworkers were found to have higher rates of apoptosis, increased production of reactive species, and increased mitochondrial potential and mass in leukocytes associated with decreased antioxidant defenses and increased activity of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme in their plasma. It can be concluded that cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the multiplicity of health outcomes related to chemical exposure in the metalworking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bonfanti-Azzolin
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Camila P Capelleti
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Kelly S Rodrigues
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Suellen Da R Abdallah
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Ana P Frielink
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rupphental
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Kuhn
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cattaneo
- Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Patricia Wolkmer
- Group of Animal Health, Centre for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Josiane W Bortolotto
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Parisi
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
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2
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Kaur CP, Vadivelu J, Chandramathi S. Impact of Klebsiella pneumoniae in lower gastrointestinal tract diseases. J Dig Dis 2018; 19:262-271. [PMID: 29573336 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2016 Global Burden of Disease report by WHO revealed that diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) had one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. The plethora of factors that contribute to the development of GIT-related illnesses can be divided into genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Apart from that, the role that infectious agents play in the development of GIT diseases has piqued the interest of researchers worldwide. The human gut harbors approximately 1014 bacteria in it with increasing concentration toward the lower GIT. Among the various microbiota that colonize the human gut, Gram-negative bacteria have been most notoriously linked to GIT-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer (CRC). Some of the notable culprits that have been attributed to these diseases are Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori. However, studies in recent years are beginning to recognize a new player, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in the causation and progression of GIT diseases. Once synonymous with infections and diseases of the upper respiratory tract, K. pneumoniae has now emerged as one of the pathogens commonly isolated from patients with GIT diseases. However, extensive studies attributing K. pneumoniae to GIT diseases, particularly that of CRC are scanty. Therefore, this review intends to shed light on the association of K. pneumoniae in gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis as well as CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Parvinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Two-in-one: UV radiation simultaneously induces apoptosis and NETosis. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:51. [PMID: 29736268 PMCID: PMC5919968 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a unique form of neutrophil death that differs from apoptosis and necrosis. However, whether NETosis and apoptosis can occur simultaneously in the same neutrophil is unknown. In this paper, we show that increasing doses of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation increases NETosis, which is confirmed by myeloperoxidase colocalisation to neutrophil extracellular DNA. Increasing UV irradiation increases caspase 3 activation, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and p38, but not ERK, phosphorylation. Inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production and p38 activation, but not NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, suppresses UV-induced NETosis, indicating that UV induces NOX-independent NETosis. Like classical NOX-dependent and -independent NETosis, UV-induced NETosis requires transcriptional firing for chromatin decondensation. Cell death-specific inhibitor studies indicate that UV-mediated NETosis is not apoptosis, necrosis or necroptosis. Collectively, these studies indicate that increasing doses of UV irradiation induce both apoptosis and NETosis simultaneously, but the ultimate outcome is the induction of a novel form of NOX-independent NETosis, or “ApoNETosis”.
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Lee JC, Park JH, Kim IH, Cho GS, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Choi SY, Cho JH, Kim DW, Kwon YG, Kang IJ, Won MH, Kim YM. Neuroprotection of ischemic preconditioning is mediated by thioredoxin 2 in the hippocampal CA1 region following a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:276-291. [PMID: 27117068 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning by brief ischemic episode induces tolerance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult, and it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species are involved in this phenomenon. Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), a small protein with redox-regulating function, shows cytoprotective roles against oxidative stress. Here, we had focused on the role of Trx2 in ischemic preconditioning (IPC)-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress followed by a subsequent lethal transient cerebral ischemia. Animals used in this study were randomly assigned to six groups; sham-operated group, ischemia-operated group, IPC plus (+) sham-operated group, IPC + ischemia-operated group, IPC + auranofin (a TrxR2 inhibitor) + sham-operated group and IPC + auranofin + ischemia-operated group. IPC was subjected to a 2 minutes of sublethal transient ischemia 1 day prior to a 5 minutes of lethal transient ischemia. A significant loss of neurons was found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) in the ischemia-operated-group 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion; in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, pyramidal neurons in the SP were well protected. In the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the SP and its protein level in the CA1 were not significantly changed compared with those in the sham-operated-group after ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression, superoxide anion radical ( O2-) production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group were similar to those in the sham-operated-group. Conversely, the treatment of auranofin to the IPC + ischemia-operated-group significantly increased cell damage/death and abolished the IPC-induced effect on Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions. Furthermore, the inhibition of Trx2R nearly cancelled the beneficial effects of IPC on SOD2 expression, O2- production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells. In brief, this study shows that IPC conferred neuroprotection against ischemic injury by maintaining Trx2 and suggests that the maintenance or enhancement of Trx2 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for therapeutic intervention of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ansan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Lakschevitz FS, Aboodi GM, Glogauer M. Oral neutrophil transcriptome changes result in a pro-survival phenotype in periodontal diseases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68983. [PMID: 23874838 PMCID: PMC3708893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal diseases are inflammatory processes that occur following the influx of neutrophils into the periodontal tissues in response to the subgingival bacterial biofilm. Current literature suggests that while neutrophils are protective and prevent bacterial infections, they also appear to contribute to damage of the periodontal tissues. In the present study we compare the gene expression profile changes in neutrophils as they migrate from the circulation into the oral tissues in patients with chronic periodontits and matched healthy subjects. We hypothesized that oral neutrophils in periodontal disease patients will display a disease specific transcriptome that differs from the oral neutrophil of healthy subjects. Methods Venous blood and oral rinse samples were obtained from healthy subjects and chronic periodontitis patients for neutrophil isolation. mRNA was isolated from the neutrophils, and gene expression microarray analysis was completed. Results were confirmed for specific genes of interest by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis. Results and Discussion Chronic periodontitis patients presented with increased recruitment of neutrophils to the oral cavity. Gene expression analysis revealed differences in the expression levels of genes from several biological pathways. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, we found that the apoptosis network was significantly altered in patients with chronic inflammation in the oral cavity, with up-regulation of pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family and down-regulation of pro-apoptosis members in the same compartment. Additional functional analysis confirmed that the percentages of viable neutrophils are significantly increased in the oral cavity of chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusions Oral neutrophils from patients with periodontal disease displayed an altered transcriptome following migration into the oral tissues. This resulted in a pro-survival neutrophil phenotype in chronic periodontitis patients when compared with healthy subjects, resulting in a longer-lived neutrophil. This is likely to impact the severity and length of the inflammatory response in this oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Lakschevitz
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sato EF, Choudhury T, Nishikawa T, Inoue M. Dynamic aspect of reactive oxygen and nitric oxide in oral cavity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 42:8-13. [PMID: 18231624 PMCID: PMC2212350 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosa is a critical protective interface between external and internal environments. Therefore, it must serve as a barrier to a huge number of microbial species present in the environment. Saliva is an important factor that provides for the environment in the oral cavity, and it is indispensable to the host defense reaction in this manner. Oral neutrophils are also important contributors to maintaining the balance between health and disease in this complex environment. These produce reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and several antimicrobial peptides, and enzymes. Neutrophils and saliva all contribute to the maintaining the health of the oral cavity in overlapping but independent ways. In addition to production by neutrophils and macrophage, some bacteria can also generate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Dietary intake of nitrate-enriched vegetables might play important roles in the protection of the oral and stomach against hazardous pathogens via the gastro-intestinal-salivary cycle of nitric oxide (NO) and related metabolites. This review will focus on defense system of the human oral cavity and metabolism of reactive oxygen and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke F Sato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Kanazuru T, Sato EF, Nagata K, Matsui H, Watanabe K, Kasahara E, Jikumaru M, Inoue J, Inoue M. Role of hydrogen generation by Klebsiella pneumoniae in the oral cavity. J Microbiol 2011; 48:778-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ho WH, Lee YY, Chang LY, Chen YT, Liu TY, Hung SL. Effects of areca nut extract on the apoptosis pathways in human neutrophils. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:412-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Szuster-Ciesielska A, Słotwińska M, Stachura A, Marmurowska-Michałowska H, Dubas-Slemp H, Bojarska-Junak A, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Accelerated apoptosis of blood leukocytes and oxidative stress in blood of patients with major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:686-94. [PMID: 18083280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acceleration of blood leukocyte apoptosis in major depression has been described. The present studies have been undertaken to estimate the level of apoptosis of blood leukocytes in patients with depression and to examine the mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Blood was taken from 29 patients with depression (age 48.2+/-11.2, 14 males, 15 females) and 30 healthy controls (age 41.3+/-4.1, 15 males, 15 females), and apoptosis was estimated by the cytometric method by measurements of annexin V binding, mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi), bcl-2, bax, and Fas (CD95) expression in CD4+, CD8+ and CD14+ cells. The amounts of cytochrome c released from mitochondria to cytosol of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were also measured. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from PMNs were examined as was the serum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total peroxidase (PER). Additionally, serum levels of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were estimated. Our experiments indicated accelerated apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ cells (mainly neutrophils) of depressed patients as well as a significant increase in the percent of Fas-expressing cells. Bcl-2 and bax expression was higher in cells of depressed patients than in control, however, bcl-2/bax ratio was significantly decreased in CD14+ cells of depressed patients. PMNs isolated from the blood of the patients produced more ROS spontaneously and after induction with phorbol ester (PMA) than PMNs of the healthy control. A significant increase in serum activity of SOD, CAT and PER was also detected. Overproduction of superoxide anion correlated positively with the level of PMNs apoptosis (measured by cytochrome c release), suggesting that superoxide anion might be an important factor inducing apoptotic death of blood cells. The result of our experiment indicated that apoptosis of immune cells may affect patient's susceptibility to different infections and application of antioxidants in medication of patients with depression will be beneficial for them. The increased level of IL-6 in sera of the depressed patients did not correlate with overproduction of ROS, suggesting that this cytokine is not involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis of leukocytes.
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Pasdois P, Beauvoit B, Tariosse L, Vinassa B, Bonoron-Adèle S, Dos Santos P. Effect of diazoxide on flavoprotein oxidation and reactive oxygen species generation during ischemia-reperfusion: a study on Langendorff-perfused rat hearts using optic fibers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H2088-97. [PMID: 18296562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01345.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the oxidant generation during ischemia-reperfusion protocols of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts, preconditioned with a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoK(ATP)) opener (i.e., diazoxide). The autofluorescence of mitochondrial flavoproteins, and that of the total NAD(P)H pool on the one hand and the fluorescence of dyes sensitive to H(2)O(2) or O(2)(*-) [i.e., the dihydrodichlorofluoroscein (H(2)DCF) and dihydroethidine (DHE), respectively] on the other, were noninvasively measured at the surface of the left ventricular wall by means of optic fibers. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to an ischemia-reperfusion protocol. Opening mitoK(ATP) with diazoxide (100 microM) 1) improved the recovery of the rate-pressure product after reperfusion (72 +/- 2 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.5% of baseline value in control group, P < 0.01), and 2) attenuated the oxidant generation during both ischemic (-46 +/- 5% H(2)DCF oxidation and -40 +/- 3% DHE oxidation vs. control group, P < 0.01) and reperfusion (-26 +/- 2% H(2)DCF oxidation and -23 +/- 2% DHE oxidation vs. control group, P < 0.01) periods. All of these effects were abolished by coperfusion of 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (500 microM), a mitoK(ATP) blocker. During the preconditioning phase, diazoxide induced a transient, reversible, and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid-sensitive flavoprotein and H(2)DCF (but not DHE) oxidation. In conclusion, the diazoxide-mediated cardioprotection is supported by a moderate H(2)O(2) production during the preconditioning phase and a strong decrease in oxidant generation during the subsequent ischemic and reperfusion phases.
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Starnes JW, Barnes BD, Olsen ME. Exercise training decreases rat heart mitochondria free radical generation but does not prevent Ca2+-induced dysfunction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:1793-8. [PMID: 17303708 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise provides cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, a process involving mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and calcium overload. This study tested the hypotheses that isolated mitochondria from hearts of endurance-trained rats have decreased ROS production and improved tolerance against Ca(2+)-induced dysfunction. Male Fischer 344 rats were either sedentary (Sed, n = 8) or endurance exercise trained (ET, n = 11) by running on a treadmill for 16 wk (5 days/wk, 60 min/day, 25 m/min, 6 degrees grade). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation measures were determined with glutamate-malate or succinate as substrates, and H(2)O(2) production and permeability transition pore (PTP) opening were determined with succinate. All assays were carried out in the absence and presence of calcium. In response to 25 and 50 microM CaCl(2), Sed and ET displayed similar decreases in state 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio, and ADP:O ratio. Ca(2+)-induced PTP opening was also similar. However, H(2)O(2) production by ET was lower than Sed (P < 0.05) in the absence of calcium (323 +/- 12 vs. 362 +/- 11 pmol.min(-1).mg protein(-1)) and the presence of 50 microM CaCl(2) (154 +/- 3 vs. 197 +/- 7 pmol.min(-1).mg protein(-1)). Rotenone, which blocks electron flow from succinate to complex 1, reduced H(2)O(2) production and eliminated differences between ET and Sed. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were not affected by exercise. Catalase activity was extremely low but increased 49% in ET (P < 0.05). In conclusion, exercise reduces ROS production in myocardial mitochondria through adaptations specific to complex 1 but does not improve mitochondrial tolerance to calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Starnes
- Dept. of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0360, USA.
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Comelli M, Metelli G, Mavelli I. Downmodulation of mitochondrial F0F1 ATP synthase by diazoxide in cardiac myoblasts: a dual effect of the drug. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H820-9. [PMID: 17287451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00366.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Similar to ischemic preconditioning, diazoxide was documented to elicit beneficial bioenergetic consequences linked to cardioprotection. Inhibition of ATPase activity of mitochondrial F(0)F(1) ATP synthase may have a role in such effect and may involve the natural inhibitor protein IF(1). We recently documented, using purified enzyme and isolated mitochondrial membranes from beef heart, that diazoxide interacts with the F(1) sector of F(0)F(1) ATP synthase by promoting IF(1) binding and reversibly inhibiting ATP hydrolysis. Here we investigated the effects of diazoxide on the enzyme in cultured myoblasts. Specifically, embryonic heart-derived H9c2 cells were exposed to diazoxide and mitochondrial ATPase was assayed in conditions maintaining steady-state IF(1) binding (basal ATPase activity) or detaching bound IF(1) at alkaline pH. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential and uncoupling were also investigated, as well as ATP synthesis flux and ATP content. Diazoxide at a cardioprotective concentration (40 muM cell-associated concentration) transiently downmodulated basal ATPase activity, concomitant with mild mitochondria uncoupling and depolarization, without affecting ATP synthesis and ATP content. Alkaline stripping of IF(1) from F(0)F(1) ATP synthase was less in diazoxide-treated than in untreated cells. Pretreatment with glibenclamide prevented, together with mitochondria depolarization, inhibition of ATPase activity under basal but not under IF(1)-stripping conditions, indicating that diazoxide alters alkaline IF(1) release. Diazoxide inhibition of ATPase activity in IF(1)-stripping conditions was observed even when mitochondrial transmembrane potential was reduced by FCCP. The results suggest that diazoxide in a model of normoxic intact cells directly promotes binding of inhibitor protein IF(1) to F(0)F(1) ATP synthase and enhances IF(1) binding indirectly by mildly uncoupling and depolarizing mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Comelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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13
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Kaasik A, Safiulina D, Zharkovsky A, Veksler V. Regulation of mitochondrial matrix volume. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C157-63. [PMID: 16870828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00272.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial volume homeostasis is a housekeeping cellular function essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the organelle. Changes in mitochondrial volume have been associated with a wide range of important biological functions and pathologies. Mitochondrial matrix volume is controlled by osmotic balance between cytosol and mitochondria. Any dysbalance in the fluxes of the main intracellular ion, potassium, will thus affect the osmotic balance between cytosol and the matrix and promote the water movement between these two compartments. It has been hypothesized that activity of potassium efflux pathways exceeds the potassium influx in functioning mitochondria and that potassium concentration in matrix could be actually lower than in cytoplasm. This hypothesis provides a clear-cut explanation for the mitochondrial swelling observed after mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial calcium overload, or opening of permeability transition pore. It should also be noted that the rate of water flux into or out of the mitochondrion is determined not only by the osmotic gradient that acts as the driving force for water transport but also by the water permeability of the inner membrane. Recent data suggest that the mitochondrial inner membrane has also specific water channels, aquaporins, which facilitate water movement between cytoplasm and matrix. This review discusses different phases of mitochondrial swelling and summarizes the potential effects of mitochondrial swelling on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
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Heinen A, Camara AKS, Aldakkak M, Rhodes SS, Riess ML, Stowe DF. Mitochondrial Ca2+-induced K+ influx increases respiration and enhances ROS production while maintaining membrane potential. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C148-56. [PMID: 16870831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00215.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated a role for altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondrial Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) (mtK(Ca)) channel opening-induced preconditioning in isolated hearts. However, the underlying mitochondrial mechanism by which mtK(Ca) channel opening causes ROS production to trigger preconditioning is unknown. We hypothesized that submaximal mitochondrial K(+) influx causes ROS production as a result of enhanced electron flow at a fully charged membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). To test this hypothesis, we measured effects of NS-1619, a putative mtK(Ca) channel opener, and valinomycin, a K(+) ionophore, on mitochondrial respiration, DeltaPsi(m), and ROS generation in guinea pig heart mitochondria. NS-1619 (30 microM) increased state 2 and 4 respiration by 5.2 +/- 0.9 and 7.3 +/- 0.9 nmol O(2).min(-1).mg protein(-1), respectively, with the NADH-linked substrate pyruvate and by 7.5 +/- 1.4 and 11.6 +/- 2.9 nmol O(2).min(-1).mg protein(-1), respectively, with the FADH(2)-linked substrate succinate (+ rotenone); these effects were abolished by the mtK(Ca) channel blocker paxilline. DeltaPsi(m) was not decreased by 10-30 microM NS-1619 with either substrate, but H(2)O(2) release was increased by 44.8% (65.9 +/- 2.7% by 30 muM NS-1619 vs. 21.1 +/- 3.8% for time controls) with succinate + rotenone. In contrast, NS-1619 did not increase H(2)O(2) release with pyruvate. Similar results were found for lower concentrations of valinomycin. The increase in ROS production in succinate + rotenone-supported mitochondria resulted from a fully maintained DeltaPsi(m), despite increased respiration, a condition that is capable of allowing increased electron leak. We propose that mild matrix K(+) influx during states 2 and 4 increases mitochondrial respiration while maintaining DeltaPsi(m); this allows singlet electron uptake by O(2) and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Heinen
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, M4280, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Hu Z, Yang Y, Zhang K, Sun Z. Chemical preconditioning by 3-nitropropionic acid reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:439-41. [PMID: 16196297 DOI: 10.1007/bf02828217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. 16 isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into two groups, a treatment group and a control group. The rats of the treatment group were treated intraperitoneally with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA, 4 mg/kg) and the rats of the control group were treated with saline. 24 h after the treatment, the isolated hearts were mounted on a Langendorff apparatus. After 30 min, the hearts were subjected to 30-min ischemia and 60-min reperfusion. The HR, LVDP and +/- dp/dt(max) were measured at pre-ischemia and 30 min, 60 min after the reperfusion. Coronary effluent was collected 15 min after the reperfusion for the determination of CK and LDH. At the end of the 60-min reperfusion the heart was removed for the determination of myocardial SOD and MDA. Our results showed that in the 3-NPA group LVDP and +/- dp/dt(max) recovered significantly better, myocardial MDA, CK and LDH were significantly lower and the myocardial SOD was significantly higher than in the control group. It is concluded that chemical preconditioning by 3-nitropropionate has cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Moroni F, Di Paolo ML, Rigo A, Cipriano C, Giacconi R, Recchioni R, Marcheselli F, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E. Interrelationship Among Neutrophil Efficiency, Inflammation, Antioxidant Activity and Zinc Pool in Very Old Age. Biogerontology 2005; 6:271-81. [PMID: 16333761 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-2625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first barrier against infections. Aged neutrophils display impaired oxidative burst and phagocytosis with subsequent less capability to destroy bacteria. In successful ageing (nonagenarians), neutrophil efficiency (phagocytosis) increases. After ingested microbes, aged neutrophils are less prone to undergo apoptosis favouring chronic inflammation. Moreover, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which is necessary in avoiding ROS produced by oxidative burst, is limited in ageing. The mechanisms of age-related changes in neutrophil function are not fully understood, taking also into account that nonagenarians escape infections in comparison with elderly. Zinc pool may be involved because it is pivotal for neutrophil efficiency and SOD activity. Since zinc also controls the inflammation, via IL-6 and soluble factor of gp130 (sgp130), we have assessed the possible interrelationship among oxidative burst, apoptosis, inflammation, SOD, adhesion molecule Mac-1 and zinc pool in elderly and in nonagenarians. The oxidative burst and the capacity to increase Mac-1 after PMA stimulation decrease both in elderly and nonagenarians, but the latter display a slight increased neutrophil induced apoptosis, decreased sgp130, increased SOD, and more neutrophil zinc content, as it occurs in young-adults. Significant correlation exists between sgp130 and zinc pool in very old age. These findings suggest lower chronic inflammation in nonagenarians, via more zinc available, with subsequent long-life survival. Therefore, a more correct interrelationship among neutrophil efficiency, inflammation, antioxidant activity and zinc pool exists in successful ageing with subsequent more effectiveness to control the inflammatory response to pathogens.
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Shneyvays V, Leshem D, Zinman T, Mamedova LK, Jacobson KA, Shainberg A. Role of adenosine A1 and A3 receptors in regulation of cardiomyocyte homeostasis after mitochondrial respiratory chain injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H2792-801. [PMID: 15681707 PMCID: PMC3457058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01157.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of either the A(1) or the A(3) adenosine receptor (A(1)R or A(3)R, respectively) elicits delayed cardioprotection against infarction, ischemia, and hypoxia. Mitochondrial contribution to the progression of cardiomyocyte injury is well known; however, the protective effects of adenosine receptor activation in cardiac cells with a respiratory chain deficiency are poorly elucidated. The aim of our study was to further define the role of A(1)R and A(3)R activation on functional tolerance after inhibition of the terminal link of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with sodium azide, in a state of normoxia or hypoxia, compared with the effects of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel opener diazoxide. Treatment with 10 mM sodium azide for 2 h in normoxia caused a considerable decrease in the total ATP level; however, activation of adenosine receptors significantly attenuated this decrease. Diazoxide (100 muM) was less effective in protection. During treatment of cultured cardiomyocytes with hypoxia in the presence of 1 mM sodium azide, the A(1)R agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine was ineffective, whereas the A(3)R agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine (Cl-IB-MECA) attenuated the decrease in ATP level and prevented cell injury. Cl-IB-MECA delayed the dissipation in the mitochondrial membrane potential during hypoxia in cells impaired in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In cells with elevated intracellular Ca(2+) concentration after hypoxia and treatment with NaN(3) or after application of high doses of NaN(3), Cl-IB-MECA immediately decreased the elevated intracellular Ca(2+) concentration toward the diastolic control level. The A(1)R agonist was ineffective. This may be especially important for the development of effective pharmacological agents, because mitochondrial dysfunction is a leading factor in the pathophysiological cascade of heart disease.
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Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Hiramoto K, Kashiwagi A, Utsumi K. Free radical theory of apoptosis and metamorphosis. Redox Rep 2005; 9:237-47. [PMID: 15606976 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225006010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major factors that induce oxidative modification of DNA and gene mutation. ROS can elicit oxidative stress and affect a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes including embryonal development, maturation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
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Vellón L, González-Cid M, Nebel MDC, Larripa I. Additive apoptotic effect of STI571 with the cytoprotective agent amifostine in K-562 cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 55:602-8. [PMID: 15700189 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the apoptotic effect of the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative STI571 in combination with antioxidant agents on K-562 cell line derived from a Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS K-562 (BCR/ABL+), U-937, and HL60 (BCR/ABL-) leukemic cell lines were incubated with STI571 and the antioxidant agents catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and amifostine (AMI). Apoptotic effect was analyzed by morphological and flow cytometric criteria. RESULTS STI571 at concentrations higher than 0.25 mumol L(-1) produced apoptosis (P<0.05) in K-562 cells only after treatment for 72 h. At the mentioned concentrations, STI571 also induced an increase in the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential from 24.6 to 40%. Combination of STI571 (0.5 micromol L(-1)) with antioxidant agents showed that the cytoprotective agent AMI (0.75 mg mL(-1)) produced an additive effect in the proapoptotic activity of STI571 in K-562 cells at nuclear (58.8%+/-2.0 vs. 28.9%+/-3.3) and mitochondrial (53.3%+/-3.6 vs. 29.5%+/-1.2) levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that only AMI in combination with STI571, at submicromolar concentration, has an additive effect in K-562 cell line, and it does not have severe toxic effects on Philadelphia chromosome negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Vellón
- Depto de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas Mariano R. Castex, Academia de Medicina, J.A. Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Holmuhamedov EL, Jahangir A, Oberlin A, Komarov A, Colombini M, Terzic A. Potassium channel openers are uncoupling protonophores: implication in cardioprotection. FEBS Lett 2004; 568:167-70. [PMID: 15196941 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive build-up of mitochondrial protonic potential is harmful to cellular homeostasis, and modulation of inner membrane permeability a proposed countermeasure. Here, we demonstrate that structurally distinct potassium channel openers, diazoxide and pinacidil, facilitated transmembrane proton translocation generating H(+)-selective current through planar phospholipid membrane. Both openers depolarized mitochondria, activated state 4 respiration and reduced oxidative phosphorylation, recapitulating the signature of mitochondrial uncoupling. This effect was maintained in K(+)-free conditions and shared with the prototypic protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol. Diazoxide, pinacidil and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but not 2,4-dinitrotoluene lacking protonophoric properties, preserved functional recovery of ischemic heart. The identified protonophoric property of potassium channel openers, thus, implicates a previously unrecognized component in their mechanism of cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhson L Holmuhamedov
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Guggenheim 7, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Marina Prendes MG, Rastelli AH, Astudilla C, Fernández MA, Martínez M, Perazzo JC, Testoni G, Savino EA, Varela A. Influence of fasting on the effects of diazoxide in the ischemic-reperfused rat heart. J Physiol Biochem 2004; 60:51-8. [PMID: 15352384 DOI: 10.1007/bf03168220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to assess whether the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener diazoxide could reproduce the protection conferred by ischemic preconditioning and to ascertain whether its effects are associated with changes in glycogen breakdown and glycolytic activity. Hearts of fed and 24-h fasted rats were perfused with 10 mM glucose containing medium and exposed to 25 min no-flow ischemia plus 30 min reperfusion. Diazoxide (10 microM) perfusion was begun 10 min before ischemia and continued throughout the experiment. Fasting accelerated reperfusion recovery of contraction, reduced the post-ischemic contracture and decreased lactate accumulation during ischemia but had no effects on glycogen levels and cellular viability. Diazoxide, did not affect glycogen catabolism but improved reperfusion recovery of contraction. Furthermore, diazoxide reduced ischemic lactate accumulation and contracture amplitude only in the fed group whereas it improved cell viability in the fed and fasted groups. These data indicate that: 1) reduced lactate production which may attenuate myocyte acidification might explain, at least in part, the beneficial effects of diazoxide on mechanical function, although data obtained with the fasted rat hearts indicate that other mechanisms must be involved as well; 2) the reduction of lactate production occurring in the fed group, does not seem to be related to glycogenolysis; and 3) since diazoxide improved cell viability in the fasted rat group where it did not reduce glycolytic activity, other mechanisms may be responsible for this cytoprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marina Prendes
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires 1028 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kuznetsov AV, Schneeberger S, Seiler R, Brandacher G, Mark W, Steurer W, Saks V, Usson Y, Margreiter R, Gnaiger E. Mitochondrial defects and heterogeneous cytochrome c release after cardiac cold ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 286:H1633-41. [PMID: 14693685 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00701.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in myocardial cold ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) and induction of apoptosis. The nature and extent of mitochondrial defects and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release were determined by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized myocardial fibers. CIR in a rat heart transplant model resulted in variable contractile performance, correlating with the decline of ADP-stimulated respiration. Respiration with succinate or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (substrates for complexes II and IV) was partially restored by added Cyt c, indicating Cyt c release. In contrast, NADH-linked respiration (glutamate+malate) was not stimulated by Cyt c, owing to a specific defect of complex I. CIR but not cold ischemia alone resulted in the loss of NADH-linked respiratory capacity, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and Cyt c release. Mitochondria depleted of Cyt c by controlled hypoosmotic shock provided a kinetic model of homogeneous Cyt c depletion. Comparison to Cyt c control of respiration in CIR-injured myocardial fibers indicated heterogeneity of Cyt c release. The complex I defect and uncoupling correlated with heterogeneous Cyt c release, the extent of which increased with loss of cardiac performance. These results demonstrate a complex pattern of multiple mitochondrial damage as determinants of CIR injury of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Transplant Surgery, D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, University Hospital Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Headrick JP, Hack B, Ashton KJ. Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H1797-818. [PMID: 14561676 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the cardiovascular system generate and release purine nucleoside adenosine in increasing quantities when constituent cells are "stressed" or subjected to injurious stimuli. This increased adenosine can interact with surface receptors in myocardial, vascular, fibroblast, and inflammatory cells to modulate cellular function and phenotype. Additionally, adenosine is rapidly reincorporated back into 5'-AMP to maintain the adenine nucleotide pool. Via these receptor-dependent and independent (metabolic) paths, adenosine can substantially modify the acute response to ischemic insult, in addition to generating a more sustained ischemia-tolerant phenotype (preconditioning). However, the molecular basis for acute adenosinergic cardioprotection remains incompletely understood and may well differ from more widely studied preconditioning. Here we review current knowledge and some controversies regarding acute cardioprotection via adenosine and adenosine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4217, Australia.
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