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Tamayo-Torres E, Garrido A, de Cabo R, Carretero J, Gómez-Cabrera MC. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Role of exercise training. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 99:101293. [PMID: 39059039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia represents a multifactorial syndrome mainly characterized by muscle mass loss, which causes both a decrease in quality of life and anti-cancer therapy failure, among other consequences. The definition and diagnostic criteria of cachexia have changed and improved over time, including three different stages (pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia) and objective diagnostic markers. This metabolic wasting syndrome is characterized by a negative protein balance, and anti-cancer drugs like chemotherapy or immunotherapy exacerbate it through relatively unknown mechanisms. Due to its complexity, cachexia management involves a multidisciplinary strategy including not only nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Physical exercise has been proposed as a strategy to counteract the effects of cachexia on skeletal muscle, as it influences the mechanisms involved in the disease such as protein turnover, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review will summarize the experimental and clinical evidence of the impact of physical exercise on cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tamayo-Torres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amanda Garrido
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Gómez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Stevanovic S, Dalmao-Fernandez A, Mohamed D, Nyman TA, Kostovski E, Iversen PO, Savikj M, Nikolic N, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Kase ET. Time-dependent reduction in oxidative capacity among cultured myotubes from spinal cord injured individuals. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14156. [PMID: 38711362 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle adapts in reaction to contractile activity to efficiently utilize energy substrates, primarily glucose and free fatty acids (FA). Inactivity leads to atrophy and a change in energy utilization in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study aimed to characterize possible inactivity-related differences in the energy metabolism between skeletal muscle cells cultured from satellite cells isolated 1- and 12-months post-SCI. METHODS To characterize inactivity-related disturbances in spinal cord injury, we studied skeletal muscle cells isolated from SCI subjects. Cell cultures were established from biopsy samples from musculus vastus lateralis from subjects with SCI 1 and 12 months after the injury. The myoblasts were proliferated and differentiated into myotubes before fatty acid and glucose metabolism were assessed and gene and protein expressions were measured. RESULTS The results showed that glucose uptake was increased, while oleic acid oxidation was reduced at 12 months compared to 1 month. mRNA expressions of PPARGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and MYH2, a determinant of muscle fiber type, were significantly reduced at 12 months. Proteomic analysis showed reduced expression of several mitochondrial proteins. CONCLUSION In conclusion, skeletal muscle cells isolated from immobilized subjects 12 months compared to 1 month after SCI showed reduced fatty acid metabolism and reduced expression of mitochondrial proteins, indicating an increased loss of oxidative capacity with time after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Stevanovic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Dalmao-Fernandez
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derya Mohamed
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emil Kostovski
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Manifestsenteret, Røyken, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Savikj
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Nikolic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili T Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Wang Y, Ding S. Extracellular vesicles in cancer cachexia: deciphering pathogenic roles and exploring therapeutic horizons. J Transl Med 2024; 22:506. [PMID: 38802952 PMCID: PMC11129506 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a debilitating syndrome that affects 50-80% of cancer patients, varying in incidence by cancer type and significantly diminishing their quality of life. This multifactorial syndrome is characterized by muscle and fat loss, systemic inflammation, and metabolic imbalance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, play a crucial role in the progression of CC. These vesicles, produced by cancer cells and others within the tumor environment, facilitate intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. A comprehensive review of the literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science reveals insights into the formation, release, and uptake of EVs in CC, underscoring their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The review also explores therapeutic strategies targeting EVs, which include modifying their release and content, utilizing them for drug delivery, genetically altering their contents, and inhibiting key cachexia pathways. Understanding the role of EVs in CC opens new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, potentially mitigating the syndrome's impact on patient survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, 226001, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shengguang Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, 226001, P.R. China.
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Sui X, Mao X, Wu G, Meng Q. DUSP1 promotes muscle atrophy by inhibiting myocyte differentiation in cachectic patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1040112. [PMID: 36387242 PMCID: PMC9663480 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy is the major hallmark of cancer cachexia. The mechanisms underlying muscle wasting remain elusive in cachectic patients. Our research seeks to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between non-cachectic and cachectic cancer patients and elucidate their functions. METHODS We screened the DEGs of skeletal muscle between patients with and without cachexia from microarray data. Biological function of DEGs is analyzed through gene enrichment analysis, while an interaction network is constructed to visualize how genes are related. A Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated the clinical significance of DUSP1 related to cancer cachexia. Skeletal muscle samples were collected and histomorphology studies were conducted. Function of DUSP1 on myogenesis was clarified by qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We screened 324 DEGs in skeletal muscle from patients with and without cachexia. The results of the gene enrichment analysis indicated that inflammatory cytokines and immune responses contribute significantly to the pathological condition of cachexia. DUSP1 was one of the key genes in the regulating network. DUSP1 protein and mRNA levels were increased significantly in skeletal muscle tissues from patients with cancer cachexia. DUSP1 expression in cachectic group was found to have negative correlation with SMA, prealbumin and BMI and positive correlation with TNFα, IL6 and weight loss. Significant changes of myogenesis related genes were observed in myocyte after DUSP1 was overexpressed and knocked down. CONCLUSION In skeletal muscle of cachectic patients, DUSP1 expression was observed to be higher and thus DUSP1 promote muscle atrophy by inhibiting myogenesis. DUSP1 is expected to be a specific target in cancer cachexia for preventing and treating muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangyu Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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