1
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Porcu C, Dobrowolny G, Scicchitano BM. Exploring the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5811. [PMID: 38892005 PMCID: PMC11171935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration entails a multifaceted process marked by distinct phases, encompassing inflammation, regeneration, and remodeling. The coordination of these phases hinges upon precise intercellular communication orchestrated by diverse cell types and signaling molecules. Recent focus has turned towards extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs, as pivotal mediators facilitating intercellular communication throughout muscle regeneration. Notably, injured muscle provokes the release of EVs originating from myofibers and various cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, satellite cells, and immune cells such as M2 macrophages, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and promyogenic properties. EVs harbor a specific cargo comprising functional proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which intricately regulate gene expression in target cells and activate downstream pathways crucial for skeletal muscle homeostasis and repair. Furthermore, EVs foster angiogenesis, muscle reinnervation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby modulating the tissue microenvironment and promoting effective tissue regeneration. This review consolidates the current understanding on EVs released by cells and damaged tissues throughout various phases of muscle regeneration with a focus on EV cargo, providing new insights on potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate muscle-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Porcu
- DAHFMO-Unità di Istologia ed Embriologia Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- DAHFMO-Unità di Istologia ed Embriologia Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
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2
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Mou K, Chan SMH, Vlahos R. Musculoskeletal crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108635. [PMID: 38508342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as "myokines" and "osteokines". We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mou
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley M H Chan
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Shi W, Li X, Wang Z, Li C, Wang D, Li C. CCL3 Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing Through Recruiting Macrophages in Mice. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241264912. [PMID: 39076075 PMCID: PMC11289813 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241264912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process, which involves three stages: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Inflammation is the first step; thus, immune factors play an important regulatory role in wound healing. In this study, we focused on a chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), which is often upregulated for expression during wound healing. We compared cutaneous wound healing at the histological, morphological, and molecular levels in the presence and absence of CCL3. The results showed that the wound healing rate in the wild-type and CCL3-/- + CCL3 mice was faster than that of CCL3-/- mice (P < 0.01), and application of CCL3 to wounds increased the healing rate. In the process of wound healing, the degree of reepithelialization and the rate of collagen deposition in the wound of CCL3-/- mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type mice (P < 0.01). The number of macrophages and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the wounds of wild-type mice were much higher than those of the CCL3-/- mice. Removal of macrophages and CCL3-/- mice share similar phenotypes. Therefore, we infer that the wound healing requires the participation of macrophages, and CCL3 may play an important regulatory role through recruiting macrophages to the wound sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Shi
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xunsheng Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Datao Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
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4
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Yaghi OK, Hanna BS, Langston PK, Michelson DA, Jayewickreme T, Marin-Rodero M, Benoist C, Mathis D. A discrete 'early-responder' stromal-cell subtype orchestrates immunocyte recruitment to injured tissue. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2053-2067. [PMID: 37932455 PMCID: PMC10792729 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Following acute injury, stromal cells promote tissue regeneration by a diversity of mechanisms. Time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing of muscle mesenchymal stromal cells (MmSCs) responding to acute injury identified an 'early-responder' subtype that spiked on day 1 and expressed a notable array of transcripts encoding immunomodulators. IL-1β, TNF-α and oncostatin M each strongly and rapidly induced MmSCs transcribing this immunomodulatory program. Macrophages amplified the program but were not strictly required for its induction. Transfer of the inflammatory MmSC subtype, tagged with a unique surface marker, into healthy hindlimb muscle induced inflammation primarily driven by neutrophils and macrophages. Among the abundant inflammatory transcripts produced by this subtype, Cxcl5 was stroma-specific and highly upregulated with injury. Depletion of this chemokine early after injury revealed a substantial impact on recruitment of neutrophils, a prolongation of inflammation to later times and an effect on tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cell subtypes expressing a comparable inflammatory program were found in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy and in several other tissues and pathologies in both mice and humans. These 'early-responder' mesenchymal stromal cells, already in place, permit rapid and coordinated mobilization and amplification of critical cell collaborators in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Yaghi
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bola S Hanna
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Michelson
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teshika Jayewickreme
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Marin-Rodero
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Wang X, Zhou L. The multifaceted role of macrophages in homeostatic and injured skeletal muscle. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274816. [PMID: 37954602 PMCID: PMC10634307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is essential for body physical activity, energy metabolism, and temperature maintenance. It has excellent capabilities to maintain homeostasis and to regenerate after injury, which indispensably relies on muscle stem cells, satellite cells (MuSCs). The quiescence, activation, and differentiation of MuSCs are tightly regulated in homeostatic and regenerating muscles. Among the important regulators are intramuscular macrophages, which are functionally heterogeneous with different subtypes present in a spatiotemporal manner to regulate the balance of different MuSC statuses. During chronic injury and aging, intramuscular macrophages often undergo aberrant activation, which in turn disrupts muscle homeostasis and regenerative repair. Growing evidence suggests that the aberrant activation is mainly triggered by altered muscle microenvironment. The trained immunity that affects myeloid progenitors during hematopoiesis may also contribute. Aged immune system may contribute, in part, to the aging-related sarcopenia and compromised skeletal muscle injury repair. As macrophages are actively involved in the progression of many muscle diseases, manipulating their functional activation has become a promising therapeutic approach, which requires comprehensive knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse activation. To this end, we discuss here the current knowledge of multifaceted role of macrophages in skeletal muscle homeostasis, injury, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Gregg SR, Barshick MR, Johnson SE. Intravenous Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate Diminishes Basal Inflammatory Gene Expression in Equine Skeletal Muscle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3030. [PMID: 37835636 PMCID: PMC10571686 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following strenuous exercise, skeletal muscle experiences an acute inflammatory state that initiates the repair process. Systemic hyaluronic acid (HA) is injected to horses routinely as a joint anti-inflammatory. To gain insight into the effects of HA on skeletal muscle, adult Thoroughbred geldings (n = 6) were injected with a commercial HA product weekly for 3 weeks prior to performing a submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle (GM) biopsies were obtained before and 1 h after exercise for gene expression analysis and HA localization. The results from RNA sequencing demonstrate differences in gene expression between non-injected controls (CON; n = 6) and HA horses. Prior to exercise, HA horses contained fewer (p < 0.05) transcripts associated with leukocyte activity and cytokine production than CON. The performance of exercise resulted in the upregulation (p < 0.05) of several cytokine genes and their signaling intermediates, indicating that HA does not suppress the normal inflammatory response to exercise. The transcript abundance for marker genes of neutrophils (NCF2) and macrophages (CD163) was greater (p < 0.05) post-exercise and was unaffected by HA injection. The anti-inflammatory effects of HA on muscle are indirect as no differences (p > 0.05) in the relative amount of the macromolecule was observed between the CON and HA fiber extracellular matrix (ECM). However, exercise tended (p = 0.10) to cause an increase in ECM size suggestive of muscle damage and remodeling. The finding was supported by the increased (p < 0.05) expression of CTGF, TGFβ1, MMP9, TIMP4 and Col4A1. Collectively, the results validate HA as an anti-inflammatory aid that does not disrupt the normal post-exercise muscle repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally E. Johnson
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.R.G.); (M.R.B.)
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7
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Development and Validation of a Multiparametric Semiquantitative Scoring System for the Histopathological Assessment of Ischaemia Severity in Skeletal Muscle. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5592455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the most abundant and dynamic tissues of the body, with a strong regenerative capacity. Muscle injuries can occur as a result of a variety of events, including tissue ischaemia. Lower limb ischaemia occurs when there is an insufficient nutrient and oxygen supply, often caused by stenosis of the arteries due to atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a multiparametric scoring tool for assessing ischaemia severity in skeletal muscle in a commonly used preclinical animal model. Tissue ischaemia was surgically induced in mice by ligation and excision of the femoral artery. Calf muscles were carefully dissected, prepared for histological analysis, and scored for inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, adipocyte infiltration, and muscle fibre degeneration/regeneration. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) showed a very good agreement between the appraisers when scoring each individual histological feature: inflammation (W = 0.92,
), fibrosis (W = 0.94,
), necrosis (W = 0.77,
), adipocyte infiltration (W = 0.91,
), and fibre degeneration/regeneration (W = 0.86,
). Intrarater agreement was also excellent (W = 0.94 or more,
). There was a statistically significant negative association between the level of muscle ischaemia damage and the calf muscle weight and skeletal muscle fibre diameter. Here, we have developed and validated a new multiparametric, semiquantitative scoring system for assessing skeletal muscle damage due to ischaemia, with excellent inter- and intrarater reproducibility. This scoring system can be used for assessing treatment efficacy in preclinical models of hind limb ischaemia.
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8
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HuMSC-EV induce monocyte/macrophage mobilization to orchestrate neovascularization in wound healing process following radiation injury. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:38. [PMID: 36725841 PMCID: PMC9892506 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (HuMSC-EV)-induced proangiogenic paracrine effects after radiation injury. HuMSC-EV were locally administered in mice hindlimb following 80-Gy X-ray irradiation and animals were monitored at different time points. HuMSC-EV improved neovascularization of the irradiated tissue, by stimulating angiogenesis, normalizing cutaneous blood perfusion, and increasing capillary density and production of proangiogenic factors. HuMSC-EV also stimulated vasculogenesis by promoting the recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors. Moreover, HuMSC-EV improved arteriogenesis by increasing the mobilization of monocytes from the spleen and the bone marrow and their recruitment into the muscle, with a pro-inflammatory potential. Importantly, monocyte depletion by clodronate treatment abolished the proangiogenic effect of HuMSC-EV. The critical role of Ly6C(hi) monocyte subset in HuMSC-EV-induced neovascularization process was further confirmed using Ccr2-/- mice. This study demonstrates that HuMSC-derived EV enhances the neovascularization process in the irradiated tissue by increasing the production of proangiogenic factors, promoting the recruitment of vascular progenitor cells, and the mobilization of innate cells to the injured site. These results support the concept that HuMSC-EV might represent a suitable alternative to stem cells for therapeutic neovascularization in tissue repair.
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9
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Nawaz A, Bilal M, Fujisaka S, Kado T, Aslam MR, Ahmed S, Okabe K, Igarashi Y, Watanabe Y, Kuwano T, Tsuneyama K, Nishimura A, Nishida Y, Yamamoto S, Sasahara M, Imura J, Mori H, Matzuk MM, Kudo F, Manabe I, Uezumi A, Nakagawa T, Oishi Y, Tobe K. Depletion of CD206 + M2-like macrophages induces fibro-adipogenic progenitors activation and muscle regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7058. [PMID: 36411280 PMCID: PMC9678897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration requires the coordination of muscle stem cells, mesenchymal fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), and macrophages. How macrophages regulate the paracrine secretion of FAPs during the recovery process remains elusive. Herein, we systemically investigated the communication between CD206+ M2-like macrophages and FAPs during the recovery process using a transgenic mouse model. Depletion of CD206+ M2-like macrophages or deletion of CD206+ M2-like macrophages-specific TGF-β1 gene induces myogenesis and muscle regeneration. We show that depletion of CD206+ M2-like macrophages activates FAPs and activated FAPs secrete follistatin, a promyogenic factor, thereby boosting the recovery process. Conversely, deletion of the FAP-specific follistatin gene results in impaired muscle stem cell function, enhanced fibrosis, and delayed muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, CD206+ M2-like macrophages inhibit the secretion of FAP-derived follistatin via TGF-β signaling. Here we show that CD206+ M2-like macrophages constitute a microenvironment for FAPs and may regulate the myogenic potential of muscle stem/satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Nawaz
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan ,grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan ,grid.16694.3c0000 0001 2183 9479Present Address: Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Tomonobu Kado
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Muhammad Rahil Aslam
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- grid.415712.40000 0004 0401 3757Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000 Pakistan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan ,grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Takahide Kuwano
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishimura
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishida
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411 USA
| | - Fujimi Kudo
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Systems Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Systems Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Department of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- grid.410821.e0000 0001 2173 8328Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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10
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Bernard C, Zavoriti A, Pucelle Q, Chazaud B, Gondin J. Role of macrophages during skeletal muscle regeneration and hypertrophy-Implications for immunomodulatory strategies. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15480. [PMID: 36200266 PMCID: PMC9535344 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a plastic tissue that regenerates ad integrum after injury and adapts to raise mechanical loading/contractile activity by increasing its mass and/or myofiber size, a phenomenon commonly refers to as skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Both muscle regeneration and hypertrophy rely on the interactions between muscle stem cells and their neighborhood, which include inflammatory cells, and particularly macrophages. This review first summarizes the role of macrophages in muscle regeneration in various animal models of injury and in response to exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Then, the potential contribution of macrophages to skeletal muscle hypertrophy is discussed on the basis of both animal and human experiments. We also present a brief comparative analysis of the role of macrophages during muscle regeneration versus hypertrophy. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge on the impact of different immunomodulatory strategies, such as heat therapy, cooling, massage, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and resolvins, on skeletal muscle regeneration and their potential impact on muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bernard
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du MuscleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université LyonLyonFrance
| | - Aliki Zavoriti
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du MuscleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université LyonLyonFrance
| | - Quentin Pucelle
- Université de Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐En‐YvelinesVersaillesFrance
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du MuscleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université LyonLyonFrance
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du MuscleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université LyonLyonFrance
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11
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Wang X, Zhou L. The Many Roles of Macrophages in Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:952249. [PMID: 35898401 PMCID: PMC9309511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.952249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is essential to physical activity and energy metabolism. Maintaining intact functions of skeletal muscle is crucial to health and wellbeing. Evolutionarily, skeletal muscle has developed a remarkable capacity to maintain homeostasis and to regenerate after injury, which indispensably relies on the resident muscle stem cells, satellite cells. Satellite cells are largely quiescent in the homeostatic steady state. They are activated in response to muscle injury. Activated satellite cells proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts. Myoblasts fuse to form myotubes which further grow and differentiate into mature myofibers. This process is tightly regulated by muscle microenvironment that consists of multiple cellular and molecular components, including macrophages. Present in both homeostatic and injured muscles, macrophages contain heterogeneous functional subtypes that play diverse roles in maintaining homeostasis and promoting injury repair. The spatial-temporal presence of different functional subtypes of macrophages and their interactions with myogenic cells are vital to the proper regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. However, this well-coordinated process is often disrupted in a chronic muscle disease, such as muscular dystrophy, leading to asynchronous activation and differentiation of satellite cells and aberrant muscle regeneration. Understanding the precise cellular and molecular processes regulating interactions between macrophages and myogenic cells is critical to the development of therapeutic manipulation of macrophages to promote injury repair. Here, we review the current knowledge of the many roles played by macrophages in the regulation of myogenic cells in homeostatic, regenerating, and dystrophic skeletal muscles.
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12
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Elia I, Realini G, Di Mauro V, Borghi S, Bottoni L, Tornambè S, Vitiello L, Weiss SJ, Chiariello M, Tamburrini A, Oliviero S, Neri F, Orlandini M, Galvagni F. SNAI1 is upregulated during muscle regeneration and represses FGF21 and ATF3 expression by directly binding their promoters. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22401. [PMID: 35726676 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200215r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During skeletal myogenesis, the zinc-finger transcription factors SNAI1 and SNAI2, are expressed in proliferating myoblasts and regulate the transition to terminally differentiated myotubes while repressing pro-differentiation genes. Here, we demonstrate that SNAI1 is upregulated in vivo during the early phase of muscle regeneration induced by bupivacaine injury. Using shRNA-mediated gene silencing in C2C12 myoblasts and whole-transcriptome microarray analysis, we identified a collection of genes belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway whose expression, induced by myogenic differentiation, was upregulated in absence of SNAI1. Among these, key ER stress genes, such as Atf3, Ddit3/Chop, Hspa5/Bip, and Fgf21, a myokine involved in muscle differentiation, were strongly upregulated. Furthermore, by promoter mutant analysis and Chromatin immune precipitation assay, we demonstrated that SNAI1 represses Fgf21 and Atf3 in proliferating myoblasts by directly binding to multiple E boxes in their respective promoter regions. Together, these data describe a new regulatory mechanism of myogenic differentiation involving the direct repressive action of SNAI1 on ER stress and Fgf21 expression, ultimately contributing to maintaining the proliferative and undifferentiated state of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Elia
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Realini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vittoria Di Mauro
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Via Fantoli 16/15, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Sara Borghi
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Immune Monitoring Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Laura Bottoni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tornambè
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Stephen J Weiss
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IFC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Siena, Italy
| | - Annalaura Tamburrini
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Francesco Neri
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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13
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CCR2 monocytes repair cerebrovascular damage caused by chronic social defeat stress. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:346-358. [PMID: 35063606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance of the brain plays an important role in health and disease. Peripheral leukocytes patrol blood-brain barrier interfaces, and after injury, monocytes cross the cerebrovasculature and follow a pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory activity leading to tissue repair. We have shown that chronic social defeat (CSD) causes scattered vasculature disruptions. Here, we assessed CCR2+ monocyte trafficking to the vascular injury sites in Ccr2wt/rfp reporter mice both during CSD and one week following CSD cessation. We found that CSD for 14 days induced microhemorrhages where plasma fibrinogen leaked into perivascular spaces, but it did not affect the distribution or density of CCR2rfp+ monocytes in the brain. However, after recovery from CSD, many vascularly adhered CCR2+ cells were detected, and gene expression of the CCR2 chemokine receptor ligands CCL7 and CCL12, but not CCL2, was elevated in endothelial cells. Adhered CCR2+ cells were mostly the non-classical, anti-inflammatory Ly6Clo type, and they phagocytosed fibrinogen in perivascular spaces. In CCR2-deficient Ccr2rfp/rfp mice, fibrinogen levels remained elevated in recovery. Fibrinogen infused intracerebroventricularly induced CCR2+ cells to adhere to the vasculature and phagocytose perivascular fibrinogen in Ccr2wt/rfp but not Ccr2rfp/rfp mice. Depletion of monocytes with clodronate liposomes during CSD recovery prevented fibrinogen clearance and blocked behavioral recovery. We hypothesize that peripheral CCR2+ monocytes are not elevated in the brain on day 14 at the end of CSD and do not contribute to its behavioral effects at that time, but in recovery following cessation of stress, they enter the brain and exert restorative functions mediating vascular repair and normalization of behavior.
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14
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Fang J, Feng C, Chen W, Hou P, Liu Z, Zuo M, Han Y, Xu C, Melino G, Verkhratsky A, Wang Y, Shao C, Shi Y. Redressing the interactions between stem cells and immune system in tissue regeneration. Biol Direct 2021; 16:18. [PMID: 34670590 PMCID: PMC8527311 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity reflecting the rapid activation and effective differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In the course of muscle regeneration, MuSCs are reprogrammed by immune cells. In turn, MuSCs confer immune cells anti-inflammatory properties to resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Indeed, MuSCs can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory ability, including effects primed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). At the molecular level, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine or kynurenic acid, produced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), augment the expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition, insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) produced by MuSCs can endow maturing macrophages oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent anti-inflammatory functions. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory characteristics of MuSCs and the issues related to their potential applications in pathological conditions, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Wangwang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Hou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhanhong Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Muqiu Zuo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyi Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chenchang Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Scala P, Rehak L, Giudice V, Ciaglia E, Puca AA, Selleri C, Della Porta G, Maffulli N. Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10867. [PMID: 34639203 PMCID: PMC8509639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe muscle injury, skeletal muscle tissue structure and functionality can be repaired through the involvement of several cell types, such as muscle stem cells, and innate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms behind muscle tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and plasticity are still under investigation, and the discovery of pathways and cell types involved in muscle repair can open the way for novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies involving stem cells and peripheral blood mononucleate cells. Indeed, peripheral cell infusions are a new therapy for muscle healing, likely because autologous peripheral blood infusion at the site of injury might enhance innate immune responses, especially those driven by macrophages. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on functions of stem cells and macrophages in skeletal muscle repairs and their roles as components of a promising cell-based therapies for muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Laura Rehak
- Athena Biomedical innovations, Viale Europa 139, 50126 Florence, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Annibale Alessandro Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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16
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Panci G, Chazaud B. Inflammation during post-injury skeletal muscle regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:32-38. [PMID: 34140216 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult skeletal muscle fully regenerates after injury thanks to the properties of muscle stem cells that follow the adult myogenic program to replace damaged myofibers. Muscle regeneration also relies upon the coordinated actions of several other cell types, among which immune cells. Leukocytes infiltrate the damaged muscle soon after injury and support the regeneration process in a variety of ways, from the activation of muscle stem cells to the maturation of newly formed myofibers. Leukocytes also interact with other cell types such as fibroadipogenic precursors and endothelial cells. This review presents the interactions that leukocytes develop with the cells present in their vicinity and the impact they have on skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Panci
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, F-69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, F-69008 Lyon, France.
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17
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Jensen JB, Møller AB, Just J, Mose M, de Paoli FV, Billeskov TB, Fred RG, Pers TH, Pedersen SB, Petersen KK, Bjerre M, Farup J, Jessen N. Isolation and characterization of muscle stem cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and macrophages from human skeletal muscle biopsies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C257-C268. [PMID: 34106790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models clearly illustrate that the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass depends on the function and interaction of a heterogeneous population of resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that mononuclear cells also play a role in muscle wasting in humans, and targeting these cells may open new treatment options for intervention or prevention in sarcopenia. Methodological and ethical constraints have perturbed exploration of the cellular characteristics and function of mononuclear cells in human skeletal muscle. Thus, investigations of cellular phenotypes often depend on immunohistochemical analysis of small tissue samples obtained by needle biopsies, which do not match the deep phenotyping of mononuclear cells obtained from animal models. Here, we have developed a protocol for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), based on single-cell RNA-sequencing data, for quantifying and characterizing mononuclear cell populations in human skeletal muscle. Muscle stem cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and two subsets of macrophages (CD11c+/-) are present in needle biopsies in comparable quantities per milligram tissue to open surgical biopsies. We find that direct cell isolation is preferable due to a substantial shift in transcriptome when using preculture before the FACS procedure. Finally, in vitro validation of the cellular phenotype of muscle stem cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and macrophages confirms population-specific traits. This study demonstrates that mononuclear cell populations can be quantified and subsequently analyzed from needle biopsy material and opens the perspective for future clinical studies of cellular mechanisms in muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maike Mose
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Diabetes and Hormonal Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank V de Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine B Billeskov
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikard G Fred
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Diabetes and Hormonal Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus K Petersen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean Farup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Chaiyasing R, Ishikawa T, Warita K, Hosaka YZ. Absence of estrogen receptors delays myoregeneration and leads to intermuscular adipogenesis in a low estrogen status: Morphological comparisons in estrogen receptor alpha and beta knock out mice. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1022-1030. [PMID: 33967186 PMCID: PMC8349812 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the function of estrogen receptors (ERs) in myoregeneration and intermuscular adipogenesis. Ovariectomized (OVX) ERα knockout
(KO) mice and ERβ KO mice were used to assess the effect of estrogen on the myoregenerative process. Tibialis anterior muscle was collected on days 7, 10, and
14 after cardiotoxin injection to assess myotube morphology and adipogenesis area. Regenerated myotubes from OVX-ERβ KO mice were consistently smaller in
diameter than those from OVX-ERα KO and OVX-wild-type mice, whereas the adipogenesis area of OVX-ERβ KO mice was consistently greater than that of the other
types. Therefore, ERβ may be an influential factor in promoting myoregeneration and adipogenesis inhibition compared to ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanatrai Chaiyasing
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Office of Academic Affairs, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Takuro Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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19
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Ziemkiewicz N, Hilliard G, Pullen NA, Garg K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3265. [PMID: 33806895 PMCID: PMC8005179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Genevieve Hilliard
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Nicholas A. Pullen
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, CO 80639, USA;
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
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20
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Does C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) Link Obesity to a Pro-Inflammatory State? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031500. [PMID: 33540898 PMCID: PMC7867366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of how obesity contributes to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases are not entirely understood. Obesity is frequently associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by, e.g., adipocyte hypertrophy, ectopic fat accumulation, immune cell infiltration, and the altered secretion of adipokines. Factors secreted from adipose tissue may induce and/or maintain a local and systemic low-grade activation of the innate immune system. Attraction of macrophages into adipose tissue and altered crosstalk between macrophages, adipocytes, and other cells of adipose tissue are symptoms of metabolic inflammation. Among several secreted factors attracting immune cells to adipose tissue, chemotactic C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (also described as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) has been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on CCL2 with a focus on its role in linking obesity to cardio-metabolic diseases.
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21
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Wang L, Li H, Lin J, He R, Chen M, Zhang Y, Liao Z, Zhang C. CCR2 improves homing and engraftment of adipose-derived stem cells in dystrophic mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:12. [PMID: 33413615 PMCID: PMC7791736 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dystrophinopathy, a common neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of dystrophin, currently lacks effective treatments. Systemic transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) is a promising treatment approach, but its low efficacy remains a challenge. Chemokine system-mediated stem cell homing plays a critical role in systemic transplantation. Here, we investigated whether overexpression of a specific chemokine receptor could improve muscle homing and therapeutic effects of ADSC systemic transplantation in dystrophic mice. Methods We analysed multiple microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus to identify a candidate chemokine receptor and then evaluated the protein expression of target ligands in different tissues and organs of dystrophic mice. The candidate chemokine receptor was overexpressed using the lentiviral system in mouse ADSCs, which were used for systemic transplantation into the dystrophic mice, followed by evaluation of motor function, stem cell muscle homing, dystrophin expression, and muscle pathology. Results Chemokine-profile analysis identified C–C chemokine receptor (CCR)2 as the potential target for improving ADSC homing. We found that the levels of its ligands C–C chemokine ligand (CCL)2 and CCL7 were higher in muscles than in other tissues and organs of dystrophic mice. Additionally, CCR2 overexpression improved ADSC migration ability and maintained their multilineage-differentiation potentials. Compared with control ADSCs, transplantation of those overexpressing CCR2 displayed better muscle homing and further improved motor function, dystrophin expression, and muscle pathology in dystrophic mice. Conclusions These results demonstrated that CCR2 improved ADSC muscle homing and therapeutic effects following systemic transplantation in dystrophic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China.,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China.,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Jinfu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China.,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Ruojie He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China.,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Menglong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, No. 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, GD, 510630, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, No. 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, GD, 510630, China
| | - Ziyu Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China.,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, GD, China. .,National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China.
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22
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Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of the physiological role of senescent cells has drastically evolved, from merely indicators of cellular stress and ageing to having a central role in regeneration and repair. Increasingly, studies have identified senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as being critical in the regenerative process following injury; however, the timing and context at which the senescence programme is activated can lead to distinct outcomes. For example, a transient induction of senescent cells followed by rapid clearance at the early stages following injury promotes repair, while the long-term accumulation of senescent cells impairs tissue function and can lead to organ failure. A key role of the SASP is the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury and the subsequent elimination of senescent cells. Among these cell types are macrophages, which have well-documented regulatory roles in all stages of regeneration and repair. However, while the role of senescent cells and macrophages in this process is starting to be explored, the specific interactions between these cell types and how these are important in the different stages of injury/reparative response still require further investigation. In this review, we consider the current literature regarding the interaction of these cell types, how their cooperation is important for regeneration and repair, and what questions remain to be answered to advance the field.
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23
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Bonomo AC, Pinto-Mariz F, Riederer I, Benjamim CF, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Savino W. Crosstalk Between Innate and T Cell Adaptive Immunity With(in) the Muscle. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573347. [PMID: 33071827 PMCID: PMC7531250 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates a continuous interaction between the immune system and the skeletal muscle in inflammatory diseases of different pathogenetic origins, in dystrophic conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy as well as during normal muscle regeneration. Although one component of the innate immunity, the macrophage, has been extensively studied both in disease conditions and during cell or gene therapy strategies aiming at restoring muscular functions, much less is known about dendritic cells and their primary immunological targets, the T lymphocytes. This review will focus on the dendritic cells and T lymphocytes (including effector and regulatory T-cells), emphasizing the potential cross talk between these cell types and their influence on the structure and function of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pinto-Mariz
- Marzagão Gesteira Institute of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingo Riederer
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia F Benjamim
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Welc SS, Wehling-Henricks M, Antoun J, Ha TT, Tous I, Tidball JG. Differential Effects of Myeloid Cell PPARδ and IL-10 in Regulating Macrophage Recruitment, Phenotype, and Regeneration following Acute Muscle Injury. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1664-1677. [PMID: 32817369 PMCID: PMC7484367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in macrophage phenotype in injured muscle profoundly influence regeneration. In particular, the shift of macrophages from a proinflammatory (M1 biased) phenotype to a proregenerative (M2 biased) phenotype characterized by expression of CD206 and CD163 is essential for normal repair. According to the current canonical mechanism regulating for M1/M2 phenotype transition, signaling through PPARδ is necessary for obtaining the M2-biased phenotype. Our findings confirm that the murine myeloid cell-targeted deletion of Ppard reduces expression in vitro of genes that are activated in M2-biased macrophages; however, the mutation in mice in vivo increased numbers of CD206+ M2-biased macrophages and did not reduce the expression of phenotypic markers of M2-biased macrophages in regenerating muscle. Nevertheless, the mutation impaired CCL2-mediated chemotaxis of macrophages and slowed revascularization of injured muscle. In contrast, null mutation of IL-10 diminished M2-biased macrophages but produced no defects in muscle revascularization. Our results provide two significant findings. First, they illustrate that mechanisms that regulate macrophage phenotype transitions in vitro are not always predictive of mechanisms that are most important in vivo. Second, they show that mechanisms that regulate macrophage phenotype transitions differ in different in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jacqueline Antoun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tracey T Ha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Isabella Tous
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James G Tidball
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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25
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Ceafalan LC, Dobre M, Milanesi E, Niculae AM, Manole E, Gherghiceanu M, Hinescu ME. Gene expression profile of adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules during early stages of skeletal muscle regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10140-10150. [PMID: 32681815 PMCID: PMC7520258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration implies the coordination of myogenesis with the recruitment of myeloid cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers to diagnose the severity and prognosis of muscle lesions. In order to investigate the gene expression profile of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules, as premises of homo‐ or heterocellular cooperation and milestones for skeletal muscle regeneration, we performed a gene expression analysis for genes involved in cellular cooperation, migration and ECM remodelling in a mouse model of acute crush injury. The results obtained at two early time‐points post‐injury were compared to a GSE5413 data set from two other trauma models. Third day post‐injury, when inflammatory cells invaded, genes associated with cell‐matrix interactions and migration were up‐regulated. After day 5, as myoblast migration and differentiation started, genes for basement membrane constituents were found down‐regulated, whereas genes for ECM molecules, macrophage, myoblast adhesion, and migration receptors were up‐regulated. However, the profile and the induction time varied according to the experimental model, with only few genes being constantly up‐regulated. Gene up‐regulation was higher, delayed and more diverse following more severe trauma. Moreover, one of the most up‐regulated genes was periostin, suggestive for severe muscle damage and unfavourable architecture restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ceafalan
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Radiobiology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei M Niculae
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia Manole
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Ultrastructural Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail E Hinescu
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Sachdev U, Ferrari R, Cui X, Pius A, Sahu A, Reynolds M, Liao H, Sun P, Shinde S, Ambrosio F, Shiva S, Loughran P, Scott M. Caspase1/11 signaling affects muscle regeneration and recovery following ischemia, and can be modulated by chloroquine. Mol Med 2020; 26:69. [PMID: 32641037 PMCID: PMC7341481 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) increases inflammatory cleaved caspase-1 activity in myocytes, and that caspase-1/11 is protective in sterile liver injury. However, the role of caspase-1/11 in the recovery of muscle from ischemia caused by peripheral arterial disease is unknown. We hypothesized that caspase-1/11 mediates recovery in muscle via effects on autophagy and this is modulated by CQ. METHODS C57Bl/6 J (WT) and caspase-1/11 double-knockout (KO) mice underwent femoral artery ligation (a model of hind-limb ischemia) with or without CQ (50 mg/kg IP every 2nd day). CQ effects on autophagosome formation, microtubule associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), and caspase-1 expression was measured using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging documented perfusion every 7 days. After 21 days, in situ physiologic testing in tibialis anterior muscle assessed peak force contraction, and myocyte size and fibrosis was also measured. Muscle satellite cell (MuSC) oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate was measured. Caspase-1 and glycolytic enzyme expression was detected by Western blot. RESULTS CQ increased autophagosomes, LC3 consolidation, total caspase-1 expression and cleaved caspase-1 in muscle. Perfusion, fibrosis, myofiber regeneration, muscle contraction, MuSC fusion, OCR, ECAR and glycolytic enzyme expression was variably affected by CQ depending on presence of caspase-1/11. CQ decreased perfusion recovery, fibrosis and myofiber size in WT but not caspase-1/11KO mice. CQ diminished peak force in whole muscle, and myocyte fusion in MuSC and these effects were exacerbated in caspase-1/11KO mice. CQ reductions in maximal respiration and ATP production were reduced in caspase-1/11KO mice. Caspase-1/11KO MuSC had significant increases in protein kinase isoforms and aldolase with decreased ECAR. CONCLUSION Caspase-1/11 signaling affects the response to ischemia in muscle and effects are variably modulated by CQ. This may be critically important for disease treated with CQ and its derivatives, including novel viral diseases (e.g. COVID-19) that are expected to affect patients with comorbidities like cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Ricardo Ferrari
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiangdong Cui
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Abish Pius
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amrita Sahu
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Towe, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Surgery 11/20/2018-11/19/202, Visiting scholar, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sunita Shinde
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Towe, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Center for Biologic Imaging (CBI), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Melanie Scott
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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27
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Stepien DM, Hwang C, Marini S, Pagani CA, Sorkin M, Visser ND, Huber AK, Edwards NJ, Loder SJ, Vasquez K, Aguilar CA, Kumar R, Mascharak S, Longaker MT, Li J, Levi B. Tuning Macrophage Phenotype to Mitigate Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2203-2215. [PMID: 32161098 PMCID: PMC8080967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are critical to the development of fibrosis following muscle injury; however, the mechanism of their role in fibrosis formation remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that myeloid cell-derived TGF-β1 signaling is increased in a profibrotic ischemia reperfusion and cardiotoxin muscle injury model. We found that myeloid-specific deletion of Tgfb1 abrogates the fibrotic response in this injury model and reduces fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell proliferation while simultaneously enhancing muscle regeneration, which is abrogated by adaptive transfer of normal macrophages. Similarly, a murine TGFBRII-Fc ligand trap administered after injury significantly reduced muscle fibrosis and improved muscle regeneration. This study ultimately demonstrates that infiltrating myeloid cell TGF-β1 is responsible for the development of traumatic muscle fibrosis, and its blockade offers a promising therapeutic target for preventing muscle fibrosis after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Stepien
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charles Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael Sorkin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Noelle D Visser
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shawn J Loder
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kaetlin Vasquez
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carlos A Aguilar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Biointerfaces Institute and Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Acceleron Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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28
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Macrophages fine tune satellite cell fate in dystrophic skeletal muscle of mdx mice. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008408. [PMID: 31626629 PMCID: PMC6821135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are muscle stem cells that remain quiescent during homeostasis and are activated in response to acute muscle damage or in chronic degenerative conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The activity of SCs is supported by specialized cells which either reside in the muscle or are recruited in regenerating skeletal muscles, such as for instance macrophages (MΦs). By using a dystrophic mouse model of transient MΦ depletion, we describe a shift in identity of muscle stem cells dependent on the crosstalk between MΦs and SCs. Indeed MΦ depletion determines adipogenic conversion of SCs and exhaustion of the SC pool leading to an exacerbated dystrophic phenotype. The reported data could also provide new insights into therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in dystrophic muscles. Muscular dystrophies are a heterogenous group of genetic disorders characterized by muscle wasting, leading to loss of mobility and eventually to death due to respiratory or cardiac failure. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe dystrophies and is caused by the loss of functional dystrophin protein owing to genetic mutations, consequently, the sarcolemma becomes fragile and susceptible to muscle damage induced by contraction. Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle stem cells that mediate the repair process leading to muscle regeneration. Dystrophic muscles undergo continuous cycles of degeneration and regeneration eventually culminating in myofiber loss and deposition of fibrous and fatty connective tissue. Inflammation is always associated with the muscle regeneration process. Among different types of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages (MΦs) are present in regenerating skeletal muscles and are involved in the regenerative process both after an acute injury and during pathological conditions such as DMD. We focused on the cross-talk between MΦs and SCs in a mouse model of DMD and highlighted a role of MΦs in preserving the SC identity.
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29
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Oishi Y, Manabe I. Macrophages in inflammation, repair and regeneration. Int Immunol 2019; 30:511-528. [PMID: 30165385 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury triggers a complex series of cellular responses, starting from inflammation activated by tissue and cell damage and proceeding to healing. By clearing cell debris, activating and resolving inflammation and promoting fibrosis, macrophages play key roles in most, if not all, phases of the response to injury. Recent studies of the mechanisms underlying the initial inflammation and later tissue regeneration and repair revealed that macrophages bridge these processes in part by supporting and activating stem/progenitor cells, clearing damaged tissue, remodeling extracellular matrix to prepare scaffolding for regeneration and promoting angiogenesis. However, macrophages also have a central role in the development of pathology induced by failed resolution (e.g. chronic inflammation) and excessive scarring. In this review, we summarize the activities of macrophages in inflammation and healing in response to acute injury in tissues with differing regenerative capacities. While macrophages lead similar processes in response to tissue injury in these tissues, their priorities and the consequences of their activities differ among tissues. Moreover, the magnitude, nature and duration of injury also greatly affect cellular responses and healing processes. In particular, continuous injury and/or failed resolution of inflammation leads to chronic ailments in which macrophage activities may become detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Disease Biology and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Macrophages Are Key Regulators of Stem Cells during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:4761427. [PMID: 31396285 PMCID: PMC6664695 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4761427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is a closely regulated process that involves a variety of cell types such as satellite cells, myofibers, fibroadipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Among these different cell types, macrophages emerged as a central actor coordinating the different cellular interactions and biological processes. Particularly, the transition of macrophages from their proinflammatory to their anti-inflammatory phenotype was shown to regulate inflammation, myogenesis, fibrosis, vascularization, and return to homeostasis. On the other hand, deregulation of macrophage accumulation or polarization in chronic degenerative muscle disorders was shown to impair muscle regeneration. Considering the key roles of macrophages in skeletal muscle, they represent an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches aiming at mitigating various muscle disorders. This review aims at summarizing the novel insights into macrophage heterogeneity, plasticity, and functions in skeletal muscle homeostasis, regeneration, and disease.
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31
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Deyhle MR, Hafen PS, Parmley J, Preece CN, Robison M, Sorensen JR, Jackson B, Eggett DL, Hancock CR, Hyldahl RD. CXCL10 increases in human skeletal muscle following damage but is not necessary for muscle regeneration. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13689. [PMID: 29696819 PMCID: PMC5917067 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL10 is a chemokine for activated and memory T cells with many important immunological functions. We recently found that CXCL10 is upregulated in human muscle following contraction‐induced damage. No information is available on the role of CXCL10 in the context of muscle damage or repair. In this study, we confirm that CXCL10 is elevated in human muscle at 2 and 3 days following damage and perform cell culture and animal studies to examine the role of CXCL10 in muscle repair. CXCL10 did not impact proliferation rates of human primary myoblasts but it did promote myogenic differentiation in vitro, suggesting a possible direct impact on muscle regeneration. To test if CXCL10 was dispensable for effective muscle regeneration in vivo, we measured functional and histological markers of muscle repair out to 14 days postmuscle injury caused by a myotoxin in wild‐type (WT) mice and CXCL10 knockout (KO) mice. Between genotypes, no significant differences were found in loss or restoration of in situ muscle force, cross‐sectional area of newly formed myofibers, or the number of embryonic myosin heavy chain‐positive myofibers. In addition, KO animals were not deficient in T‐cell accumulation in the damaged muscle following injury. Gene expression of the other two ligands (CXCL9 and 11) that bind to the same receptor as CXCL10 were also elevated in the damaged muscle of KO mice. Thus, other ligands may have compensated for the lack of CXCL10 in the KO mice. We conclude that CXCL10 is not necessary for effective muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Paul S Hafen
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jacob Parmley
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Coray N Preece
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Marissa Robison
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jacob R Sorensen
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Blake Jackson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Chad R Hancock
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Robert D Hyldahl
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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32
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De Santa F, Vitiello L, Torcinaro A, Ferraro E. The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1553-1598. [PMID: 30070144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Macrophages are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Based on their activation, they might display classical/M1 or alternative/M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). M2 macrophages upregulate arginase-1 and reduce NO and ROS levels; they also release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and polyamines, thus promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing. Moreover, M1 and M2 display key metabolic differences; M1 polarization is characterized by an enhancement in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) along with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), whereas M2 are characterized by an efficient OxPhos and reduced PPP. Recent Advances: The glutamine-related metabolism has been discovered as crucial for M2 polarization. Vice versa, flux discontinuities in the Krebs cycle are considered additional M1 features; they lead to increased levels of immunoresponsive gene 1 and itaconic acid, to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-downregulation and to succinate, citrate, and isocitrate over-expression. Critical Issues: A macrophage classification problem, particularly in vivo, originating from a gap in the knowledge of the several intermediate polarization statuses between the M1 and M2 extremes, characterizes this field. Moreover, the detailed features of metabolic reprogramming crucial for macrophage polarization are largely unknown; in particular, the role of β-oxidation is highly controversial. Future Directions: Manipulating the metabolism to redirect macrophage polarization might be useful in various pathologies, including an efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. Unraveling the complexity pertaining to metabolic signatures that are specific for the different macrophage subsets is crucial for identifying new compounds that are able to trigger macrophage polarization and that might be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Liu X, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Chen P, Xiao W. BMSC Transplantation Aggravates Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Fibrosis and Impairs Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Front Physiol 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30814953 PMCID: PMC6382023 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contusion is one of the most common muscle injuries in sports medicine and traumatology. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation has been proposed as a promising strategy to promote skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of BMSCs in the regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration are still not completely clear. Here, we investigated the role of BMSC transplantation after muscle contusion. BMSCs were immediately transplanted into gastrocnemius muscles (GMs) following direct contusion. Comprehensive morphological and genetic analyses were performed after BMSC transplantation. BMSC transplantation exacerbated muscle fibrosis and inflammation, as evidenced by increased leukocyte and macrophage infiltration, increased inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and increased matrix metalloproteinases. BMSC transplantation also increased muscle oxidative stress. Overall, BMSC transplantation aggravated inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis and impaired skeletal muscle regeneration. These results, shed new light on the role of BMSCs in regenerative medicine and indicate that caution is needed in the application of BMSCs for muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhan Zhou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Regulatory T cells were recruited by CCL3 to promote cryo-injured muscle repair. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Deyhle MR, Hyldahl RD. The Role of T Lymphocytes in Skeletal Muscle Repair From Traumatic and Contraction-Induced Injury. Front Physiol 2018; 9:768. [PMID: 29973887 PMCID: PMC6019499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is prone to damage from a range of stimuli, and initiates a robust repair process that requires the participation of immune cells. Among the more well characterized immune cells involved in muscle repair are those of the myeloid lineage, including neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils. More recently, studies have begun to elucidate the role of the lymphoid-derived immune cells, most notably T lymphocytes (T-cells), in the complex processes of muscle repair. Though T-cells have been traditionally been associated with pathological degeneration of skeletal muscle in disease, recent studies show that T-cells are instrumental in the repair/regeneration process following severe muscle damage in mice. Furthermore, a few studies using basic immunohistochemical assays have shown that T-cells accumulate in human skeletal muscle in the days following contraction-induced muscle damage. The functional significance of T-cells in the repair and adaptation process following contraction-induce muscle damage remains uncertain, and is an active area of intense investigation. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the involvement of T-cells in skeletal muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Robert D Hyldahl
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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α-smooth muscle actin is not a marker of fibrogenic cell activity in skeletal muscle fibrosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191031. [PMID: 29320561 PMCID: PMC5761950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is used as a marker for a subset of activated fibrogenic cells, myofibroblasts, which are regarded as important effector cells of tissue fibrogenesis. We address whether α-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts are detectable in fibrotic muscles of mdx5cv mice, a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and whether the α-SMA expression correlates with the fibrogenic function of intramuscular fibrogenic cells. α-SMA immunostaining signal was not detected in collagen I (GFP)-expressing cells in fibrotic muscles of ColI-GFP/mdx5cv mice, but it was readily detected in smooth muscle cells lining intramuscular blood vessel walls. α-SMA expression was detected by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in fibrogenic cells sorted from diaphragm and quadriceps muscles of the ColI-GFP/mdx5cv mice. Consistent with the more severe fibrosis in the ColI-GFP/mdx5cv diaphragm, the fibrogenic cells in the diaphragm exerted a stronger fibrogenic function than the fibrogenic cells in the quadriceps as gauged by their extracellular matrix gene expression. However, both gene and protein expression of α-SMA was lower in the diaphragm fibrogenic cells than in the quadriceps fibrogenic cells in the ColI-GFP/mdx5cv mice. We conclude that myofibroblasts are present in fibrotic skeletal muscles, but their expression of α-SMA is not detectable by immunostaining. The level of α-SMA expression by intramuscular fibrogenic cells does not correlate positively with the level of collagen gene expression or the severity of skeletal muscle fibrosis in the mdx5cv mice. α-SMA is not a functional marker of fibrogenic cells in skeletal muscle fibrosis associated with muscular dystrophy.
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Wang X, Zhao W, Ransohoff RM, Zhou L. Infiltrating macrophages are broadly activated at the early stage to support acute skeletal muscle injury repair. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 317:55-66. [PMID: 29325905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute skeletal muscle injury repair requires an adequate inflammatory response predominated by macrophage infiltration. We studied the activation of infiltrating macrophages by analyzing the expression of M1/M2 signature genes. Most of the intramuscular macrophages were Ly6Chi at day 1 after BaCl2 injection, while many were Ly6Clo at day 3. Ly6Chi macrophages at day 1 expressed a high level of both M1 and M2 genes, and the Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo macrophages at day 3 expressed a similar level of many M1/M2 genes. Infiltrating macrophages are broadly activated rather than polarized at the early stage to support acute skeletal muscle injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Wanming Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kattering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | | | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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Hsieh PL, Rybalko V, Baker AB, Suggs LJ, Farrar RP. Recruitment and therapeutic application of macrophages in skeletal muscles after hind limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2017; 67:1908-1920.e1. [PMID: 29273298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral arterial disease can cause not only ischemia but also skeletal muscle damage. It has been known that macrophages (MPs) play an important role in coordinating muscle repair; however, phenotype transition of monocyte-MP in ischemic muscle has not been well defined. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the temporal recruitment of MPs and to explore their therapeutic effect on ischemic muscle regeneration. METHODS Unilateral femoral artery excision was performed on C57BL/6 mice. Myeloid cells were isolated from the ischemic muscles, characterized using flow cytometry. Bone marrow-derived MPs were injected (2 × 106 cells) into the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle 24 hours after injury. Blood flow recovery was measured using laser speckle imaging. Functional outcome was evaluated by assessing the contractile force of ischemic muscles. Histologic analysis included quantification of myofiber size, collagen deposition, number of inflammatory and MyoD-expressing cells, and capillary density. RESULTS Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes-MPs were present at day 1 after injury. The mature MPs then remained elevated as the dominant population from day 5 to day 21 with the observation of regenerating fibers. Functional measurements revealed that the force production was significantly enhanced after treatment with proinflammatory M1 MPs (94.9% vs 77.9%; P < .05), and this was consistent with increased myofiber size, capillary- fiber ratio, and perfusion (78.6% vs 39.9%; P < .05). Moreover, the percentage of MyoD-expressing nuclei was significantly higher at day 4, indicating that M1 MPs may hasten muscle repair. Whereas early delivery of anti-inflammatory M2 MPs improved myofiber size, this was accompanied by persistent fibrosis suggesting ongoing tissue remodeling, and lower force production was observed. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the dynamics of myeloid cells in skeletal muscle after ischemic insult, and the administration of exogenous M1 MPs in a temporally coordinated manner successfully improved angiogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration. Our results suggested that cell therapy using MPs may be a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach for peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
| | - Viktoriya Rybalko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
| | - Aaron B Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
| | - Laura J Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
| | - Roger P Farrar
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
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Chen YW, Gregory C, Ye F, Harafuji N, Lott D, Lai SH, Mathur S, Scarborough M, Gibbs P, Baligand C, Vandenborne K. Molecular signatures of differential responses to exercise trainings during rehabilitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 28845464 PMCID: PMC5568829 DOI: 10.15761/bgg.1000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The loss and recovery of muscle mass and function following injury and during rehabilitation varies among individuals. While recent expression profiling studies have illustrated transcriptomic responses to muscle disuse and remodeling, how these changes contribute to the physiological responses are not clear. In this study, we quantified the effects of immobilization and subsequent rehabilitation training on muscle size and identified molecular pathways associated with muscle responsiveness in an orthopaedic patient cohort study. The injured leg of 16 individuals with ankle injury was immobilized for a minimum of 4 weeks, followed by a 6-week rehabilitation program. The maximal cross-sectional area (CSA) of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the immobilized and control legs were determined by T1-weighted axial MRI images. Genome-wide mRNA profiling data were used to identify molecular signatures that distinguish the patients who responded to immobilization and rehabilitation and those who were considered minimal responders. RESULTS: Using 6% change as the threshold to define responsiveness, a greater degree of changes in muscle size was noted in high responders (−14.9 ± 3.6%) compared to low responders (0.1 ± 0.0%) during immobilization. In addition, a greater degree of changes in muscle size was observed in high responders (20.5 ± 3.2%) compared to low responders (2.5 ± 0.9%) at 6-week rehabilitation. Microarray analysis showed a higher number of genes differentially expressed in the responders compared to low responders in general; with more expression changes observed at the acute stage of rehabilitation in both groups. Pathways analysis revealed top molecular pathways differentially affected in the groups, including genes involved in mitochondrial function, protein turn over, integrin signaling and inflammation. This study confirmed the extent of muscle atrophy due to immobilization and recovery by exercise training is associated with distinct remodeling signature, which can potentially be used for evaluating and predicting clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Chris Gregory
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Naoe Harafuji
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Donovan Lott
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - San-Huei Lai
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, USA
| | - Mark Scarborough
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parker Gibbs
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Celine Baligand
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zheng X, Zhou H, Qiu Z, Gao S, Wang Z, Xiao L. Gene microarray analysis of expression profiles in liver ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3299-3307. [PMID: 28713993 PMCID: PMC5548003 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is of primary concern in cases of liver disease worldwide and is associated with hemorrhagic shock, resection and transplantation. Numerous studies have previously been conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of liver I/R injury, however these have not yet been fully elucidated. To determine the difference between ischemia and reperfusion in signaling pathways and the relative pathological mechanisms, the present study downloaded microarray data GSE10657 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of two data groups from 1-year-old mice were selected for further analysis: i) A total of 90 min ischemia; ii) 90 min ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion, n=3 for each group. The Limma package was first used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs were subsequently uploaded to the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery online tool for Functional enrichment analysis. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then constructed via STRING version 10.0 and analyzed using Cytoscape software. A total of 114 DEGs were identified, including 21 down and 93 upregulated genes. These DEGs were primarily enriched in malaria and influenza A, in addition to the tumor necrosis factor and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Hub genes identified in the PPI network were C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, interleukin 6, Jun proto-oncogene, activator protein (AP)-1 transcription factor subunit, FOS proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit and dual specificity phosphatase 1. CXCL1 and CCL2 may exhibit important roles in liver I/R injury, with involvement in the immune and inflammatory responses and the chemokine-mediated signaling pathway, particularly at the reperfusion stage. However, further experiments to elucidate the specific roles of these mediators are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huaqiang Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zeting Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shaowei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liangcan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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López-Díez R, Shen X, Daffu G, Khursheed M, Hu J, Song F, Rosario R, Xu Y, Li Q, Xi X, Zou YS, Li H, Schmidt AM, Yan SF. Ager Deletion Enhances Ischemic Muscle Inflammation, Angiogenesis, and Blood Flow Recovery in Diabetic Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28642238 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic subjects are at higher risk of ischemic peripheral vascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) block angiogenesis and blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia induced by femoral artery ligation through modulation of immune/inflammatory mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and subjected to unilateral femoral artery ligation displayed increased accumulation and expression of AGEs and RAGE in ischemic muscle. In diabetic wild-type mice, femoral artery ligation attenuated angiogenesis and impaired blood flow recovery, in parallel with reduced macrophage content in ischemic muscle and suppression of early inflammatory gene expression, including Ccl2 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand-2) and Egr1 (early growth response gene-1) versus nondiabetic mice. Deletion of Ager (gene encoding RAGE) or transgenic expression of Glo1 (reduces AGEs) restored adaptive inflammation, angiogenesis, and blood flow recovery in diabetic mice. In diabetes mellitus, deletion of Ager increased circulating Ly6Chi monocytes and augmented macrophage infiltration into ischemic muscle tissue after femoral artery ligation. In vitro, macrophages grown in high glucose display inflammation that is skewed to expression of tissue damage versus tissue repair gene expression. Further, macrophages grown in high versus low glucose demonstrate blunted macrophage-endothelial cell interactions. In both settings, these adverse effects of high glucose were reversed by Ager deletion in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that RAGE attenuates adaptive inflammation in hindlimb ischemia; underscore microenvironment-specific functions for RAGE in inflammation in tissue repair versus damage; and illustrate that AGE/RAGE antagonism may fill a critical gap in diabetic peripheral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel López-Díez
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Gurdip Daffu
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Md Khursheed
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jiyuan Hu
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Fei Song
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Rosa Rosario
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Yunlu Xu
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Qing Li
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Xiangmei Xi
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Yu Shan Zou
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Huilin Li
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (R.L.D., X.S., G.D., M.K., F.S., R.R., Y.X., Q.L., X.X., Y.S.Z., A.M.S., S.F.Y.), Department of Population Health (J.H., H.L.), and Department of Environmental Science (H.L.), New York University School of Medicine, New York.
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Juban G, Chazaud B. Metabolic regulation of macrophages during tissue repair: insights from skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3007-3021. [PMID: 28555751 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are involved both in the mounting and the resolution of inflammatory responses. Besides their properties in innate immunity to fight against pathogens, macrophages are essential for tissue repair, during which they adopt sequential inflammatory status. While the acquisition of some canonical polarized inflammatory statuses in vitro (M1/M2) is beginning to be understood at the molecular level, the regulation of macrophage skewing in vivo has been less investigated. Immunometabolism, in particular, is an emerging field, and most of the studies so far have investigated the control of macrophage polarization using in vitro set-ups. In this context, skeletal muscle regeneration is an excellent paradigm to study tissue repair, since the sequential steps of inflammatory response and tissue repair are well characterized. In this Review, after introducing macrophage populations and functions during skeletal muscle regeneration, we present the current knowledge on the metabolic regulation of macrophage inflammatory status, with particular emphasis on the comparison between in vitro and in vivo models of macrophage activation. We also discuss the metabolic regulation of macrophages in vivo during skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Juban
- INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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43
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Elbehairy AF, Parraga G, Webb KA, Neder JA, O’Donnell DE. Mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: why spirometry is not sufficient! Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:549-563. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1334553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amany F. Elbehairy
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Grace Parraga
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Webb
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Denis E. O’Donnell
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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44
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Abstract
Diseases of muscle that are caused by pathological interactions between muscle and the immune system are devastating, but rare. However, muscle injuries that involve trauma and regeneration are fairly common, and inflammation is a clear feature of the regenerative process. Investigations of the inflammatory response to muscle injury have now revealed that the apparently nonspecific inflammatory response to trauma is actually a complex and coordinated interaction between muscle and the immune system that determines the success or failure of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Tidball
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA
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45
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Abstract
Heart failure represents a systemic disease with profound effects on multiple peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle. Within the context of heart failure, perturbations in skeletal muscle physiology, structure, and function strongly contribute to exercise intolerance and the morbidity of this devastating disease. There is growing evidence that chronic heart failure imparts specific pathological changes within skeletal muscle beds resulting in muscle dysfunction and tissue atrophy. Mechanistically, systemic and local inflammatory responses drive critical aspects of this pathology. In this review, we will discuss pathological mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle inflammation and highlight emerging roles for distinct innate immune subsets that reside within damage muscle tissue focusing on the recently described embryonic and monocyte-derived macrophage lineages. Within this context, we will discuss how immune mechanisms can be differentially targeted to stimulate skeletal muscle inflammation, catabolism, fiber atrophy, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Oscar L Sierra
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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46
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Biltz NK, Meyer GA. A novel method for the quantification of fatty infiltration in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:1. [PMID: 28073372 PMCID: PMC5223468 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty infiltration of the skeletal muscle is a common but poorly understood feature of many myopathies. It is best described in human muscle, where non-invasive imaging techniques and representative histology have been optimized to view and quantify infiltrating fat. However, human studies are limited in their ability to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating fatty infiltration, a likely prerequisite to developing targeted interventions. As mechanistic investigations move to small animals, studies may benefit from new or adapted imaging tools optimized for high resolution and whole muscle quantification. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel method to evaluate fatty infiltration, developed for use with mouse muscle. In this methodology, muscle cellular membranes and proteins are removed via decellularization, but fatty infiltrate lipid is spared, trapped in its native distribution in a transparent extracellular matrix construct. This lipid can then be stained with visible or fluorescent dyes and imaged. We present three methods to stain and evaluate lipid in decellularized muscles which can be used individually or combined: (1) qualitative visualization of the amount and 3D spatial distribution of fatty infiltration using visible lipid soluble dye Oil Red O (ORO), (2) quantitative analysis of individual lipid droplet metrics (e.g., volume) via confocal imaging of fluorescent lipid soluble dye boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and (3) quantitative analysis of total lipid content by optical density reading of extracted stained lipid. This methodology was validated by comparing glycerol-induced fatty infiltration between two commonly used mouse strains: 129S1/SvlmJ (129S1) and C57BL/6J (BL/6J). All three methods were able to detect a significant increase in fatty infiltrate volume in the 129S1 muscle compared with that in BL/6J, and methods 1 and 2 additionally described a difference in the distribution of fatty infiltrate, indicating susceptibility to glycerol-induced fatty infiltration is strain-specific. CONCLUSIONS With more mechanistic studies of fatty infiltration moving to small animal models, having an alternative to expensive non-invasive imaging techniques and selective representative histology will be beneficial. In this work, we present a method that can quantify both individual adipocyte lipids and whole muscle total fatty infiltrate lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Biltz
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, 63108, MO, USA. .,Departments of Neurology, Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Martin KS, Virgilio KM, Peirce SM, Blemker SS. Computational Modeling of Muscle Regeneration and Adaptation to Advance Muscle Tissue Regeneration Strategies. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:250-266. [DOI: 10.1159/000443635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an exceptional ability to regenerate and adapt following injury. Tissue engineering approaches (e.g. cell therapy, scaffolds, and pharmaceutics) aimed at enhancing or promoting muscle regeneration from severe injuries are a promising and active field of research. Computational models are beginning to advance the field by providing insight into regeneration mechanisms and therapies. In this paper, we summarize the contributions computational models have made to understanding muscle remodeling and the functional implications thereof. Next, we describe a new agent-based computational model of skeletal muscle inflammation and regeneration following acute muscle injury. Our computational model simulates the recruitment and cellular behaviors of key inflammatory cells (e.g. neutrophils and M1 and M2 macrophages) and their interactions with native muscle cells (muscle fibers, satellite stem cells, and fibroblasts) that result in the clearance of necrotic tissue and muscle fiber regeneration. We demonstrate the ability of the model to track key regeneration metrics during both unencumbered regeneration and in the case of impaired macrophage function. We also use the model to simulate regeneration enhancement when muscle is primed with inflammatory cells prior to injury, which is a putative therapeutic intervention that has not yet been investigated experimentally. Computational modeling of muscle regeneration, pursued in combination with experimental analyses, provides a quantitative framework for evaluating and predicting muscle regeneration and enables the rational design of therapeutic strategies for muscle recovery.
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48
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Wang X, Zhao W, Ransohoff RM, Zhou L. Identification and Function of Fibrocytes in Skeletal Muscle Injury Repair and Muscular Dystrophy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4750-4761. [PMID: 27913649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We identified and characterized the function of CD45+/collagen I+ fibrocytes in acutely injured skeletal muscle of wild-type (WT) and Ccr2-/- mice, and in quadriceps and diaphragm muscles of mdx5cv mice, a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Fibrocytes were not detected in peripheral blood of WT mice after acute muscle injury or mdx5cv mice. Fibrocytes were detected in acutely injured muscles and in mdx5cv quadriceps and diaphragm muscles. These cells expressed F4/80 and CCR2, and they were mostly Ly6Clo They expressed a low level of collagens but a high level of profibrotic growth factors as compared with i.m. fibroblasts. Fibrocyte expression of collagens and profibrotic growth factors was not increased in Ccr2-/- mice as compared with WT controls. Fibrocyte expression of both proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines was significantly higher in mdx5cv diaphragm than in mdx5cv quadriceps. In cocultures, fibrocytes from the mdx5cv diaphragm stimulated a higher level of fibroblast expression of extracellular matrix genes than did those from the mdx5cv quadriceps. Our findings suggest that i.m. fibrocytes most likely originate from infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and differentiate within injured muscles. They likely contribute to the normal muscle injury repair by producing growth factors. They do not appear to contribute to the persistent muscle fibrosis associated with poor injury repair in Ccr2-/- mice. However, they likely contribute to the persistent inflammation and progressive fibrosis in the mdx5cv diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Wanming Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | | | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
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49
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Zhao W, Wang X, Ransohoff RM, Zhou L. CCR2 deficiency does not provide sustained improvement of muscular dystrophy in mdx5cv mice. FASEB J 2016; 31:35-46. [PMID: 27655900 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) reduced macrophage (MP) infiltration and improved muscle pathology and function in mdx diaphragm muscle at early stages. We addressed whether CCR2 deficiency resulted in sustained improvement of mdx5cv-Ccr2-/- diaphragm. Compared to mdx5cv controls, CCR2 deficiency in mdx5cv-Ccr2-/- mice markedly reduced intramuscular Ly6Chi MPs at all stages, but it reduced Ly6Clow MPs only at early stages (4 and 9 wk). CCR2 deficiency reduced quadriceps and diaphragm muscle damage and fibrosis at 14 wk but not at 6 mo, and it improved diaphragm muscle regeneration and respiratory function at 14 wk but not at 6 mo. Intramuscular MPs in mdx5cv-Ccr2-/- diaphragm expressed a low level of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ genes, a similar level of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and platelet-derived growth factor α genes, and a high level of IGF-1 and osteopontin genes compared to mdx5cv controls. Diaphragm fibroblasts at 14 wk showed a similar cell number with a similar level of collagen and profibrogenic growth factor gene expression in mdx5cv-Ccr2-/- and mdx5cv mice. Diaphragm MPs from both mdx5cv-Ccr2-/- and mdx5cv mice stimulated collagen gene expression by cocultured fibroblasts. The findings suggest that CCR2 deficiency does not provide a sustained benefit and that Ly6Clow MPs may contribute to the progressive fibrosis and dysfunction of mdx5cv diaphragm.-Zhao, W., Wang, X., Ransohoff, R. M., Zhou, L. CCR2 deficiency does not provide sustained improvement of muscular dystrophy in mdx5cv mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanming Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and
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50
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Melton DW, Roberts AC, Wang H, Sarwar Z, Wetzel MD, Wells JT, Porter L, Berton MT, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Absence of CCR2 results in an inflammaging environment in young mice with age-independent impairments in muscle regeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1011-1025. [PMID: 27531927 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ma0316-104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration requires coordination between dynamic cellular populations and tissue microenvironments. Macrophages, recruited via CCR2, are essential for regeneration; however, the contribution of macrophages and the role of CCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells has not been defined. In addition, aging and sex interactions in regeneration and sarcopenia are unclear. Muscle regeneration was measured in young (3-6 mo), middle (11-15 mo), old (24-32 mo) male and female CCR2-/- mice. Whereas age-related muscle atrophy/sarcopenia was present, regenerated myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in CCR2-/- mice was comparably impaired across all ages and sexes, with increased adipocyte area compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CCR2-/- mice myofibers achieved approximately one third of baseline CSA even 84 d after injury. Regenerated CSA and clearance of necrotic tissue were dependent on bone marrow-derived cellular expression of CCR2. Myogenic progenitor cells isolated from WT and CCR2-/- mice exhibited comparable proliferation and differentiation capacity. The most striking cellular anomaly in injured muscle of CCR2-/- mice was markedly decreased macrophages, with a predominance of Ly6C- anti-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages. Ablation of proinflammatory TLR signaling did not affect muscle regeneration or resolution of necrosis. Of interest, many proinflammatory, proangiogenic, and chemotactic cytokines were markedly elevated in injured muscle of CCR2-/- relative to WT mice despite impairments in macrophage recruitment. Collectively, these results suggest that CCR2 on bone marrow-derived cells, likely macrophages, were essential to muscle regeneration independent of TLR signaling, aging, and sex. Decreased proinflammatory monocytes/macrophages actually promoted a proinflammatory microenvironment, which suggests that inflammaging was present in young CCR2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Melton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander C Roberts
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hanzhou Wang
- The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zaheer Sarwar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael D Wetzel
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jason T Wells
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Laurel Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael T Berton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Linda M McManus
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA; .,Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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