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Cai J, Wang D, Liu J. Regulation of fluid flow through the mammary gland of dairy cows and its effect on milk production: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1261-1270. [PMID: 28758674 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dairy milk consists of more than 85% water. Therefore, understanding the regulation of fluid absorption in the mammary gland is relevant to improving milk production. In recent decades, studies using different approaches, including blood flow, transmembrane fluid flow, tight junction, fluid flow of the paracellular pathway and functional mammary epithelial cell state, have been conducted aiming to investigate how mammary gland fluid absorption is regulated. However, the relationship between regulation mechanisms of fluid flow and milk production has not been studied systematically. The present review summarizes a series of key milk yield regulatory factors mediated by whole-mammary fluid flow, including milk, mammary blood flow, blood/tissue fluid-cell fluid flow and cell-alveolus fluid flow. Whole-mammary fluid flow regulates milk production by altering transporter activity, ion channels, local microcirculation-related factors, driving force of fluid transport (osmotic pressure or electrochemical gradient), cellular connection state and a cell volume sensitive mechanism. In addition, whole-mammary fluid flow plays important roles in milk synthesis and secretion. Knowledge gained from fluid flow-mediated regulatory mechanisms of the dairy mammary gland will lead to a fundamental understanding of lactation biology and will be beneficial for the improvement of dairy productivity. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lopdell TJ, Tiplady K, Struchalin M, Johnson TJJ, Keehan M, Sherlock R, Couldrey C, Davis SR, Snell RG, Spelman RJ, Littlejohn MD. DNA and RNA-sequence based GWAS highlights membrane-transport genes as key modulators of milk lactose content. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:968. [PMID: 29246110 PMCID: PMC5731188 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactose provides an easily-digested energy source for neonates, and is the primary carbohydrate in milk in most species. Bovine lactose is also a key component of many human food products. However, compared to analyses of other milk components, the genetic control of lactose has been little studied. Here we present the first GWAS focussed on analysis of milk lactose traits. Results Using a discovery population of 12,000 taurine dairy cattle, we detail 27 QTL for lactose concentration and yield, and subsequently validate the effects of 26 of these loci in a distinct population of 18,000 cows. We next present data implicating causative genes and variants for these QTL. Fine mapping of these regions using imputed, whole genome sequence-resolution genotypes reveals protein-coding candidate causative variants affecting the ABCG2, DGAT1, STAT5B, KCNH4, NPFFR2 and RNF214 genes. Eleven of the remaining QTL appear to be driven by regulatory effects, suggested by the presence of co-locating, co-segregating eQTL discovered using mammary RNA sequence data from a population of 357 lactating cows. Pathway analysis of genes representing all lactose-associated loci shows significant enrichment of genes located in the endoplasmic reticulum, with functions related to ion channel activity mediated through the LRRC8C, P2RX4, KCNJ2 and ANKH genes. A number of the validated QTL are also found to be associated with additional milk volume, fat and protein phenotypes. Conclusions Overall, these findings highlight novel candidate genes and variants involved in milk lactose regulation, whose impacts on membrane transport mechanisms reinforce the key osmo-regulatory roles of lactose in milk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4320-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lopdell
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Tiplady
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Maksim Struchalin
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Thomas J J Johnson
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Michael Keehan
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ric Sherlock
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Christine Couldrey
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Davis
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Russell G Snell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Spelman
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Littlejohn
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Extraoral Taste Receptor Discovery: New Light on Ayurvedic Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [PMID: 28642799 PMCID: PMC5469997 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5435831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More and more research studies are revealing unexpectedly important roles of taste for health and pathogenesis of various diseases. Only recently it has been shown that taste receptors have many extraoral locations (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, respiratory system, heart, brain, kidney, urinary bladder, pancreas, adipose tissue, testis, and ovary), being part of a large diffuse chemosensory system. The functional implications of these taste receptors widely dispersed in various organs or tissues shed a new light on several concepts used in ayurvedic pharmacology (dravyaguna vijnana), such as taste (rasa), postdigestive effect (vipaka), qualities (guna), and energetic nature (virya). This review summarizes the significance of extraoral taste receptors and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels for ayurvedic pharmacology, as well as the biological activities of various types of phytochemical tastants from an ayurvedic perspective. The relative importance of taste (rasa), postdigestive effect (vipaka), and energetic nature (virya) as ethnopharmacological descriptors within Ayurveda boundaries will also be discussed.
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Kamikawa A, Ichii O, Sakazaki J, Ishikawa T. Ca2+-activated Cl− channel currents in mammary secretory cells from lactating mouse. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C808-C819. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00050.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cl− secretion via Ca2+-activated Cl− channel (CaCC) is critical for fluid secretion in exocrine glands like the salivary gland. Also in the mammary gland, it has been hypothesized that CaCC plays an important role in the secretion of Cl− and aqueous phase of milk. However, there has been no evidence for the functional expression of CaCC in native mammary secretory (MS) cells of lactating animals. We therefore assessed membrane current in MS cells that were freshly isolated from lactating mice using whole cell patch-clamp techniques. In MS cells, we detected CaCC current that exhibited the following characteristics: 1) Ca2+-dependent activation at the concentrations of submicromolar range; 2) voltage-dependent activation; 3) slow kinetics for activation and deactivation; 4) outward rectification of the steady-state current; 5) anion permeability in the sequence of I− > NO3− > Br− > Cl− >> glutamate; 6) inhibition by Cl− channel blockers (niflumic acid, DIDS, and CaCCinh-A01). These characteristics of native CaCC current were similar to reported characteristics of heterologously expressed TMEM16A. RT-PCR analyses showed the expression of multiple CaCC channels including TMEM16A, Best1, and Best3 in the mammary glands of lactating mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the localization of TMEM16A protein at the apical membrane of the MS cells. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that MS cells functionally express CaCC, which is at least partly constituted by TMEM16A. The CaCC such as TMEM16A at the apical membrane of the MS cells may influence the quantity and/or quality of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kamikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan; and
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junpei Sakazaki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan; and
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan; and
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Michenet A, Barbat M, Saintilan R, Venot E, Phocas F. Detection of quantitative trait loci for maternal traits using high-density genotypes of Blonde d'Aquitaine beef cattle. BMC Genet 2016; 17:88. [PMID: 27328805 PMCID: PMC4915167 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic determinism of the calving and suckling performance of beef cows is little known whereas these maternal traits are of major economic importance in beef cattle production systems. This paper aims to identify QTL regions and candidate genes that affect maternal performance traits in the Blonde d’Aquitaine breed. Three calving performance traits were studied: the maternal effect on calving score from field data, the calving score and pelvic opening recorded in station for primiparous cows. Three other traits related to suckling performance were also analysed: the maternal effect on weaning weight from field data, milk yield and the udder swelling score recorded in station for primiparous cows. A total of 2,505 animals were genotyped from various chip densities and imputed in high density chips for 706,791 SNP. The number of genotyped animals with phenotypes ranged from 1,151 to 2,284, depending on the trait considered. Results QTL detections were performed using a Bayes C approach. Evidence for a QTL was based on Bayes Factor values. Putative candidate genes were proposed for the QTL with major evidence for one of the six traits and for the QTL shared by at least two of the three traits underlying either calving or suckling performance. Nine candidate genes were proposed for calving performance among the nine highlighted QTL regions. The neuroregulin gene on chromosome 27 was notably identified as a very likely candidate gene for maternal calving performance. As for suckling abilities, seven candidate genes were identified among the 15 highlighted QTL. In particular, the Group-Specific Component gene on chromosome 6, which encodes vitamin D binding protein, is likely to have a major effect on maternal weaning weight in the Blonde d’Aquitaine breed. This gene had already been linked to milk production and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Conclusion In the near future, these QTL findings and the preliminary proposals of candidate genes which act on the maternal performance of beef cows should help to identify putative causal mutations based on sequence data from different cattle breeds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0397-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Michenet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France. .,AURIVA, Les Nauzes, Soual, 81580, France.
| | - Marine Barbat
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France.,ALLICE, 149 rue de Bercy, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Romain Saintilan
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France.,ALLICE, 149 rue de Bercy, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Eric Venot
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
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Decrease in an Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Mouse Mammary Secretory Cells after Forced Weaning. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141131. [PMID: 26484867 PMCID: PMC4618515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary glands are physiologically active in female mammals only during nursing. Immediately after weaning, most lactation-related genes are downregulated and milk production ceases. In our previous study, we have detected an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 2.1-like current in mammary secretory (MS) cells freshly isolated from lactating mice. This current is highly sensitive to external Ba2+. The potassium permeability of the Kir channels may contribute to the secretion and/or preservation of ions in milk. We hypothesized that the functions of the Kir channels in MS cells are regulated after weaning. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of forced weaning on the Ba2+-sensitive Kir current and Kir2.1 expression in the mouse mammary glands. Twenty-four hours after weaning, the lumina of mammary acini were histologically enlarged by milk accumulation. The whole-cell patch-clamp analyses showed that the Ba2+-sensitive Kir current in the post-weaning MS cells was smaller than in the lactating MS cells. The inward conductances of the current in the lactating and post-weaning cells were 4.25 ± 0.77 and 0.93 ± 0.34 nS, respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that Kir2.1 mRNA and protein expression decreased in the post-weaning mammary gland (mRNA, 90% reduction; protein, 47% reduction). Moreover, the local milk accumulation caused by teat sealing decreased Kir conductance in MS cells (2.74 ± 0.45 and 0.36 ± 0.27 nS for control and sealed mammary glands, respectively). This was concomitant with the reduction in the Kir2.1 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that milk stasis after weaning immediately decreases the Kir conductance in MS cells. This decrease in the Kir conductance may be partly caused by the reduction in the Kir2.1 mRNA and protein expression. These alterations during the post-weaning period may be involved in the cessation of ion secretion and/or preservation in the milk.
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