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Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E, Pompella A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:807-819. [PMID: 32916278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Having long been regarded as just a member in the cellular antioxidant systems, as well as a clinical biomarker of hepatobiliary diseases and alcohol abuse, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme activity has been highlighted by more recent research as a critical factor in modulation of redox equilibria within the cell and in its surroundings. Moreover, due to the prooxidant reactions which can originate during its metabolic function in selected conditions, experimental and clinical studies are increasingly involving GGT in the pathogenesis of several important disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, lung inflammation, neuroinflammation and bone disorders. The present article is an overview of the laboratory findings that have prompted an evolution in interpretation of the significance of GGT in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy.
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Matsuhashi T, Hishiki T, Zhou H, Ono T, Kaneda R, Iso T, Yamaguchi A, Endo J, Katsumata Y, Atsushi A, Yamamoto T, Shirakawa K, Yan X, Shinmura K, Suematsu M, Fukuda K, Sano M. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetate has the potential to induce epigenetic remodeling in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 82:116-24. [PMID: 25744081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) promotes pyruvate entry into the Krebs cycle by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase and thereby maintaining PDH in the active dephosphorylated state. DCA has recently gained attention as a potential metabolic-targeting therapy for heart failure but the molecular basis of the therapeutic effect of DCA in the heart remains a mystery. Once-daily oral administration of DCA alleviates pressure overload-induced left ventricular remodeling. We examined changes in the metabolic fate of pyruvate carbon (derived from glucose) entering the Krebs cycle by metabolic interventions of DCA. (13)C6-glucose pathway tracing analysis revealed that instead of being completely oxidized in the mitochondria for ATP production, DCA-mediated PDH dephosphorylation results in an increased acetyl-CoA pool both in control and pressure-overloaded hearts. DCA induces hyperacetylation of histone H3K9 and H4 in a dose-dependent manner in parallel to the dephosphorylation of PDH in cultured cardiomyocytes. DCA administration increases histone H3K9 acetylation in in vivo mouse heart. Interestingly, DCA-dependent histone acetylation was associated with an up-regulation of 2.3% of genes (545 out of 23,474 examined). Gene ontology analysis revealed that these genes are highly enriched in transcription-related categories. This evidence suggests that sustained activation of PDH by DCA results in an overproduction of acetyl-CoA, which exceeds oxidation in the Krebs cycle and results in histone acetylation. We propose that DCA-mediated PDH activation has the potential to induce epigenetic remodeling in the heart, which, at least in part, forms the molecular basis for the therapeutic effect of DCA in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heping Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tomohiko Ono
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruri Kaneda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iso
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioimaging Information Analysis, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Anzai Atsushi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunehisa Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxiang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Shinmura
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
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