1
|
Gupta S, Khan J, Ghosh S. Molecular mechanism of cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease: A stroke perspective. Life Sci 2024; 337:122358. [PMID: 38128756 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological illness that causes several motor and non-motor symptoms, most characteristically limb tremors and bradykinesia. PD is a slowly worsening disease that arises due to progressive neurodegeneration of specific areas of the brain, especially the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Even though PD has continuously been linked to a higher mortality risk in numerous epidemiologic studies, there have been significant discoveries regarding the connection between PD and stroke. The incidence of strokes such as cerebral infarction and hemorrhage is substantially associated with the development of PD. Moreover, cognitive impairments, primarily dementia, have been associated with stroke and PD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is still obscure. This concise review focuses on the relationship between stroke and PD, emphasizing the molecular mechanism of cognition deficit and memory loss evident in PD and stroke. Furthermore, we are also highlighting some potential drug molecules that can target both PD and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Gupta
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo B, Song H, Fan J, Wang B, Chen L, Hu Q, Yin Y. The NR2B-targeted intervention alleviates the neuronal injuries at the sub-acute stage of cerebral ischemia: an exploration of stage-dependent strategy against ischemic insults. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2735-2750. [PMID: 37845379 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is reported to be the second leading cause of death worldwide, among which ischemic stroke has fourfold greater incidence than intracerebral hemorrhage. Excitotoxicity induced by NMDAR plays a central role in ischemic stroke-induced neuronal death. However, intervention targeted NMDARs against ischemic stroke has failed, which may result from the complex composition of NMDARs and the dynamic changes of their subunits. In this current study, the levels of NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were observed upon different time points during the reperfusion after 1 h ischemia with the western blot assay. It was found that the changes of NR1 subunit were only detected after ischemia 1 h/reperfusion 1 day (1 d). While, the changes of NR2A and NR2B subunits may last to ischemia 1 h/reperfusion 7 day(7 d), indicating that NR2subunits may be a potential target for ischemia-reperfusion injuries at the sub-acute stage of ischemic stroke. Simultaneously, mitochondrial injuries in neurons were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mitochondrial dysfunction was evaluated with mitochondrial membrane proteins oxidative respiratory chain complex and OCR. When the antagonist of NMDARs was used before ischemic exposure, the neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction was alleviated, suggesting that these aberrant deviations of NMDARs from basal levels led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, when the antagonist of NR2B was administrated intracerebroventricularly at the sub-acute cerebral ischemia, the volume of cerebral infarct region was decreased and the neural functions were improved. To sum up, the ratio of NR2B-containing NMDARs is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis and then neuronal survival. NR2B-targeted intervention should be chosen at the sub-acute stage of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimeng Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Chen
- John Bapst Memorial High School, Bangor, CA, USA
| | - Qiandai Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neves D, Salazar IL, Almeida RD, Silva RM. Molecular mechanisms of ischemia and glutamate excitotoxicity. Life Sci 2023; 328:121814. [PMID: 37236602 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is classically defined as the neuronal damage caused by the excessive release of glutamate, and subsequent activation of excitatory plasma membrane receptors. In the mammalian brain, this phenomenon is mainly driven by excessive activation of glutamate receptors (GRs). Excitotoxicity is common to several chronic disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and is considered the primary mechanism of neuronal loss of function and cell death in acute CNS diseases (e.g. ischemic stroke). Multiple mechanisms and pathways lead to excitotoxic cell damage including pro-death signaling cascade events downstream of glutamate receptors, calcium (Ca2+) overload, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, excessive glutamate in the synaptic cleft as well as altered energy metabolism. Here, we review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie excitotoxicity, emphasizing the role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism. We also discuss novel and promising therapeutic strategies to treat excitotoxicity, highlighting recent clinical trials. Finally, we will shed light on the ongoing search for stroke biomarkers, an exciting and promising field of research, which may improve stroke diagnosis, prognosis and allow better treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Neves
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, MIA - Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel M Silva
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, Viseu, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu SP, Jiang M, Berglund K, Wei L. Strain hypothesis and additional evidence of the GluN3A deficiency-mediated pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4267-4269. [PMID: 37485581 PMCID: PMC10528065 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Our recent investigation revealed that deficiency of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit GluN3A (NR3A) is a trigger for chronic neuronal hyperactivity and disruptionFfepspof Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotypes. The identification of the amyloid-independent pathogenesis was a surprise considering that GluN3A is a much less known NMDA receptor subunit with obscure function in aging adulthood, while the new concept of degenerative excitotoxicity as a decade-long pathogenic mechanism of AD/dementia remains to be further delineated. With negative observations in GRIN3A-/- mouse, Verhaeghe et al. in their letter challenge the "odd" idea that lasting GluN3A deficiency is detrimental and responsible for the spontaneous progression of AD and cognitive decline. We now discuss the potential mouse strain hypothesis and experimental data in these two investigations, and provide additional evidence that further supports the validity and specificity of GluN3A deficiency in the development of AD and associated dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu SP, Jiang MQ, Shim SS, Pourkhodadad S, Wei L. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in acute and chronic excitotoxicity: implications for preventive treatments of ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37400870 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge in basic research and clinical practice. The similarities and differences between stroke and AD in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, however, have rarely been comparably reviewed. Here, we discuss the research background and recent progresses that are important and informative for the comorbidity of stroke and late-onset AD and related dementia (ADRD). Glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity and NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx are essential for neuronal function and cell survival. An ischemic insult, however, can cause rapid increases in glutamate concentration and excessive activation of NMDARs, leading to swift Ca2+ overload in neuronal cells and acute excitotoxicity within hours and days. On the other hand, mild upregulation of NMDAR activity, commonly seen in AD animal models and patients, is not immediately cytotoxic. Sustained NMDAR hyperactivity and Ca2+ dysregulation lasting from months to years, nevertheless, can be pathogenic for slowly evolving events, i.e. degenerative excitotoxicity, in the development of AD/ADRD. Specifically, Ca2+ influx mediated by extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) and a downstream pathway mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member (TRPM) are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity. On the other hand, the NMDAR subunit GluN3A plays a "gatekeeper" role in NMDAR activity and a neuroprotective role against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Thus, ischemic stroke and AD share an NMDAR- and Ca2+-mediated pathogenic mechanism that provides a common receptor target for preventive and possibly disease-modifying therapies. Memantine (MEM) preferentially blocks eNMDARs and was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for symptomatic treatment of moderate-to-severe AD with variable efficacy. According to the pathogenic role of eNMDARs, it is conceivable that MEM and other eNMDAR antagonists should be administered much earlier, preferably during the presymptomatic phases of AD/ADRD. This anti-AD treatment could simultaneously serve as a preconditioning strategy against stroke that attacks ≥ 50% of AD patients. Future research on the regulation of NMDARs, enduring control of eNMDARs, Ca2+ homeostasis, and downstream events will provide a promising opportunity to understand and treat the comorbidity of AD/ADRD and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Seong S Shim
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Soheila Pourkhodadad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bigdai EV, Samoilov VO. Role of Neurotransmitters in the Functioning of Olfactory Sensory Neurons. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Zhong W, Wu A, Berglund K, Gu X, Jiang M, Talati J, Zhao J, Wei L, Yu SP. Pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by deficiency of NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:222-239. [PMID: 34151525 PMCID: PMC8685302 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+ hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) conceives Ca2+ dyshomeostasis as a common mechanism of AD; the cause of Ca2+ dysregulation, however, is obscure. Meanwhile, hyperactivities of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), the primary mediator of Ca2+ influx, are reported in AD. GluN3A (NR3A) is an NMDAR inhibitory subunit. We hypothesize that GluN3A is critical for sustained Ca2+ homeostasis and its deficiency is pathogenic for AD. Cellular, molecular, and functional changes were examined in adult/aging GluN3A knockout (KO) mice. The GluN3A KO mouse brain displayed age-dependent moderate but persistent neuronal hyperactivity, elevated intracellular Ca2+ , neuroinflammation, impaired synaptic integrity/plasticity, and neuronal loss. GluN3A KO mice developed olfactory dysfunction followed by psychological/cognitive deficits prior to amyloid-β/tau pathology. Memantine at preclinical stage prevented/attenuated AD syndromes. AD patients' brains show reduced GluN3A expression. We propose that chronic "degenerative excitotoxicity" leads to sporadic AD, while GluN3A represents a primary pathogenic factor, an early biomarker, and an amyloid-independent therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Anika Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Michael Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jay Talati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jingjie Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
Collapse
|
9
|
Modes of Calcium Regulation in Ischemic Neuron. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:246-253. [PMID: 31391713 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-019-00838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) dysregulation is a major catalytic event. Ca2+ dysregulation leads to neuronal cell death and brain damage result in cerebral ischemia. Neurons are unable in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Ca2+ homeostasis imbalance results in increased calcium influx and impaired calcium extrusion across the plasma membrane. Ca2+ dysregulation is mediated by different cellular and biochemical mechanism, which leads to neuronal loss resulting stroke/cerebral ischemia. A better understanding of the Ca2+ dysregulation might help in the development of new treatments in order to reduce ischemic brain injury. An optimal concentration of Ca2+ does not lead to neurotoxicity in the ischemic neuron. Intracellular Ca2+ act as a trigger for acute neurotoxicity and this cause induction of long-lasting processes leading to necrotic and/or apoptotic post-ischemic delayed neuronal death or of compensatory, neuroprotective mechanisms has increased considerably. Moreover, routes of ischemic Ca2+ influx to neurons, involvement of intracellular Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ buffers, spatial and temporal relations between ischemia-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and neurotoxicity will further increase our understanding about underlying mechanism and they can act as a target for the development of drugs. Here, in our article we are trying to provide a brief overview of various Ca2+ influx pathways involve in ischemic neuron and how ischemic neuron attempts to counterbalance this calcium overload.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun Y, Feng X, Ding Y, Li M, Yao J, Wang L, Gao Z. Phased Treatment Strategies for Cerebral Ischemia Based on Glutamate Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:168. [PMID: 31105534 PMCID: PMC6499003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular glutamate accumulation following cerebral ischemia leads to overactivation of glutamate receptors, thereby resulting in intracellular Ca2+ overload and excitotoxic neuronal injury. Multiple attempts have been made to counteract such effects by reducing glutamate receptor function, but none have been successful. In this minireview, we present the available evidence regarding the role of all types of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in cerebral ischemia and propose phased treatment strategies based on glutamate receptors in both the acute and post-acute phases of cerebral ischemia, which may help realize the clinical application of glutamate receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quitterer U, AbdAlla S. Improvements of symptoms of Alzheimer`s disease by inhibition of the angiotensin system. Pharmacol Res 2019; 154:104230. [PMID: 30991105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With ageing of the global society, the frequency of ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer`s disease (AD) is on the rise worldwide. Currently, there is no cure for AD, and the four drugs approved for AD only have very small effects on AD symptoms. Consequently, there are enormous efforts worldwide to identify new targets for treatment of AD. Approaches that interfere with classical neuropathologic features of AD, such as extracellular senile plaques formed of aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta), and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau have not been successful so far. In search for a treatment approach of AD, we found that inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by a centrally acting ACE inhibitor retards symptoms of neurodegeneration, Abeta plaque formation and tau hyperphosphorylation in experimental models of AD. Our approach is currently being investigated in a clinical setting. Initial evidence with AD patients shows that a brain-penetrating ACE inhibitor counteracts the process of neurodegeneration and dementia. Moreover, centrally acting ACE inhibitors given in addition to the standard therapy, cholinesterase inhibition, can improve cognitive function of AD patients for several months. This is one of the most promising results for AD treatment since more than a decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Said AbdAlla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JH, Zhang JY, Wei ZZ, Yu SP. Impaired social behaviors and minimized oxytocin signaling of the adult mice deficient in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor GluN3A subunit. Exp Neurol 2018; 305:1-12. [PMID: 29554474 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), whose unique clinical hallmark is a constellation of impaired social and/or cognitive behaviors. GluN3A (NR3A) is a unique inhibitory subunit in the NMDAR complex. The role of GluN3A in social behavioral activities is obscure. In this study, we sought to evaluate altered social activities in adult GluN3A knockout (KO) mice. GluN3A KO mice spent less time in reciprocal social interaction in the social interaction test compared to wild-type (WT) mice. A social approach test using a three-chamber system confirmed that mice lacking GluN3A had lower sociability and did not exhibit a preference for social novelty. GluN3A KO mice displayed abnormal food preference in the social transmission of food preference task and low social interaction activity in the five-trial social memory test, but without social memory deficits. Using a home cage monitoring system, we observed reduced social grooming behavior in GluN3A KO mice. Signaling genes that might mediate the altered social behaviors were examined in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Among nine genes examined, the expression of the oxytocin receptor was significantly lower in the prefrontal cortex of GluN3A KO mice than that in WT mice. Oxytocin treatment rescued social activity deficits in GluN3A KO mice. These findings support a novel idea that a chronic state of moderate increases in NMDAR activities may lead to downregulation of the oxytocin signaling and impaired behavioral activities that are seen in psychiatric/neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Ya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The siRNA-mediated knockdown of GluN3A in 46C-derived neural stem cells affects mRNA expression levels of neural genes, including known iGluR interactors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192242. [PMID: 29438442 PMCID: PMC5811004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, GluN3A was solely considered to be a dominant-negative modulator of NMDARs, since its incorporation into receptors alters hallmark features of conventional NMDARs composed of GluN1/GluN2 subunits. Only recently, increasing evidence has accumulated that GluN3A plays a more diversified role. It is considered to be critically involved in the maturation of glutamatergic synapses, and it might act as a molecular brake to prevent premature synaptic strengthening. Its expression pattern supports a putative role during neural development, since GluN3A is predominantly expressed in early pre- and postnatal stages. In this study, we used RNA interference to efficiently knock down GluN3A in 46C-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Global gene expression profiling upon GluN3A knockdown revealed significantly altered expression of a multitude of neural genes, including genes encoding small GTPases, retinal proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins, some of which have been previously shown to interact with GluN3A or other iGluR subunits. Canonical pathway enrichment studies point at important roles of GluN3A affecting key cellular pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival, such as the mTOR pathway. This study for the first time provides insights into transcriptome changes upon the specific knockdown of an NMDAR subunit in NSCs, which may help to identify additional functions and downstream pathways of GluN3A and GluN3A-containing NMDARs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei N, Dong YT, Deng J, Wang Y, Qi XL, Yu WF, Xiao Y, Zhou JJ, Guan ZZ. Changed expressions of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the brains of rats and primary neurons exposed to high level of fluoride. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 45:31-40. [PMID: 29173480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expressions of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) in the brains of rats and primary neurons exposed to high fluoride were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into a fluorosis group (50ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 6 months) and controls (<0.5ppm fluoride) and the offspring from these rats sacrificed on postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The primary cultured neurons from the hippocampus of neonatal rats were treated with 5 and 50ppm fluoride for 48h. NMDAR subunits at protein or mRNA levels were quantified by Western blotting or real-time PCR. The phosphorylated calmodulin-protein kinase II (CaMKII) was determined by Western blotting, concentration of Ca2+ in neurons by laser confocal microscopy and apoptosis by flow cytometry. In the brains of adult rats and pups as well as in primary neurons exposed to high fluoride, the mRNAs encoding GluN1 and GluN2B subunits and the corresponding proteins were elevated, the GluN3A lowered and the GluN2A unchanged. In addition, the level of phosphor-CaMKII was reduced, and Ca2+ influx and apoptosis enhanced in the brains of rats and cultured neurons exposed to high fluoride. The results indicate that such modifications may involve brain damage induced by chronic fluorosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Department of Pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Yang-Ting Dong
- Department of Pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Guan
- Department of Pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University), Guizhou Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Network-Based Approach to Identify Potential Targets and Drugs that Promote Neuroprotection and Neurorepair in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40137. [PMID: 28054643 PMCID: PMC5215297 DOI: 10.1038/srep40137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) accounts for more than 80% of the approximately 610,000 new stroke cases worldwide every year. Both ischemia and reperfusion can cause death, damage, and functional changes of affected nerve cells, and these alterations can result in high rates of disability and mortality. Therefore, therapies aimed at increasing neuroprotection and neurorepair would make significant contributions to AIS management. However, with regard to AIS therapies, there is currently a large gap between experimental achievements and practical clinical solutions (EC-GAP-AIS). Here, by integrating curated disease-gene associations and interactome network known to be related to AIS, we investigated the molecular network mechanisms of multi-module structures underlying AIS, which might be relevant to the time frame subtypes of AIS. In addition, the EC-GAP-AIS phenomenon was confirmed and elucidated by the shortest path lengths and the inconsistencies in the molecular functionalities and overlapping pathways between AIS-related genes and drug targets. Furthermore, we identified 23 potential targets (e.g. ADORA3, which is involved in the regulation of cellular reprogramming and the extracellular matrix) and 46 candidate drugs (e.g. felbamate, methylphenobarbital and memantine) that may have value for the treatment of AIS.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pérez-Otaño I, Larsen RS, Wesseling JF. Emerging roles of GluN3-containing NMDA receptors in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:623-35. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
17
|
Lee JH, Wei L, Gu X, Won S, Wei ZZ, Dix TA, Yu SP. Improved Therapeutic Benefits by Combining Physical Cooling With Pharmacological Hypothermia After Severe Stroke in Rats. Stroke 2016; 47:1907-13. [PMID: 27301934 PMCID: PMC4927220 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising strategy for treatment of acute stroke. Clinical translation of therapeutic hypothermia, however, has been hindered because of the lack of efficiency and adverse effects. We sought to enhance the clinical potential of therapeutic hypothermia by combining physical cooling (PC) with pharmacologically induced hypothermia after ischemic stroke. Methods— Wistar rats were subjected to 90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion by insertion of an intraluminal filament. Mild-to-moderate hypothermia was induced 120 minutes after the onset of stroke by PC alone, a neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) agonist HPI-201 (formally ABS-201) alone or the combination of both. The outcomes of stroke were evaluated at 3 and 21 days after stroke. Results— PC or HPI-201 each showed hypothermic effect and neuroprotection in stroke rats. The combination of PC and HPI-201 exhibited synergistic effects in cooling process, reduced infarct formation, cell death, and blood-brain barrier damages and improved functional recovery after stroke. Importantly, coapplied HPI-201 completely inhibited PC-associated shivering and tachycardia. Conclusions— The centrally acting hypothermic drug HPI-201 greatly enhanced the efficiency and efficacy of conventional PC; this combined cooling therapy may facilitate clinical translation of hypothermic treatment for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Ling Wei
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Soonmi Won
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Thomas A Dix
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.)
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., S.W., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.) and Neurology (L.W.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (J.H.L., L.W., X.G., Z.Z.W., S.P.Y.); JT Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Pleasant, SC (T.A.D.); and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (T.A.D.).
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei ZZ, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Zhu YB, Deveau TC, Gu X, Winter MM, Li J, Wei L, Yu SP. Intracranial Transplantation of Hypoxia-Preconditioned iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Alleviates Neuropsychiatric Defects After Traumatic Brain Injury in Juvenile Rats. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:797-809. [PMID: 26766038 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of mortality and long-term morbidity in children and adolescents. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently develops in these patients, leading to a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Currently, few therapeutic strategies are available to treat juveniles with PTSD and other developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present investigation, postnatal day 14 (P14) Wistar rats were subjected to TBI induced by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) (velocity = 3 m/s, depth = 2.0 mm, contact time = 150 ms). This TBI injury resulted in not only cortical damages, but also posttrauma social behavior deficits. Three days after TBI, rats were treated with intracranial transplantation of either mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells under normal culture conditions (N-iPSC-NPCs) or mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells pretreated with hypoxic preconditioning (HP-iPSC-NPCs). Compared to TBI animals that received N-iPSC-NPCs or vehicle treatment, HP-iPSC-NPC-transplanted animals showed a unique benefit of improved performance in social interaction, social novelty, and social transmission of food preference tests. Western blotting showed that HP-iPSC-NPCs expressed significantly higher levels of the social behavior-related genes oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor. Overall, HP-iPSC-NPC transplantation exhibits a great potential as a regenerative therapy to improve neuropsychiatric outcomes after juvenile TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Inhibition of ACE Retards Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Signs of Neuronal Degeneration in Aged Rats Subjected to Chronic Mild Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:917156. [PMID: 26697495 PMCID: PMC4677170 DOI: 10.1155/2015/917156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of age-associated dementia are on the rise worldwide. Treatment approaches for dementia are insufficient and novel therapies are not readily available. In this context repurposing of established drugs appears attractive. A well-established class of cardiovascular drugs, which targets the angiotensin II system, is such a candidate, which currently undergoes a paradigm shift with regard to the potential benefit for treatment of neurodegenerative symptoms. In search for additional evidence, we subjected aged rats to chronic unpredictable mild stress, which is known to enhance the development of AD-related neuropathological features. We report here that four weeks of chronic mild stress induced a strong upregulation of the hippocampal angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace) at gene expression and protein level. Concomitantly, tau protein hyperphosphorylation developed. Signs of neurodegeneration were detected by the significant downregulation of neuronal structure proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (Map2) and synuclein-gamma (Sncg). Ace was involved in neurodegenerative symptoms because treatment with the brain-penetrating ACE inhibitor, captopril, retarded tau hyperphosphorylation and signs of neurodegeneration. Moreover, ACE inhibitor treatment could counteract glutamate neurotoxicity by preventing the downregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 2 (Gad2). Taken together, ACE inhibition targets neurodegeneration triggered by environmental stress.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee JH, Wei L, Deveau TC, Gu X, Yu SP. Expression of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A (NR3A) in the olfactory system and its regulatory role on olfaction in the adult mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3259-73. [PMID: 26334321 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the olfactory system and its N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA) receptor subunits [GluN1 (NR1), GluN2A (NR2A), and GluN2B (NR2B)] are expressed at synapses in the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium. Thus, glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors play key roles in olfaction. GluN3A (NR3A) is a unique inhibitory subunit in the NMDA receptor complex; however, the expression and functional role of GluN3A in the olfactory bulb and epithelium remain unclear. The present study examined the expression patterns of GluN3A in the olfactory bulb and epithelium and explored its functional role in the olfactory system. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that GluN3A is abundantly expressed in different cellular layers of the olfactory bulb and epithelium of the adult wild type (WT) mice. In littermate GluN3A knockout (GluN3A(-/-); KO) mice, the expression of olfactory marker protein normally found in mature olfactory sensory neurons was significantly reduced in the olfactory bulb and epithelium. A butyl alcohol stimulus increased immediate-early gene c-Fos expression in the olfactory system of WT mice, while this response was absent in GluN3A KO mice. The level of phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II was significantly lower in GluN3A KO mice compared to WT mice. In buried food finding test, GluN3A mice took significantly longer time to find food compared to WT mice. Consistently, impaired odor distinguishing ability was seen in GluN3A KO mice. These findings suggest that GluN3A, expressed in the adult olfactory system, plays a significant regulatory role in olfactory development and functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Todd C Deveau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|