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Shi X, Li P, Herb M, Liu H, Wang M, Wang X, Feng Y, van Beers T, Xia N, Li H, Prokosch V. Pathological high intraocular pressure induces glial cell reactive proliferation contributing to neuroinflammation of the blood-retinal barrier via the NOX2/ET-1 axis-controlled ERK1/2 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:105. [PMID: 38649885 PMCID: PMC11034147 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase (NOX), a primary source of endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS), is considered a key event in disrupting the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier. Abnormalities in neurovascular-coupled immune signaling herald the loss of ganglion cells in glaucoma. Persistent microglia-driven inflammation and cellular innate immune system dysregulation often lead to deteriorating retinal degeneration. However, the crosstalk between NOX and the retinal immune environment remains unresolved. Here, we investigate the interaction between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in glaucoma by genetic defects of NOX2 or its regulation via gp91ds-tat. METHODS Ex vivo cultures of retinal explants from wildtype C57BL/6J and Nox2 -/- mice were subjected to normal and high hydrostatic pressure (Pressure 60 mmHg) for 24 h. In vivo, high intraocular pressure (H-IOP) was induced in C57BL/6J mice for two weeks. Both Pressure 60 mmHg retinas and H-IOP mice were treated with either gp91ds-tat (a NOX2-specific inhibitor). Proteomic analysis was performed on control, H-IOP, and treatment with gp91ds-tat retinas to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The study also evaluated various glaucoma phenotypes, including IOP, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) functionality, and optic nerve (ON) degeneration. The superoxide (O2-) levels assay, blood-retinal barrier degradation, gliosis, neuroinflammation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, and quantitative PCR were performed in this study. RESULTS We found that NOX2-specific deletion or activity inhibition effectively attenuated retinal oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, the internal blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) injury, neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, RGC loss, and ON axonal degeneration following H-IOP. Mechanistically, we unveiled for the first time that NOX2-dependent ROS-driven pro-inflammatory signaling, where NOX2/ROS induces endothelium-derived endothelin-1 (ET-1) overexpression, which activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and mediates the shift of microglia activation to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thereby triggering a neuroinflammatory outburst. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that NOX2 deletion or gp91ds-tat inhibition attenuates iBRB injury and NVU dysfunction to rescue glaucomatous RGC loss and ON axon degeneration, which is associated with inhibition of the ET-1/ERK1/2-transduced shift of microglial cell activation toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, highlighting NOX2 as a potential target for novel neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstr. 19-21, 50935, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maoren Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosha Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim van Beers
- Institut I für Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Köln (AöR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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An Y, Xu BT, Wan SR, Ma XM, Long Y, Xu Y, Jiang ZZ. The role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:237. [PMID: 37660030 PMCID: PMC10475205 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by long-term hyperglycaemia, which leads to microangiopathy and macroangiopathy and ultimately increases the mortality of diabetic patients. Endothelial dysfunction, which has been recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy, is characterized by a reduction in NO bioavailability. Oxidative stress, which is the main pathogenic factor in diabetes, is one of the major triggers of endothelial dysfunction through the reduction in NO. In this review, we summarize the four sources of ROS in the diabetic vasculature and the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the pathogenic factors hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, adipokines and insulin resistance induce oxidative stress in endothelial cells in the context of diabetes. In addition, we discuss oxidative stress-targeted interventions, including hypoglycaemic drugs, antioxidants and lifestyle interventions, and their effects on diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. In summary, our review provides comprehensive insight into the roles of oxidative stress in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Bu-Tuo Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Wan
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Zong-Zhe Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Gao Y, Hua R, Peng K, Yin Y, Zeng C, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li L, Li X, Qiu Y, Wang Z. High-starchy carbohydrate diet aggravates NAFLD by increasing fatty acids influx mediated by NOX2. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wolosowicz M, Prokopiuk S, Kaminski TW. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance Targeting Molecular and Metabolic Pathways: Fighting a Losing Battle? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:472. [PMID: 35454311 PMCID: PMC9029454 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is amongst the most notable causes of years of life lost worldwide and its prevalence increases perpetually. The disease is characterized as multisystemic dysfunctions attributed to hyperglycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance (IR), inadequate insulin secretion, or enormous glucagon secretion. Insulin is a highly anabolic peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by hastening cellular glucose uptake as well as controlling carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. In the course of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for nearly 90% of all cases of diabetes, the insulin response is inadequate, and this condition is defined as Insulin Resistance. IR sequela include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular system impairment, chronic inflammation, disbalance in oxidative stress status, and metabolic syndrome occurrence. Despite the substantial progress in understanding the molecular and metabolic pathways accounting for injurious effects of IR towards multiple body organs, IR still is recognized as a ferocious enigma. The number of widely available therapeutic approaches is growing, however, the demand for precise, safe, and effective therapy is also increasing. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and Clinical Trials Registry databases with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, and papers published from February 2021 to March 2022 were selected as recently published papers. This review paper aims to provide critical, concise, but comprehensive insights into the advances in the treatment of IR that were achieved in the last months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wolosowicz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Slawomir Prokopiuk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Tomasz W. Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Kumar G, Saini M, Kundu S. Therapeutic enzymes as non-conventional targets in cardiovascular impairments:A Comprehensive Review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:197-209. [PMID: 34932415 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In-depth mechanistic insights have also provided opportunities to explore novel therapeutic targets and treatment regimens to be discovered. Therapeutic enzymes are an example of such opportunities. The balanced functioning of such enzymes protects against a variety of CVDs while on the other hand, even a small shift in the normal functioning of these enzymes may lead to deleterious outcomes. Owing to the great versatility of these enzymes, inhibition and activation are key regulatory approaches to counter the onset and progression of several cardiovascular impairments. While cardiovascular remedies are already available in excess and of course they are efficacious, a comprehensive description of novel therapeutic enzymes to combat CVDs is the need of the hour. In light of this, the regulation of the functional activity of these enzymes also opens a new avenue for the treatment approaches to be employed. This review describes the importance of non-conventional enzymes as potential candidates in several cardiovascular disorders while highlighting some of the recently targeted therapeutic enzymes in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Manisha Saini
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Suman Kundu
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
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Hasheminasabgorji E, Jha JC. Dyslipidemia, Diabetes and Atherosclerosis: Role of Inflammation and ROS-Redox-Sensitive Factors. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111602. [PMID: 34829831 PMCID: PMC8615779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is growing at an alarming rate with increased disability, morbidity, and often premature mortality because of the various complications of this disorder. Chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and other metabolic alterations lead to the development and progression of macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes including cardiovascular, retinal and kidney disease. Despite advances in glucose and lipid lowering treatments, a large number of diabetic individuals develop one or more types of these complications, ultimately leading to end-organ damage over the time. Atherosclerosis is the major macro-vascular complications of diabetes and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) posing heavy burden on the health care system. In this review, we discuss the involvement of dyslipidemia in the progression of atherosclerosis by activating the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related factors. In addition, we also provide information on various pharmacological agents that provides protection against diabetic atherosclerosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hasheminasabgorji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran;
| | - Jay C. Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Nox2 Deficiency Reduces Cartilage Damage and Ectopic Bone Formation in an Experimental Model for Osteoarthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111660. [PMID: 34829531 PMCID: PMC8614813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a destructive disease of the joint with age and obesity being its most important risk factors. Around 50% of OA patients suffer from inflammation of the synovial joint capsule, which is characterized by increased abundance and activation of synovial macrophages that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NADPH-oxidase 2 (NOX2). Both ROS and high blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are implicated in OA pathophysiology, which may interact to form oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and thereby promote disease. Therefore, targeting NOX2 could be a viable treatment strategy for OA. Collagenase-induced OA (CiOA) was used to compare pathology between wild-type (WT) and Nox2 knockout (Nox2−/−) C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were either fed a standard diet or Western diet (WD) to study a possible interaction between NOX2-derived ROS and LDL. Synovial inflammation, cartilage damage and ectopic bone size were assessed on histology. Extracellular ROS production by macrophages was measured in vitro using the Amplex Red assay. Nox2−/− macrophages produced basal levels of ROS but were unable to increase ROS production in response to the alarmin S100A8 or the phorbol ester PMA. Interestingly, Nox2 deficiency reduced cartilage damage, synovial lining thickness and ectopic bone size, whereas these disease parameters were not affected by WD-feeding. These results suggest that NOX2-derived ROS are involved in CiOA development.
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Brown OI, Bridge KI, Kearney MT. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes-Related Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092315. [PMID: 34571964 PMCID: PMC8469180 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress within the vascular endothelium, due to excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is thought to be fundamental to the initiation and progression of the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The term ROS encompasses a variety of chemical species including superoxide anion (O2•-), hydroxyl radical (OH-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While constitutive generation of low concentrations of ROS are indispensable for normal cellular function, excess O2•- can result in irreversible tissue damage. Excess ROS generation is catalysed by xanthine oxidase, uncoupled nitric oxide synthases, the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. Amongst enzymatic sources of O2•- the Nox2 isoform of NADPH oxidase is thought to be critical to the oxidative stress found in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, the transcriptionally regulated Nox4 isoform, which generates H2O2, may fulfil a protective role and contribute to normal glucose homeostasis. This review describes the key roles of Nox2 and Nox4, as well as Nox1 and Nox5, in glucose homeostasis, endothelial function and oxidative stress, with a key focus on how they are regulated in health, and dysregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Protective Effects of Estrogen on Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5523516. [PMID: 34257804 PMCID: PMC8260319 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5523516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perimenopause is an important stage of female senescence. Epidemiological investigation has shown that the incidence of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women is lower than that in men, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women is significantly higher than that in men. This phenomenon reveals that estrogen has a definite protective effect on the cardiovascular system. In the cardiovascular system, oxidative stress is considered important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, myocardial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia. From the perspective of oxidative stress, estrogen plays a regulatory role in the cardiovascular system through the estrogen receptor, providing strategies for the treatment of menopausal women with cardiovascular diseases.
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Sharma S, Tiarks G, Haight J, Bassuk AG. Neuropathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies for Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:612073. [PMID: 33708071 PMCID: PMC7940684 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.612073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults and a risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Severe TBI, after a period of time, causes numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems with varying comorbidities; and brain homeostasis may never be restored. As a consequence of disrupted equilibrium, neuropathological changes such as circuit remodeling, reorganization of neural networks, changes in structural and functional plasticity, predisposition to synchronized activity, and post-translational modification of synaptic proteins may begin to dominate the brain. These pathological changes, over the course of time, contribute to conditions like Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE is one of the most common, devastating complications of TBI; and of those affected by a severe TBI, more than 50% develop PTE. The etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are either unknown or poorly understood, which makes treatment challenging. Although anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used as preventive strategies to manage TBI, control acute seizures and prevent development of PTE, their efficacy in PTE remains controversial. In this review, we discuss novel mechanisms and risk factors underlying PTE. We also discuss dysfunctions of neurovascular unit, cell-specific neuroinflammatory mediators and immune response factors that are vital for epileptogenesis after TBI. Finally, we describe current and novel treatments and management strategies for preventing PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Grant Tiarks
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joseph Haight
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Poznyak AV, Grechko AV, Orekhova VA, Khotina V, Ivanova EA, Orekhov AN. NADPH Oxidases and Their Role in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070206. [PMID: 32664404 PMCID: PMC7399834 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current view on atherosclerosis positions it as a multifactorial disorder that results from the interplay between lipid metabolism disturbances and inflammatory processes. Oxidative stress is proven to be one of the initiating factors in atherosclerosis development, being implicated both in the inflammatory response and in atherogenic modifications of lipoproteins that facilitate lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. The hallmark of oxidative stress is the elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Correspondingly, the activity of major ROS-generating enzymes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, and cyclooxygenases, is an important element in atherosclerosis development. In particular, the role of NADPH oxidases in atherosclerosis development has become a subject of intensive research. Aberrant activity of NADPH oxidases was shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease in humans. With regard to atherosclerosis, several important pathological components of the disease development, including endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and vascular remodeling, involve aberrations in NADPH oxidases functioning. In humans, NADPH oxidases are represented by four isoforms expressed in vascular tissues, where they serve as the main source of ROS during atherogenesis. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated their impact on vascular remodeling processes. Interestingly, one of the NADPH oxidase isoforms, NOX4, was shown to have an atheroprotective effect. Despite the growing evidence of the crucial involvement of NADPH oxidases in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, the available data still remains controversial. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of NADPH oxidases in atherosclerosis and outline the future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Varvara A. Orekhova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria Khotina
- Laboratory of Infectious Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8, Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Ivanova
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Infectious Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8, Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +7-(495)-4159594
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